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1.
气孔是植物控制气体交换和调节水分散失的门户.大部分高等植物气孔的分布格局是相邻气孔之间被一至多个表皮细胞所间隔.而在有限分布的几个科属的植物种中发现气孔成簇分布的现象,即由2至多个紧密相邻的气孔器组成相对独立的单元,称为气孔簇(stoma tal cluster).以中国原产的盾叶秋海棠(Begonia peltatifolia Li)为研究对象,探讨了叶表皮气孔簇的发育机制及其分布格局.结果表明:气孔发育初期,气孔拟分生组织的成簇(相邻紧密)排列可能是气孔簇形成的主要机制;气孔副卫细胞恢复分裂形成的卫星拟分生组织也对气孔簇的形成起一定的作用.把气孔簇和单个气孔视为一个气孔单元发现,盾叶秋海棠气孔单元密度(单位面积中气孔单元数)和气孔单元大小(气孔单元所包含气孔数)在叶片上呈有规律的分布:前者由叶片中部向叶尖、叶缘逐圈增多,而后者逐圈减少.对这种分布格局的成因进行了讨论.  相似文献   

2.
主要观察了气孔在四季秋海棠营养器官和繁殖器官上的分布和发育情况,并分别对叶片和翅上气孔簇大小、气孔簇密度等指标的相关性进行了研究、结果表明:在叶片的下表皮、雌花和雄花的花被片、苞片、小苞片和翅上有气孔分布,而在茎、花梗上却未见气孔分布.叶片下表皮和翅上气孔通常成簇分布.在叶片的下表皮,气孔簇大小与气孔簇密度呈显著的负相关(P<0.05);气孔簇密度与叶片长度呈极显著的负相关(P<0.01).而翅上的气孔簇密度、气孔簇大小与子房长度无显著相关性(P>0.05).在四季秋海棠中,不同器官表皮的气孔簇大小是不同的,这可能与生理功能的不同有关.  相似文献   

3.
通过对二倍体(2x=20)、三倍体(3x=30)、四倍体(4x=40)盾叶薯蓣植株叶片上下表皮细胞密度、细胞形状系数,气孔器大小、气孔指数、气孔密度,以及气孔器保卫细胞叶绿体数与倍性相关性的比较,探讨多倍体在盾叶薯蓣倍性育种上的前景。结果表明:随着倍性增加,盾叶薯蓣表皮细胞密度、气孔器面积、长、宽、以及保卫细胞宽、保卫细胞叶绿体数均明显增大。气孔器面积和保卫细胞宽与倍性成正比,且差异显著,可以作为倍性鉴定的手段之一。  相似文献   

4.
通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,利用不同种类(波长)的激光研究拟南芥叶片气孔发生与发育。结果表明,利用紫外激光(351nm)扫描可以清楚观察到拟南芥表皮各种细胞及其发生发育的形态变化,包括表皮毛细胞、副卫细胞、保卫细胞、铺垫表皮细胞等。气孔发生过程中,首先原表皮细胞不对称分裂产生拟分生组织和副卫细胞,接着分化出保卫细胞母细胞,进一步发育形成保卫细胞,最终形成气孔器。气孔分化完成后,保卫细胞在紫外激光下不产生荧光,但利用蓝光激发(488nm)辅助荧光素染色,可清晰地看到保卫细胞。结果表明,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在拟南芥叶表皮细胞形态研究上有独特的功能。  相似文献   

5.
利用扫描电镜技术、叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了假鹰爪属Desmos 4种植物和皂帽花属Dasy-maschalon 3种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明:假鹰爪属植物叶片近轴面表皮具大型球状含晶簇细胞和不含晶簇的表皮细胞两种类型,远轴面表皮细胞均具一较小的晶簇;叶肉组织明显分化为栅栏组织细胞和海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于第2层的栅栏组织和海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为4~6个;主脉维管组织被薄壁细胞分隔成束状。皂帽花属植物叶片近轴面表皮细胞形状相同,均具一晶簇,远轴面表皮细胞的晶簇和近轴面表皮细胞的晶簇相似;靠近上、下表皮的叶肉组织均分化为栅栏组织细胞,在两层栅栏组织细胞之间分化为一至几层海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为2~3个;主脉维管组织形成连续的环状。由此可见两属叶的结构具有明显的差异,因而支持假鹰爪属和皂帽花属为两个独立属的观点。  相似文献   

6.
中国秋海棠属植物的叶表皮特征及其分类学意义   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在光学显微镜下,对中国秋海棠属(Begonia)植物7组52种2变种的叶表皮进行观察。结果表明秋海棠属植物叶表皮形态在属内组间具有较大的相似性,表皮细胞为多边形或近多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形,大多数种类表皮细胞内具有晶体,气孔器仅分布于下表皮,且以不等型为主。叶表皮综合特征,例如表皮细胞形状,表皮毛类型,表皮细胞内晶体的类型和形态,气孔器形态以及与一些种类独有特征的组合,在种间,尤其在近缘种之间具有明显的差异。  相似文献   

7.
珍稀植物青檀叶的解剖结构及其生态适应性特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
采用石蜡切片法、叶表皮离析法对不同居群青檀叶片的解剖结构进行了对比观察和分析,以期探讨中国特有属植物青檀在解剖结构方面对石灰岩地区贫瘠干旱的适应特征及其机理。结果表明,青檀在叶的解剖结构方面对干旱的石灰岩生境有良好的适应性,其中生境条件最差的巢湖银屏山居群青檀的耐旱性最强,具体表现为:叶片厚,表皮细胞小,具有较厚的表皮细胞外壁和角质层;栅栏组织发达,细胞排列紧密;气孔小且密度大,成簇分布等特征。本研究对青檀在石灰岩地区的推广栽培提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

8.
多花黄精叶表皮的发育   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过光学显微镜和电子扫描显微镜,对多花黄精(P olyg ona tum cy rtonem a)不同发育时期的叶表皮细胞及其气孔器进行了研究。结果表明:(1)多花黄精叶片的上下表皮细胞的发育方式基本一致,都是表皮细胞进行伸长生长和加宽生长,且伸长生长速度大于加宽生长速度。(2)气孔器的发育方式有两种:由表皮细胞进行不均等分裂所形成的两个细胞之中较小的一个发育而来;直接由表皮细胞发育而来。(3)在叶片发育过程中,气孔器指数是由低到高;在叶片展开第1天达到最高值,随后逐渐降低并趋于稳定。  相似文献   

9.
盾叶薯蓣根状茎的发育解剖学研究   总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11  
利用石蜡切片法对盾叶薯蓣根状茎进行了发育解剖学研究。盾叶薯蓣的二年生根状茎主要由三部分组成:周皮、基本组织和散生在基本组织中的维管束。周皮由木栓层、木栓形成层和椎内层组成;基本组织都由薄壁细胞组成;维管束无束中形成层,属于有限维管束,成熟的维管束由厚壁组织细胞形成的维管束鞘包围。根状茎顶端的原分生组织由3-5个鳞状包被。其衍生细胞分化为原表皮、基本分生组织和散生的原形成层束。以后由它们分化为表皮,基本组织和散生的维管束构成的初生结构,根状茎顶端下方的原表皮内存在初生增厚分生组织。初生增厚分生组织细胞不断向内分裂和其衍生细胞的体积增大,是根状茎能迅速增粗的主要原因。  相似文献   

10.
9种榆科植物叶表皮结构特征研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用叶表皮离析法观察了榆科6属9种植物叶片的表皮结构。结果表明,榆科植物叶片气孔器仅分布在远轴面,不规则型,不具副卫细胞;叶片毛状体主要有腺毛和非腺毛两种类型,腺毛由基细胞、柄细胞和膨大的顶细胞构成,非腺毛均由单细胞发育而来,基部具或不具钟乳体,多数非腺毛顶部发育成长锥状,少数非腺毛顶部极短呈喙状。根据气孔器的类型和分布位置,尤其是表皮毛的基本结构和发育类型等特征,不支持将广义榆科分为两个独立科的观点。但榆科这9种植物叶表皮特征具有属间或种间差异,有一定的分类学价值。  相似文献   

11.
We report the stomatal cluster development mechanism and distribution pattern in Cinnamomum camphora. The results indicated that the clustered arrangement of meristemoids at the juvenile stage of the leaf development contributed greatly to the pattern of stomatal clusters. Additionally, division of an epidermal cell (EC), which is between small stomata, and growth of small stomata to push the ECs aside to become directly contacting had an impact on the development as well as the pattern of stomatal clusters. The latter way may play a more important role in stomata clustering of the wide-type C. camphora. There are no significant difference in the stomatal index (the number of stomata per the sum of the number of epidermal cells and the number of stomata) among different part of leaves, while the stomatal cluster index (the number of stomata in stomatal clusters per the total number of stomata) was found to increase gradually from the apex to the base and from the middle part to the marginal part of the leaf. The possible reason of this pattern was discussed. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 348–353. The text was submitted by the authors in English.  相似文献   

12.
Stomatal development and patterning in Arabidopsis leaves   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The functional unit for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere is the stomatal complex, an epidermal structure composed of two guard cells, which delimit a stomatal pore, and their subsidiary cells. In the present work, we define the basic structural unit formed in Arabidopsis thaliana during leaf development, the anisocytic stomatal complex. We perform a cell lineage analysis by transposon excision founding that at least a small percentage of stomatal complexes are unequivocally non-clonal. We also describe the three-dimensional pattern of stomata in the Arabidopsis leaf. In the epidermal plane, subsidiary cells of most stomatal complexes contact the subsidiary cells of immediately adjacent complexes. This minimal distance between stomatal complexes allows each stoma to be circled by a full complement of subsidiary cells, with which guard cells can exchange water and ions in order to open or to close the pore. In the radial plane, stomata (and their precursors, the meristemoids) are located at the junctions of several mesophyll cells. This meristemoid patterning may be a consequence of signals that operate along the radial axis of the leaf, which establish meristemoid differentiation precisely at these places. Since stomatal development is basipetal, these radially propagated signals may be transmitted in the axial direction, thus guiding stomatal development through the basal end of the leaf.  相似文献   

13.
The cell lineage theory, which explains stomatal patterning in monocot leaves as a consequence of orderly divisions, was studied in Tradescantia. Data were collected to test the theory at three levels of organization: the individual stoma; stomata distributed in one dimension, in linear fashion along cell files; and stomata apportioned in two dimensions, across the length and breadth of the leaf. In an attempt to watch the patterning process through regeneration, stomata in all visible stages of development were laser ablated. The results showed that the formation of stomatal initials was highly regular, and measurements of stomatal frequency and spacing showed that pattern was determined near the basal meristem when the stomatal initials arose. Following the origin of initials, the pattern was not readjusted by division of epidermal cells. Stomatal initials were not committed when first present and a small percentage of them arrested. The arrested cells, unlike stomata, were consistently positioned in cell files midway between a developed pair of stomata. At the one-dimensional level of pattern, stomata in longitudinal files were separated by a variable number of epidermal cells and the frequency of these separations was not random. The sequential spacing of stomata also was not random, and stomata separated by single epidermal cells were grouped into more short and long series than expected by chance. The stomatal pattern across the width of the leaf resulted from cell files free of stomata which alternated with cell files containing stomata, but not with a recurring periodicity. Files lacking stomata were found only over longitudinal vascular bundles. Laser ablations of developing stomata did not disrupt the pattern in nearby cells or result in stomatal regeneration. We conclude that the cell lineage theory explains pattern as an individual stomatal initial arises from its immediate precursor and satisfactorily accounts for the minimum spacing of stomata in a cell file, i.e., stoma-epidermal cell-stoma. However, the theory does not explain the collective stomatal pattern along the cell files, at the one-dimensional level of patterning. Nor does the theory account for the for the two-dimensional distribution of stomata in which regions devoid of stomata alternate with regions enriched with stomata, but not in a highly regular nor haphazard manner. We suggest that the grouping of epidermal cells and stomata separated by single epidermal cells in cell files may result from cell lineages at a specific position in the cell cycle as they traverse the zone where stomatal initials form.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

14.
The stomata in the six Indian species of Portulaca L. are paracytic and predominantly dicyclic, completely enclosed at their polar ends by the subsidiaries, and mesogenous dolabrate and basipetal in differentiation except in P. oleracea , where they are diffuse in origin. The subsidiaries of the outer cycle develop directly from the stomatal meristemoids. The leaves are amphistomatic except in P. quadrifida , where they are epistomatic. The stomata are mostly orientated at c. 90o to the midrib of the leaf, but in P. oleracea they are irregularly orientated. The origin of the stomatal orientation appears to be genetically regulated rather than epigenetic. In Portulaca , as in some other angiosperms, the epidermal pattern of the costae is similar to that of the interstices, i.e. stomatiferous with nearly isodiametric cells. This is considered to be due to prevention by the thick chlorenchyma, characteristic of these plants, of the stomatal inhibitory stimuli originating in the vascular tissues from reaching the epidermis.  相似文献   

15.
27种木犀属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4  
利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察了27种木犀属植物的叶表皮,测量并统计了气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔指数及腺点密度等指标,以明确各种的叶表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、表皮角质膜、蜡质纹饰及气孔外拱盖的具体特征。结果显示:木犀属植物叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器类型多为不规则型,只有总状桂花和狭叶木犀为环列型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形2种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮。研究表明,木犀属植物气孔器和叶表皮细胞特征在种之间差异比较明显,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。  相似文献   

16.
为解决荚蒾属植物分类学问题并探究叶片解剖结构在分类学中的价值,该研究利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对21种中国荚蒾属植物的叶表皮细胞、气孔大小、气孔器类型和角质层纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较,为荚蒾属种间分类关系提供证据。结果显示,叶表皮细胞有无规则形和多边形2种,垂周壁式样有平直、浅波状、波状与深波状4种式样,其中下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形,且垂周壁式样较上表皮更稳定。气孔均分布在下表皮,形状为近圆形、椭圆形2种;气孔器类型包括不等型、平列型和无规则型3种;气孔器外拱盖内缘有近平滑、浅波状、波状3种;气孔器外围角质层纹饰有脊状隆起、条状隆起2种。研究表明,荚蒾属植物叶表皮细胞和气孔器特征在种间差异明显,可作为种间鉴定及分类的重要依据,具有重要的分类学意义。  相似文献   

17.
Image analysis was used in studying stomatal morphology during acclimatization of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions, 45 d after transfer leaf area was 15 times, and total number of stomata per leaf four times increased. During acclimatization stomatal density was decreased considerably on both leaf sides, and was compensated by an increase in stomatal sizes, e.g., in stomatal length and in stomatal area (both guard cells and pore). Elongation of stomata was increased indicating that the originally circular stomata of in vitro plantlets were changed into elliptical ones in ex vitro acclimatized plants. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
SACHS  T. 《Annals of botany》1979,43(6):693-700
The development of the leaf epidermis of Vinca major L. wasfollowed in situ by epi-illumination microscopy and evidencewas sought for cellular interactions. Stomata were often foundto be initiated in adjoining cells. The epidermal cells whichseparated such stomata when they had matured were formed fromthe same cells as the stomatal complexes themselves. The presenceof developing and mature stomata may influence only the orientationof divisions in neighbouring cells, and not the initiation andmaturation of stomata. There is great variability in the relativeorientation, timing and number of divisions which intervenebetween the first unequal division and the maturation of a stomaas well as the location of stomata relative to the spongy mesophylland minor veins. The results indicate that continuous short-rangeinteractions between the future guard cells and the adjoiningcells, rather than interactions between future stomata or afixed programme of development, are essential for the formationof the pattern of functional stomata in the mature leaf. Vinca major L., cell lineage, cellular interactions, development of stomata, epi-illumination microscopy, meristemoids, patterned differentiation, stomata  相似文献   

19.
Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh) attack disrupted stomatal behaviour, and hence leaf water conductance (g(l)), in barley genotypes Pallas and Ris?-S (susceptible), P01 (with Mla1 conditioning a hypersensitive response; HR), and P22 and Ris?-R (with mlo5 conditioning papilla-based penetration resistance). Inoculation caused some stomatal closure well before the fungus attempted infection. Coinciding with epidermal cell penetration, stomatal opening in light was also impeded, although stomata of susceptible and mlo5 lines remained largely able to close in darkness. Following infection, in susceptible lines stomata closed in darkness but opening in light was persistently impeded. In Ris?-R, stomata recovered nearly complete function by approximately 30 h after inoculation, i.e. after penetration resistance was accomplished. In P01, stomata became locked open and unable to close in darkness shortly after epidermal cells died due to HR. In the P22 background, mlo5 penetration resistance was often followed by consequential death of attacked cells, and here too stomata became locked open, but not until approximately 24 h after pathogen attack had ceased. The influence of epidermal cell death was localized, and only affected stomata within one or two cells distance. These stomata were unable to close not only in darkness but also after application of abscisic acid and in wilted leaves suffering drought. Thus, resistance to Bgh based on HR or associated with cell death may have previously unsuspected negative consequences for the physiological health of apparently 'disease-free' plants. The results are discussed in relation to the control of stomatal aperture in barley by epidermal cells.  相似文献   

20.
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