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1.
Systemic Induction of Resistance in Potato Plants Against Phytophthora infestans by Local Treatment with Hyphal Wall Components of the Fungus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Potato plants (cv.‘Irish Cobbler’ with no major resistance genes to Phytophthora infestans), the lower or upper leaves of which were previously treated with hyphal wall components (HWC) of the fungus by rubbing with carborundum, acquired an induced resistance in other untreated leaves against cultivar-pathogenic races of P. infestans when challenged by spraying with a zoospore suspension. Such induced resistance was significantly shown to exist from at least 1 to 20 days after induction treatment with HWC. Thus, the treated plants were protected from severe late blight disease while non-induced control plants finally died of the disease. The induced resistance was due to a reduction of the number of successfully germinating zoospores, and subsequent penetration and then occurrence of hypersensitive-like cell response to the penetrating organisms. These results suggested that local leaf tissues of potato plants reacting to HWC may provide some systemic information that activates or enhances some resistance to P. infestans. 相似文献
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Conformation of the core sequence in melanocortin peptides directs selectivity for the melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptors. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J Oosterom W A Nijenhuis W M Schaaper J Slootstra R H Meloen W H Gispen J P Burbach R A Adan 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1999,274(24):16853-16860
Melanocortin peptides regulate a variety of physiological processes. Five melanocortin receptors (MC-R) have been cloned and the MC3R and MC4R are the main brain MC receptors. The aim of this study was to identify structural requirements in both ligand and receptor that determine gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) selectivity for the MC3R versus the MC4R. Substitution of Asp10 in [Nle4]Lys-gamma2-MSH for Gly10 from [Nle4]alpha-MSH, increased both activity and affinity for the MC4R while the MC3R remained unaffected. Analysis of chimeric MC3R/MC4Rs and mutant MC4Rs showed that Tyr268 of the MC4R mainly determined the low affinity for [Nle4]Lys-gamma2-MSH. The data demonstrate that Asp10 determines selectivity for the MC3R, however, not through direct side chain interactions, but probably by influencing how the melanocortin core sequence is presented to the receptor-binding pocket. This is supported by mutagenesis of Tyr268 to Ile in the MC4R which increased affinity and activity for [Nle4]Lys-gamma2-MSH, but decreased affinity for two peptides with constrained cyclic structure of the melanocortin core sequence, MT-II and [D-Tyr4]MT-II, that also displayed lower affinity for the MC3R. This study provides a general concept for peptide receptor selectivity, in which the major determinant for a selective receptor interaction is the conformational presentation of the core sequence in related peptides to the receptor-binding pocket. 相似文献
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Testosterone administration increases growth hormone (GH) secretion and decreases the plasma leptin concentration in men. We evaluated the effect of increased GH secretion due to short-term testosterone treatment on leptin concentrations. Ten boys aged 14.8 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SE) years with transient GH deficiency caused by pubertal delay were evaluated before and after (3 months) 4 intramuscular injections of 100 mg testosterone heptylate, given at 15-day intervals. The leptin concentration decreased from 5.4 +/- 1.3 to 3. 6 +/- 1.1 microgram/l (p < 0.001), despite a weight gain of 3.4 +/- 0.5 kg. There were significant increases in body mass index (BMI), from -0.2 +/- 0.5 to 0.2 +/- 0.5 SD, p < 0.005, in GH peak after stimulation test, from 6.3 +/- 0.5 to 21.7 +/- 2.9 microgram/l, p < 0. 0003, in plasma testosterone, from 0.6 +/- 0.1 to 6.5 +/- 1.3 microgram/l, p < 0.001, in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), from 152 +/- 21 to 330 +/- 30 microgram/l, p < 0.0001, and in IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), from 4.2 +/- 0.5 to 5.4 +/- 0.4 mg/l, p < 0.01. But there were no changes in blood glucose (4.7 +/- 0.1 and 4.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/l), or plasma fasting insulin (9.0 +/- 1.2 and 8.1 +/- 1.3 mIU/l). The leptin concentrations were positively correlated with the BMI before (p < 0.03) and after (p < 0.04) testosterone, but not with the GH peak after stimulation, or with plasma testosterone, IGF-I or IGFBP-3. The leptin and insulin concentrations after testosterone treatment were positively correlated (p < 0.04). Thus, short-term testosterone treatment of boys with pubertal delay decreases their leptin concentrations. The lack of correlation with GH secretion or with its changes, despite the dramatic increase in GH secretion, and the lack of change in insulin are additional features suggesting that testosterone increases the leptin concentration mainly by an effect on adipose tissue. 相似文献
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Norma C. Perez-Rosas Norma L. Gomez-Viquez Adan Dagnino-Acosta Moises Santillan Agustín Guerrero-Hernandez 《PloS one》2015,10(9)
The process of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) comprises 4 phases in smooth muscle cells. Phase 1 is characterized by a large increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) with a minimal reduction of the free luminal SR [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]FSR). Importantly, active SR Ca2+ ATPases (SERCA pumps) are necessary for phase 1 to occur. This situation cannot be explained by the standard kinetics that involves a fixed amount of luminal Ca2+ binding sites. A new mathematical model was developed that assumes an increasing SR Ca2+ buffering capacity in response to an increase of the luminal SR [Ca2+] that is called Kinetics-on-Demand (KonD) model. This approach can explain both phase 1 and the refractory period associated with a recovered [Ca2+]FSR. Additionally, our data suggest that active SERCA pumps are a requisite for KonD to be functional; otherwise luminal SR Ca2+ binding proteins switch to standard kinetics. The importance of KonD Ca2+ binding properties is twofold: a more efficient Ca2+ release process and that [Ca2+]FSR and Ca2+-bound to SR proteins ([Ca2+]BSR) can be regulated separately allowing for Ca2+ release to occur (provided by Ca2+-bound to luminal Ca2+ binding proteins) without an initial reduction of the [Ca2+]FSR. 相似文献
8.
Ammar Almaaytah Adan Alnaamneh Ahmad Abualhaijaa Nizar Alshari’ Qosay Al-Balas 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》2016,22(4):497-504
The extensive use of antibiotics for the treatment of human infections during the last few decades has led to a dramatic increase in the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) among various bacterial strains. Global research is currently focused on finding novel alternative agents with different mechanisms of action rather than the use of conventional antibiotics to counteract the threat of bacterial and biofilm infections. Antimicrobial peptides represent promising alternative agents for conventional antibiotics as these molecules display a broad spectrum of activity against several microorganisms. Recently, we have designed a novel hybrid antimicrobial peptide named MelitAP-27. This peptide has been found to display potent broad spectrum and selective in vitro antimicrobial activities against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of the peptide alone and in combination with five different types of antibiotics were assessed against wild-type and resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Our results showed that most of the combination groups displayed a synergistic mode of action against planktonic and biofilm forming bacteria which resulted in decreasing the effective MIC values for MelitAP-27 to the nanomolar concentrations. These effective concentrations were associated with negligible toxicities on mammalian cells. The results of our study indicate that combinations of MelitAP-27 with conventional antibiotics may be pursued as a potential novel treatment strategy against MDRB and biofilm forming bacteria. 相似文献
9.
Admixture in Mexico City: implications for admixture mapping of Type 2 diabetes genetic risk factors
Martinez-Marignac VL Valladares A Cameron E Chan A Perera A Globus-Goldberg R Wacher N Kumate J McKeigue P O'Donnell D Shriver MD Cruz M Parra EJ 《Human genetics》2007,120(6):807-819
Admixture mapping is a recently developed method for identifying genetic risk factors involved in complex traits or diseases
showing prevalence differences between major continental groups. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is at least twice as prevalent in Native
American populations as in populations of European ancestry, so admixture mapping is well suited to study the genetic basis
of this complex disease. We have characterized the admixture proportions in a sample of 286 unrelated T2D patients and 275
controls from Mexico City and we discuss the implications of the results for admixture mapping studies. Admixture proportions
were estimated using 69 autosomal ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). Maternal and paternal contributions were estimated
from geographically informative mtDNA and Y-specific polymorphisms. The average proportions of Native American, European and,
West African admixture were estimated as 65, 30, and 5%, respectively. The contributions of Native American ancestors to maternal
and paternal lineages were estimated as 90 and 40%, respectively. In a logistic model with higher educational status as dependent
variable, the odds ratio for higher educational status associated with an increase from 0 to 1 in European admixture proportions
was 9.4 (95%, credible interval 3.8–22.6). This association of socioeconomic status with individual admixture proportion shows
that genetic stratification in this population is paralleled, and possibly maintained, by socioeconomic stratification. The
effective number of generations back to unadmixed ancestors was 6.7 (95% CI 5.7–8.0), from which we can estimate that genome-wide
admixture mapping will require typing about 1,400 evenly distributed AIMs to localize genes underlying disease risk between
populations of European and Native American ancestry. Sample sizes of about 2,000 cases will be required to detect any locus
that contributes an ancestry risk ratio of at least 1.5. 相似文献
10.
Research on personality and circadian typology indicates evening-type women are more impulsive and novelty seeking, neither types are more anxious, and morning types tend to be more active, conscientious, and persistent. The purpose of this study is to examine the differences between circadian typologies in the light of the Zuckerman's Alternative Five-Factor Model (AFFM) of personality, which has a strong biological basis, in an adult sample of 412 women 18 to 55 yrs of age. The authors found morning-type women had significant higher scores than evening-type and neither-type women on Activity, and its subscales General Activity and Work Activity. In contrast, evening-type women scored significantly higher than morning-type women on Aggression-Hostility, Impulsive Sensation Seeking, and its subscale Sensation Seeking. In all groups, results were independent of age. These findings are in accordance with those previously obtained in female student samples and add new data on the AFFM. The need of using personality models that are biologically based in the study of circadian rhythms is discussed. 相似文献