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1.
Earlier studies showed that Russian honey bees support slow growth of varroa mite population. We studied whether or not comb
type influenced varroa reproduction in both Russian and Italian honey bees, and whether Russian bees produced comb which inhibited
varroa reproduction. The major differences found in this study concerned honey bee type. Overall, the Russian honey bees had
lower (2.44 ± 0.18%) levels of varroa infestation than Italian honey bees (7.20 ± 0.60%). This decreased infestation resulted
in part from a reduced number of viable female offspring per foundress in the Russian (0.85 ± 0.04 female) compared to the
Italian (1.23 ± 0.04 females) honey bee colonies. In addition, there was an effect by the comb built by the Russian honey
bee colonies that reduced varroa reproduction. When comparing combs having Russian or Italian colony origins, Russian honey
bee colonies had more non-reproducing foundress mites and fewer viable female offspring in Russian honey bee comb. This difference
did not occur in Italian colonies. The age of comb in this study had mixed effects. Older comb produced similar responses
for six of the seven varroa infestation parameters measured. In colonies of Italian honey bees, the older comb (2001 dark)
had fewer (1.13 ± 0.07 females) viable female offspring per foundress than were found in the 2002 new (1.21 ± 0.06 females)
and 1980s new (1.36 ± 0.08 females) combs. This difference did not occur with Russian honey bee colonies where the number
of viable female offspring was low in all three types of combs. This study suggests that honey bee type largely influences
growth of varroa mite population in a colony. 相似文献
2.
The fresh frozen egg of the tobacco hornworm (TBH) Manduca sexta (L.), is an efficient and superior host for mass production of Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis. Each host egg may produce 10.7±2.8 (n=7) large, robust, and active T. nubilale. The proportion of ♀♀ stabilized at 80–90% with 69.9±26.6 (n=8) ovarian eggs per female. As many as 3 ♀♀ were observed ovipositing
simultaneously into a single TBH egg. Superparasitism (>10 progeny) should be avoided because it may cause nutritional or
space limitations on the development of effective T. nubilale.
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3.
The effect of temperature on the development and fecundity of Sancassania polyphyllae fed on tissues of Polyphylla fullo larvae was studied at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C and 65 ± 10% RH in a dark incubator. Mean developmental period of immature
stages decreased significantly with increasing temperatures from 15 to 30°C. Developmental periods at 30–35°C were not significantly
different. The estimated lower developmental thresholds of the various immature stages ranged between 10.1 and 11.5°C. The
thermal constant for the egg-to-female adult was 93.5 degree-days. The pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition
periods and female longevity were significantly longer at 15°C than at higher temperatures. Mean total and daily fecundity
were the highest at 25°C, which were significantly different from those obtained at 15, 20 and 30°C. The net reproductive
rate ( R
0) was the highest at 25°C (588.3 ♀/♀). The longest mean generation time ( T
0) occurred at 15°C (36 days) and the shortest occurred at 30°C (9.2 days). The highest intrinsic rate of increase ( r
m) for S. polyphyllae was observed at 25 (0.61 ♀/♀/day) and 30°C (0.62 ♀/♀/day). 相似文献
4.
Trichogramma buesi was reared in the laboratory on eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella. The incubation period of the parasite's egg was 27 h at 23 °C and 22 h at 27 °C. The larval stage lasted 3.6 and 3.2 days,
the pre-pupa lasted 16 and 23 h, and the pupa lasted 5.4 and 4.6 days at 23° and 27°C, respectively. The total developmental
time (from egg to adult) averaged 9.2, 9.4, and 9.1 days when the parasite was reared on eggs of Pieris rapae, Spodoptera littoralis, and A. kuehniella, respectively, at 27 °C. Sex ratio in T. buesi was 1 ♂: 1 ♀ in nature and 1 ♂: 1.3 ♀ in the laboratory. The daily and total numbers or progeny produced/female were 5.1
and 98.2 adults, respectively. The parasite female, fed on honey, lived 10.7 days at 27 °C and 12.1 days at 23 °C.
Percentages of parasitism by T. buesi on eggs of P. rapae collected from cabbage fields ranged between 0 and 31.5 % in 1985 and betwcen 0 and 36.4% in 1986 during July through December.
The respective figures on eggs collected from turnip fields were 16–42.2% and 12.5–32.1% during November and December.
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5.
Laboratory-reared Biosteres tryoni (Cameron) reached peak ovarian maturation on the 5 th and 7 th days after emergence in unmated and mated ♀♀, respectively. When ♀♀ were not allowed to oviposit, contents of the oocytes
were hydrolyzed and reabsorbed. However, when hosts were available for oviposition a significant increase of egg maturation
rate was noticed.
Mean realized fecundity during the life span was 71.7±8.1 and 69.0±6.7, and mean longevity was 13.5±0.9 and 15.1±0.6 days
for mated and unmated ♀♀ respectively.
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6.
Amblyseius barkeri (Hughes) fed on Thrips tabaci (Lind.) at 25°C showed an average duration of 2.2, 0.8 and 3.2 days for the egg, larval and nymphal stages, with mortalities
at 1.0, 1.0 and 3.1%, respectively. Females represented 63% of the population and required multiple matings for optimal fertility.
The oviposition period was 20.3 days and the average oviposition rate 2.3 eggs per day. The intrinsic rate of increase was
0.22 per day. The expected life span was 29.6 days for ♀♀ and 27.4 days for ♂♂. A. barkeri ♂♂ and ♀♀ both consumed 3.3 nymphs of thrips per day (mean value for the feeding stages). The larva does not take up food.
In the absence of thrips A. barkeri was able to consume two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), and their eggs, adult broad mites, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), and pollen of various plants. Cannibalism was observed when food was lacking. Certain morphological features, egglaying,
mating and predatory behaviour are described.
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7.
In the present studies, life table data and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) of the eulophid pupal parasitoid, P. furvus (Gahan) were obtained from Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) at a constant temperature of 26.7±0.6°C, 52.3±2.7% RH in the laboratory. Development of immature stages took 19.1±0.3
days; adult females lived for 7.9±3.3 (range, 2–13) days and produced a mean of 91.9±22.4 progeny per female, with a sex ratio
of 1:2.9 (♂:♀). The intrinsic rate of natural increase ( rm) was 0.2558/female/day; the net reproductive rate (R 0), 237.25; the capacity for increase (r c) of 0.252; and the finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.29/female/day; thus, each female contributed 231.42 individuals to the
population in a mean generation time of 21.38 days.
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8.
The biology and behaviour of Tetrastichus sesamiae Risbec, a pupal endoparasitoid of Maruca testulalis Geyer, were studied under laboratory conditions. Most adults emerged from the host pupae between 08.00 h and 09.00 h and
mating and oviposition started almost immediately. Both ♂♂ and ♀♀ mated repeatedly, and each ♀ could lay eggs for up to 6
days and in up to 5 host pupae. Progeny production ranged from 0–263 offspring per ♀ and adult longevity was from 4.3–13.9
days. The quality of food available to the adults was a major factor influencing progeny production, and longevity. The species
was capable of parasitizing and completing development on pupae of such other major Lepidopteran crop pests as Chilo partellus Swinhoe, Busseola fusca Fuller, Eldana saccharina Wlk and Spodoptera exempta Wlk, an important finding for biological control of these pests under intercropped agro ecosystems. Apart from parasitism,
♀♀ of T. sesamiae also caused considerable mortality by stinging, and presumably paralyzing, host pupae without ovipositing.
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9.
Encarsia pergandiella Howard females develop as primary parasitoids of immature whiteflies, whereas ♀♀ develop as secondary parasitoids on ♂♂ of
their own species or on other primary whitefly parasitoids. In this experiment, male E. pergandiella development was examined in the laboratory at 24°C, using different stages of immature E. pergandiella females [enclosed within the cuticle of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] as hosts. Unmated adult female E. pergandiella were caged individually for 24 h on leaves of plants with either 5-day (early to late 3 rd instar larval), 7-day (late 3 rd instar to prepupal), or 9-day (pupal) hosts. In a control treatment, hosts were allowed to complete development without exposure
to unmated adult females. Subsequent emergence of ♂♂ (hosts) and ♀♀ from all treatments was recorded daily.
Pupal (9-day) E. pergandiella females were found to be the most suitable hosts for development of ♀♀. Nine- and 7-day hosts were attacked at a similar
rate, as indicated by a similarly low proportion of host emergence, but ♀♀ emerged at a significantly higher rate in the 9-day
treatment than in the 7-day treatment. Development time of ♀♀ was 15±1 days in the 9-day treatment, and 16±1 days in the 7-day
treatment (p<0.005). The proportion of hosts emerging from the 5-day treatment was not significantly different from the control
treatment.
The data suggest that the colonizing ability of E. pergandiella in greenhouses is likely to be limited by the delay of 7–9 days between oviposition of female eggs and the suitability of
these ♂♂ for oviposition of male eggs. Since development time of the 2 sexes is similar this delay should cause a lack of
synchrony in the emergence and mating of F 1 ♂♂ and ♀♀.
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10.
To control coconut leaf beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro), the pupal parasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière was imported from Taiwan and its biology was studied in quarantine in Hainan, China. The parasitoid development includes an egg, three larval instars and three pupal stages. Its developmental time from egg to adult was 19.5±0.5 days under conditions of 24±2°C and 75±5% relative humidity (RH). Temperature had no effect on the sex ratio of offspring, but significantly affected the parasitism rate and reproduction. The parasitism rates were 98.07, 97.97 and 95.03% at 28, 24 and 20°C, respectively, whereas the parasitism rate was 52.18% at 18°C and 69.48% at 30°C, respectively. Furthermore, the parasitoids reared at 18 and 30°C produced fewer offspring than those at 20, 24 and 28°C, respectively. With the increase in temperature, developmental time decreased linearly from 46.19 days at 18°C to 17.10 days at 28°C. RH significantly influenced development, parasitism rate and the reproduction of T. brontispa. With the decrease of RH, developmental time increased from 22.94 days at 20% RH to 18.84 days at 95% RH. In contrast, parasitism rate and the number of offspring per female increased with the increase of RH. Though emergence rates between 50 and 95% RH were much higher than those between 20 and 35% RH, the sex ratios between 20 and 95% RH were not different. Photoperiod had no effect on parasitism, the number of offspring per female, emergence and the sex ratio of T. brontispae, but developmental time was significantly different for different photoperiods. Sucrose, honey and glucose significantly enhanced adult longevity, parasitism and the number of offspring per female of T. brontispae, but had no effect on the sex ratio and survival. Females of T. brontispae only parasitized fourth to fifth larval instars and 1–5-day-old pupae, but there was a significant difference in the number of offspring per female, development time, emergence and the sex ratio of offspring in different instars. These results showed that 1-day-old pupae, a temperature of 24–28°C and 65–95% RH were optimal for T. brontispae. These findings should be helpful in developing a production system to rear and release T. brontispae in large enough quantities to effectively control coconut leaf beetle. 相似文献
11.
Field collections in Puerto Rico revealed 4 behaviorally distinct isolates of Muscidifurax uniraptor Kogan & Legner that differed initially in diapause and nondiapause emergence, and the age when ♀ progeny were produced. Subsequent
F 1 and F 2 progeny differed in sex ratio and total progeny production. Mating F 2 ♀ ♀ from nondiapause isolates to naturally emerging ♂ ♂ from thelytokous populations significantly reduced total progeny
and the proportion of ♀ ♀ to ca. 20 %. These mated ♀ ♀ at first resembled in behavior those which originated from diapausing parents. Random mating within
all isolates beginning in the F 3, resulted in a general lower survival and progeny production but was accompanied by a rise in sex ratio to ca. 50% ♀ ♀ by the F 6 generation. The interinvolvement of extranuclear and genic factors is considered.
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12.
The egg parasitoid, Platytelenomus busseolae (Gahan) ( Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was recorded from egg masses of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) ( Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize in the area of Istiaea, Central Greece. Natural parasitism was studied during the years 1986, 1987. A total of
3,382 egg masses, containing 205,227 eggs, was collected from corn fields. Parasitized eggs were found from end July to mid-October.
In 1986. 76.2% of the egg masses and 42.8% of all eggs were parasitized, while in 1987, respective values were 27.6% and 12.9%.
The inferior performance of the parasitoid in 1987 may be due to the unfavorable winter and summer conditions. Parasitism
decreased when the host population was at its peak, but it increased again within 1 to 3 weeks. A small percentage of egg
masses was completely parasitized (9.5% and 4.7% for the 2 years respectively). In 1987, the sex ratio, ♀♀/♂♂ was 1.5: 1 and
26.2% of the egg masses produced only ♂♂. Mated ♀♀ produced 3 times more ♀♀ than ♂♂. It seems that the parasitoid, under favorable
weather conditions, can play a significant role in the control of the corn stalk borer.
相似文献
13.
Summary An efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of the valuable medicinal plant, Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumura is described through shoot tip proliferation and direct regeneration. Multiple shoots were induced from
shoort tips cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) semi-solid medium containing various concentrations (0.5–50 μ M) of N 6-benzyladenine (BA), thidiazuron, kinetin, and zeatin. A comparison was made on shoot multiplication between semi-solid and
liquid culture media. Well-developed shoots were obtained using full-strength MS semi-solid medium containing 5.0 μ M BA. However, the greatest shoot proliferation was achieved on either full- or half-strength MS liquid media supplemented
with 5.0 μ M BA for 4 wk (15.3±0.9 and 15.0±0.7 shoots per explant, respectively), and on half-strength MS liquid medium for 6 wk (25.8±1.3
shoots per explant) in culture. In contrast, the maximum number of shoots per explant on full-strength MS semi-solid medium
was achieved with either 5.0 μ M BA (10.4±0.6 shoots per explant) or 10.0 μ M kinetin (10.9±0.8 shoots per explant). Fresh weight of explants and length of shoots derived from full-strength MS liquid
medium (1055±77 mg and 34.2±1.0 mm, respectively) were significantly higher than those derived from full-strength MS semisolid
medium (437.6±17.3 mg and 15.4±0.7 mm, respectively). Quarter-strength MS liquid medium had no significant difference in shoot
proliferation when compared to quarter-strength MS semi-solid medium. Elongated shoots were separated and rooted on half-strength
MS semi-solid media fortified with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 μ M. Root formation was greatest with IBA when compared with IAA and NAA. One hundred percent of shoots were rooted on half-strength
MS medium with 5.0 μ M IBA, while vigorous roots were obtained with 10.0 μ M IBA. Micropropagated plantlets were successfully established in soil with 95% survival rate after heardening. 相似文献
14.
Summary Culture of the freshwater pearl mussel, Hyriopsis (Limnoscapha) myersiana, was carried out in three consecutive steps: (1) culture of glochidia larvae in artificial media, (2) rearing the early juveniles (0–120 days old) in a nursery, and (3) rearing the juveniles (120–360 days old) in an earthen pond. The percentage survival of glochidia in standard tissue culture medium (M199) supplemented with common carp plasma was 95±2.5. All surviving larvae (100%) transformed to juveniles, the duration of transformation being 8 days. The early juveniles (0–60 days old) were fed with a mixture of four selected phytoplankton species ( Chlorella sp., Kirchneriella incurvata, Navicula sp. and Coccomyxa sp.). The survival rate of juveniles was 8±0.2%. The average length of these juveniles increased from 0.13±0.01 mm to 1.41±0.16 mm and the average height from 0.16±0.01 mm to 0.98±0.09 mm. Subsequently, 60–120-day juveniles were fed with one of the same four phytoplankton species or a combination of the four. Feeding the juveniles with K. incurvata resulted in the highest survival rate (65±8.32%), with an average length of 3.46±0.04 mm and an average height of 1.94±0.04 mm. Finally, the 120–360-day juveniles were cultured in an earthen pond. There were progressive changes in average weight (0.0037±0.002 g to 11.24±5.02 g), length (3.48±0.39 mm to 54.08±6.21 mm), height (1.97±0.24 mm to 25.09±2.48 mm) and width (0.98±0.06 mm to 12.28±3.21 mm) from 120 to 360 days. The average growth rates per day of these parameters were 0.0497±0.01 g, 0.2414±0.15 mm, 0.0975±0.08 mm and 0.0493±0.03 mm, respectively. H. (L.) myersiana juveniles developed the complete structural composition of the adult by 160 days, and at 360 days, gametogenesis was complete. 相似文献
15.
Adult Glossina morsitans morsitans exposed to wet conidia of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae suffered high mortalities ranging from 90 to 100% by 2 weeks post-exposure. Infected ♂ ♂ maintained in the same cages with
non-infected ♀♀ throughout the experimental period transmitted the fungal infection to the ♀♀ resulting in mortalities of
65% with B. bassiana and 55% with M. anisopliae. Likewise, infected ♀♀ maintained together with non-infected ♂♂ transmitted the infection to the ♂♂ resulting in mortalities
of 75% with B. bassiana and 45% with M. anisopliae. Female tsetse flies infected with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae and maintained in the same cages with non-infected ♀♀ also transmitted infection to the non-infected tsetse resulting in
mortalities of 62% and 48% with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae respectively. Infected tsetse exposed to non-infected tsetse of the opposite sex for only 30 min were also able to transmit
the fungal infection. Pupae produced by female tsetse infected with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae exhibited higher pupal mortality than those produced by non-infected ♀♀. However, pupae exposed directly to dry spores of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae had no increase in pupal mortality but adults emerging from the B. bassiana-exposed pupae had markedly reduced longevity.
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16.
Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Varroidae) and the number of Varroa mites that were found dead on the bottom board of the hive, were studied in relation to the period the mites spent on adult
honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), prior to invasion into brood cells. The maximum period on adult bees was 23 days. To introduce
mites, combs with emerging worker brood, heavily infested with mites, were placed into a colony and removed the next day.
At the beginning of the first day following emergence from brood cells, 18% of the mites introduced into the colony was found
on the bottom of the hive. Part of these mites may already have died inside the capped brood cells, and then fallen down after
cleaning of cells by the bees. At the second and third day following emergence, respectively 4% and 2% of the mites on adult
bees at the previous day was recovered on the bottom, whereas from the fourth day on only 0.6% of the mites on adult bees
was recovered on the bottom per day. After invasion into brood cells, 8–12% of the mites did not produce any offspring. Of
the mites that did reproduce, the total number of offspring was 4.0–4.4 per mite during one reproductive cycle, part of which
may reach maturity resulting in 1.2–1.3 viable daughters, and 8–10% of the mites produced only male offspring. Reproduction
was independent of the period the mites had spent on adult bees prior to invasion into brood cells. 相似文献
17.
Summary
Hackelia venusta (Boraginaceae) is an endangered perennial herb endemic to the interior northwestern United States. Because of seed scarcity,
micropropagation (an ex situ conservation strategy) could produce true-to-type plantlets suitable for reintroduction. We hypothesized that clones of predetermined
size could be rapidly produced by supplementing multiplication and rooting media with minimal levels of cytokinin and auxin.
Microshoots derived from shoot expants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (1962) media supplemented with 1% (wt/vol) agar
and 0.0001 to 10 μ M benzyladenine. Inverse regression estimates on 3 genotypes predicted that a target of 2.5 axillary microshoots per explant
would require a minimal level of 0.04±0.02 μ M benzyladenine. Culture of 25 genotypes with 0.04 μ M benzyladenine resulted in an average of 2.3±0.1 axillary microshoots per explant. Elongated microshoots were transferred
to media supplemented with 0.1 to 25 μ M indoleacetic acid. Clones rooted from 36% to 100% success after 4 wk in 2.0 μ M indoleacetic acid. Plantlets transplanted ex vitro with three or more roots survived at 84% versus 46% of plantlets with fewer roots. Up to 84% of the plantlets survived in
a planting trial. The data suggest that shoot culture of Hackelia venusta, with minimal growth regulators, can produce axillary microshoots for reintroduction. 相似文献
18.
Caprella mutica Schurin is an epifaunal amphipod crustacean which originates in north-east Asia and has spread throughout the world, yet
very little is known about fundamental aspects of this species biology. This paper examined the survivorship of C. mutica reared under laboratory conditions at 13–14 °C, 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod and fed commercial salmon feed, the diatom
Cylindrotheca fusiformis Reumann and Lewin, the macroalgae, Fucus vesiculosus L. and given no additional feed. In addition, growth, maturation and reproduction of C. mutica fed C. fusiformis were assessed. No significant difference in survivorship of C. mutica was observed for the diet types over the experimental period. C. mutica was able to survive for upto 20 days without additional food. Average survival time of males and females fed the diatom,
C. fusiformis was 68.8 d (range = 62–73 d) and 82.0 d (range = 76–92 d). Juvenile C. mutica emerged from the brood pouch at a body length of 1.33 mm and moulted at 5.0–11.0 day intervals. Males exhibited faster growth
rates than females after Instar VII. Females produced their first brood at Instar VII, 24–26 days post-hatching and with an
average body length of 8.5 mm. Each female had an average of two broods sequentially and these were released at 20.2 day intervals.
Brood size for a single female increased from 11.3 (±9.9) hatchlings at Instar VII to 25.5 (±11.5) at Instar IX and the maximum
number of hatchlings produced by a single female was 82. The results suggest that C. mutica exhibits a number of life-history traits that would potentially enable it to withstand global transportation and to rapidly
become established in an introduced region, if environmental conditions are suitable. 相似文献
19.
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the effects of probiotic honey intake on glycemic control, lipid profiles, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). This investigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic honey intake on metabolic status in patients with DN. This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial was performed among 60 patients with DN. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups to receive either 25 g/day probiotic honey containing a viable and heat-resistant probiotic Bacillus coagulans T11 (IBRC-M10791) (108 CFU/g) or 25 g/day control honey (n = 30 each group) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and 12 weeks after supplementation to quantify glycemic status, lipid concentrations, biomarkers of inflammation, and oxidative stress. After 12 weeks of intervention, patients who received probiotic honey compared with the control honey had significantly decreased serum insulin levels (− 1.2 ± 1.8 vs. − 0.1 ± 1.3 μIU/mL, P = 0.004) and homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (− 0.5 ± 0.6 vs. 0.003 ± 0.4, P = 0.002) and significantly improved quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+ 0.005 ± 0.009 vs. − 0.0007 ± 0.005, P = 0.004). Additionally, compared with the control honey, probiotic honey intake has resulted in a significant reduction in total-/HDL-cholesterol (− 0.2 ± 0.5 vs. + 0.1 ± 0.1, P = 0.04). Probiotic honey intake significantly reduced serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (− 1.9 ± 2.4 vs. − 0.2 ± 2.7 mg/L, P = 0.01) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (− 0.1 ± 0.6 vs. + 0.6 ± 1.0 μmol/L, P = 0.002) compared with the control honey. Probiotic honey intake had no significant effects on other metabolic profiles compared with the control honey. Overall, findings from the current study demonstrated that probiotic honey consumption for 12 weeks among DN patients had beneficial effects on insulin metabolism, total-/HDL-cholesterol, serum hs-CRP, and plasma MDA levels, but did not affect other metabolic profiles. http://www.irct.ir: IRCT201705035623N115. 相似文献
20.
Reproductive partitioning among group members is a key feature in social Hymenoptera. We investigated the genetic colony structure of a tropical paper wasp Polistes olivaceus, with an emphasis on variation in the number of queens and reproductive sharing among queens. Among 22 P. olivaceus colonies, 6 were monogynous, 9 polygynous, and 7 were queenless. Adults and brood (eggs and larvae) were genotyped based on six polymorphic microsatellite loci. In each of the polygynous colonies, progenies were assigned to their mothers using maximum-likelihood methods. Nestmate queens were full sisters. The vast majority of reproduction appeared to be monopolized by the dominant queen (α), and the overall reproductive skews were 0.63 ± 0.04 ( B index) and 0.97 ± 0.02 ( S c index). Although all nestmate queens had equal reproductive potential, the high magnitude of reproductive skew was enigmatic in this species. Although 9.55 ± 2.07 workers contained developed ovaries in 11 of 15 queen-right colonies, they were unrelated to the nestmate queens but related to each other as full sisters, suggesting that they were the remaining offspring of superseded queens. In 2 of the 11 colonies, we detected male eggs produced by reproductive workers. On average, 7.27 % of the total genotyped male eggs were derived from reproductive workers among the colonies. These results suggest three possibilities regarding the presence of reproductive workers in the P. olivaceus colonies: drifting between colonies, putative remaining offspring from superseded queens, and the offspring of unrelated females who joined the colonies and reproduced there. We found no worker-derived larvae or adult males, suggesting that male eggs were removed by nestmates at some point between oviposition and hatching. 相似文献
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