Halobates collected during the circumnavigational expedition 'Operation Drake'

Samples of marine pleuston were collected from the sea-surface along considerable sections of the track of Eye of the Wind during its 2-year circumnavigational expedition 'Operation Drake' from November 1978 to October 1980. One hundred and eleven of the tow samples contained insects of the genus Halobates . They were assigned to four oceanic species: H. micans, H. sericeus, H. germanus and H. splendens; two coastal species: H. maculatus, H. princeps, and one undescribed species. Various development stages of the oceanic species were found. The locations, time of collection and surface temperatures where sea-skaters were collected are tabulated. Distributional boundaries and population densities of the oceanic species collected are discussed.     

Gene expression profile in immunologically injured liver cell of mice

To study the gene expression profiles between immunologically injured liver cell and normal liver cell of mice and to screen on a large scale the differentially expressed genes associated with the formation of liver injury, the experimental mice were randomly divided into the normal group for controlling and the immunologically liver-injured group induced by BCG and LPS. The liver mRNA of the two groups were extracted respectively and reversely-transcribed to cDNA with the incorporation of different fluorescence (Cy3, Cy5) labeled dUTP as the hybridization probes. The mixed probes were hybridized to the cDNA microarray chips. The fluorescent signal results were acquired by scanner ScanArray 4000 and analyzed with software GenePix Pro 3.0. Among the 14112 target genes, 293 genes were found to be significantly differentially expressed, in which 188 genes were up-regulated and 105 genes were down-regulated. Based on the analysis of biological functions of those differentially expressed genes, it was indicated that the occurrence and development of mouse liver damage induced by BCG and LPS were highly correlated with the processes of immune reactions, cell synthesis, metabolism, apoptosis and transportation in liver cell, which might be quite important for elucidating the regulatory network of gene expression associated with the liver damage, also important for finally discovering the pathogenic mechanisms of immunological liver damage.     

中华绒螯蟹白化症、正常肝胰腺组织结构及脂肪酸组成的比较研究

采用气相色谱、组织学及电镜技术分别对中华绒螯蟹雄蟹白化症肝胰腺与正常肝胰腺脂类和脂肪酸组成、显微及超微结构进行了比较研究,结果表明：正常肝胰腺的总脂含量（31.54%肝胰腺湿重）显著高于白化症肝胰腺（19.07%肝胰腺湿重）,两种蟹肝胰腺的脂类组成没有显著差异,但脂肪酸组成存在一定的差异,白化症肝胰腺中C18∶1的含量显著高于正常肝胰腺,中性脂和极性脂HUFA正常蟹肝胰腺含量都高于白化症蟹,但没有显著差异。组织学结果和超微结构观察表明：白化症肝胰腺肝小管的上皮细胞壁结构紊乱,微绒毛及微绒毛黏膜大部分脱落,细胞内仅见有零星的线粒体、脂肪滴分布,R细胞呈现空泡化。     

通过染色体外同源重组建立乳腺中表达外源基因的转基因小鼠

为研究染色体外重组方法在创建转基因动物中的应用,选取牛asl酪蛋白基因的5′及3′侧翼区和氯霉素乙酰化酶编码区,构建了两个具有3 kb相互重叠的融合基因.将这两个DNA片段末端脱磷酸后,以摩尔比1:1的比例混合,通过显微注射导入小鼠受精原核,最后获得了11个品系的转基因小鼠.对其中10个品系的小鼠的整合分析表明,所注射的两个DNA片段均发生了染色体外同源重组,而且除了 1个品系的小鼠丢失了大约1kb的序列外,其余品系小鼠的重组产物与预想的结构符合.在当代和后代的转基因小鼠乳汁中均可测到氯霉素乙酰化酶的活性.这表明融合基因在转基因小鼠乳腺中得到表达和分泌,也说明显微共注射两个相互重叠的基因片段是建立转基因动物的一个可行途径.     

杭州地区发酵乳制品中乳酸菌发生耐药传播的安全性研究

目的对杭州地区市售发酵乳制品中分离鉴定的乳酸菌进行耐药传播的安全性分析,旨在揭示发酵乳制品中是否存在可传递耐药基因的超级耐药菌。方法自行分离鉴定的耐药乳酸菌,提取质粒并电泳分析是否存在质粒;以耐受叠氮化钠的大肠埃希菌J53作为受体菌进行质粒接合试验;若乳酸菌存在耐药现象,发现存在耐药质粒,且耐药性可通过质粒传播,评定为3级。乳酸菌存在耐药现象,发现存在耐药质粒,但接合试验未能证明耐药性可通过质粒传播,评定为2级。乳酸菌存在耐药现象,但未检测出耐药质粒,评定为1级。结果美丽健产品中分离的双歧杆菌（MLJ-G-2）和乳杆菌（MLJ-G-1）检测出含有质粒,但不会发生耐药转移,三种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、2、1。伊利产品中分离的双歧杆菌（YL-G-3）、乳杆菌（YL-G-1）、嗜热链球菌（YL-Q）检测出含有质粒,但不会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、2、1、2。味全产品中分离的双歧杆菌（WQ-G-3）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-1）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-2）、嗜热链球菌（WQ-Q）均检测出含有质粒,其中乳杆菌（WQ-G-1）、乳杆菌（WQ-G-2）会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、3、3、2。光明产品中分离的乳杆菌（GM-G-2）、乳杆菌（GM-G-3）、嗜热链球菌（GMQ）检测出含有质粒,乳杆菌（GM-G-2）会发生耐药转移,四种菌耐药危害等级分别为2、1、3、2。蒙牛产品中只分离的嗜热链球菌（MN-Q）检测出含有质粒,不会发生耐药转移,耐药危害等级为2。结论发酵乳制品中分离所得的乳酸菌81.2%的菌能检测出质粒,耐药性可能与质粒相关,存在潜在的生物安全威胁;18.8%的菌的耐药性可通过质粒接合发生传播,存在直接的生物安全威胁。     

Isolation of an Unusually Stable Cis-Isomer of Alloxanthin from a Bleached Autolysed Culture of Chroomonas salina Grown Photoheterotrophically on Glycerol. Observations on Cis-Trans Isomerization of Alloxanthin

SYNOPSIS. A new carotenoid, manixanthin , was isolated from a bleached, autolysed culture of the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas salina grown on glycerol in light, after the culture showed disappearance of the chlorophylls and carotenoids normally produced. Manixanthin lacked carbonyl, ester, and epoxy groups in chemical tests, whilst its spectroscopic properties indicated a conjugated nonaene chromophore. In its chromatographic mobility, manixanthin closely resembled alloxanthin, the major normal xanthophyll of the cryptomonad. The iodine-catalysed photostereomutation of manixanthin produced the same equilibrium mixture of cis -isomers as that given by similar treatment of alloxanthin. This mixture of isomers completely lacked the all-trans alloxanthin and contained ∼60% manixanthin. It was concluded that manixanthin is an unusually stable cis -isomer of alloxanthin, and is presumably produced in the culture medium by the action of light on alloxanthin released by autolysed cells of the cryptomonad. The unusual stability of manixanthin relative to alloxanthin was investigated by effecting partial stereoisomerizations under conditions using either of heat, light, or iodine, and evidence was obtained for a series of at least 10 isomers with a trend of stability increase from alloxanthin to manixanthin. It was inferred that manixanthin may be 9,9'-di cis -alloxanthin.     

春小麦对不同灌水处理的气孔反应及其影响因子

选用3个春小麦品种（系）,采用大田试验方法,在冬灌1800 m³·hm^-2的基础上,在生育期设3次灌水处理（T₁）、2次灌水处理（T₂）和1次灌水处理（T₃）,每次灌水1050 m³·hm^-2,研究土壤水分对春小麦生育期气孔导度的影响及气孔导度与相关环境因素的关系.结果表明：灌水处理对春小麦生育期气孔导度的影响较大,气孔导度随着灌溉次数的减少逐渐降低,同时不同基因型间存在差异.从拔节期到开花期,不同处理春小麦气孔导度变化一致,都呈先升高后降低趋势, 在抽穗期达到峰值;开花期之后各处理出现差异,T₁各品种气孔导度先下降后上升,T₂品种间表现不同,T₃一直呈下降趋势.各环境因子中,大气相对湿度对春小麦气孔导度的影响最大,两者的相关系数在T₂和T₃中分别达显著(0.82^*)和极显著水平(0.92^**).春小麦适应水分亏缺的气孔调节机理为反馈式调节.     

种子萌发过程中贮藏油脂的动员

对植物种子萌发过程中贮藏油脂动员的研究进展进行了综述。不同种子的贮藏油脂的降解途径不同。目前提出有3条途径:传统的脂酶直接水解途径;新近发现的酰基-CoA-二酯酰甘油酰基转移酶途径和脂氧合酶(LOX)途径。前两条途径不依赖于LOX。这3条途径可能在贮藏油脂动员过程中是并存的,但目前尚不知道在种子萌发过程中油脂降解是以那一条降解途径为主,以及不同的种之间是否存在差异。此外,3条降解途径目前都缺乏分子生物学的直接证据。     

秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区冬小麦田地温和产量的影响

为了明确秸秆带状覆盖对西北半干旱雨养区冬小麦田地温和产量形成的影响,于2013-2015年连续进行2年定位试验,设不覆盖露地(CK)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、秸秆带状覆盖(覆盖带和种植带各30 cm,播种3行,SM₁)、(覆盖带和种植带各40 cm,播种4行,SM₂)、(覆盖带和种植带各50 cm,播种5行,SM₃)5个处理.结果表明: 各处理在不同生育时期、不同土层土壤温度存在显著差异.与CK相比,SM₁、SM₂和SM₃处理全生育期0～25 cm土层土壤温度分别比CK显著降低1.0～1.3 ℃、0.7～0.9 ℃和0.7～1.1 ℃.不同时期比较,覆盖处理存在增温和降温的双重效应,秸秆覆盖在苗期-越冬期具有提高地温的作用,返青期-成熟期具有降温效应,增温效应覆膜>秸秆覆盖,而降温效应秸秆覆盖>覆膜.同时,秸秆覆盖降低了全生育期土壤有效积温和日变化幅度,全生育期有效积温较CK降低3.4～33.5 ℃·d,土壤温差较CK降低0.6～2.0 ℃;秸秆覆盖在越冬期平均温度比CK高0.2～0.3 ℃、负积温比CK高0.4～17.0 ℃·d.秸秆覆盖较CK增产11.9％～19.5％,处理间单位面积穗数的差异是引起产量差异的主要结构因素.因此,秸秆带状覆盖适宜在西北雨养区旱地冬小麦产区推广应用.