光周期和温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导的影响

亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)属兼性滞育昆虫, 其滞育特性与种群利用适生境的最大化和季节性活动密切相关。解析季节性因素如光周期和温度对其滞育的诱导作用可为预测种群发生动态提供科学依据。本实验在HPS 500型和HPG-320H型自动控制环境气候箱中, 测定了RH 80%下温度20℃, 27℃和30℃与11个光周期组合对吉林农安（NA）、 河北衡水（HS）、 广东惠州（HZ）和海南海口（HK）等4个地理种群的滞育诱导作用。结果表明： 光周期、 温度及其交互作用均对亚洲玉米螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期在滞育诱导中起主导作用。在20℃条件下, 其光周期反应曲线属典型的长日照反应型, 临界光周期随种群分布的地理纬度降低而缩短, 4个地理种群NA, HS, HZ和HK的临界日昼长依次为14 h 3 min, 13 h 59 min, 13 h 32 min和13 h 7 min, 最有效的滞育诱导光周期是日昼长12 h。另一方面, 随种群分布纬度升高, 其对光周期诱导滞育的敏感性降低。温度为27℃时, 其光周期反应曲线为短日照 长日照反应型, 各种群有两个临界光周期, 临界日昼长依次为12 h 50 min和13 h 32 min, 11 h 35 min和13 h 8 min, 12 h 58 min和13 h 1 min, 以及11 h 50 min和12 h 26 min, 且最有效的滞育诱导光周期范围的滞育率明显低于20℃。一定温度范围内（20℃～27℃）, 随温度升高, 临界光周期缩短; 温度达到30℃时则滞育显著被抑制, 滞育率仅为4.3%或更低。这些结果说明温度对亚洲玉米螟滞育的光周期诱导具有很强的补偿作用。因此, 在自然界亚洲玉米螟的滞育属具有温度补偿作用的长日照反应型昆虫, 临界光周期随地理纬度北移而增长; 种群滞育的短日照 长日照反应型特性可能是产生局部世代种群的重要内因。     

Flight propensity and diapause incidence in five populations of the bark beetle Ips typographus in Scandinavia

Emergence from brood logs, take-off activity and the duration of tethered flight was recorded in the first laboratory generation of the bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from five locations (ca 300 km apart) in Sweden and Denmark. Beetles of northerly origin emerged later from brood logs. This pattern was associated with an increasing proportion on non-fliers towards the north. After overwintering, both the rate of development of flight activity and the proportion of non-fliers were the same among populations. Flight duration of fliers was similar among populations and appeared unaffected by outbreak conditions.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction and termination in the swallowtail,Sericinus montelus

Abstract Sericinus montelus overwinters as diapausing pupae. In the present study, the effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction and termination of diapause are investigated. The results obtained demonstrate that high temperature can reverse the effect of short day‐lengths on diapause induction. Under an LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod, all pupae enter diapause at 15, 20 and 25 °C, whereas all pupae develop without diapause at 35 °C. No pupae enter diapause under an LD 14 : 10 h photoperiod when the temperature is above 20 °C. Photoperiodic response curves obtained at 25 and 30 °C indicate that S. montelus is a long‐day species and the critical day‐length is approximately 13 h at 25 °C. At 25 °C, the duration of diapause is shortest when the diapausing pupae are maintained under an LD 16 : 8 h photoperiod and increases under LD 14 : 10 h and LD 12 : 12 h photoperiods. Under an LD 16 : 8 h photoperiod, the duration of diapause is shortest when the diapausing pupae are maintained at 25 °C, followed by 20 and 30 °C, and then at 15 °C. These results suggest that a moderate temperature favours diapause development under a diapause‐averting photoperiod in this species. The duration of diapause induced by an LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod is significantly longer at 25 °C than those at 15, 20 and 30 °C, and is shortest at 15 °C. At 25 °C, the duration of diapause induced by LD 6 : 18, LD 12 : 12 and LD 13 : 11 h photoperiods is similar and longer than 90 days. Thus, the diapause‐inducing conditions may affect diapause intensity and a photoperiod close to the critical day‐length has significant influence on diapause intensity in S. montelus.     

温度和光周期对管侧沟茧蜂滞育诱导及滞育茧的低温冷藏

【目的】为明确诱导管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer 滞育的主要因子,在田间和室内研究了不同温度和光周期下管侧沟茧蜂的滞育率和滞育茧的最佳冷藏温度。【方法】田间实验分别从8月31日到9月25日每隔5 d在室外罩笼内释放管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫,待寄生蜂结茧后统计子代蜂的滞育率。室内实验共设5个不同温度（16℃, 18℃, 20℃, 22℃和24℃）和7个不同光周期（6L:18D, 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, 16L:8D和18L:6D）,分别统计寄生蜂在各个处理条件下的滞育率。【结果】在河北中部地区秋季自然条件下,8月底当日平均气温为24.4℃,日平均光照时间为12 h 51 min 时,少数蛹（5.08%）开始进入滞育;9月25日,当日平均气温为17.2℃,日平均光照时间为11 h 36 min以下时,几乎所有蛹个体进入滞育,滞育率达到99.70%。在室内人工控制条件下,当温度为22℃以上,无论光周期如何变化,管侧沟茧蜂不能进入滞育,所结茧全部为非滞育茧。温度为22℃以下存在光周期反应,在温度16℃, 18℃和20℃,光周期10L:14D时形成滞育茧数量最多,滞育率分别为100%, 89.75% 和 29.58%。可见温度和光周期二者共同影响管侧沟茧蜂的滞育。滞育茧在0℃左右条件下冷藏 240 d 和5℃左右环境条件下冷藏180 d, 成虫的羽化率和寄生能力与发育茧差异不显著(P>0.05);0℃条件下冷藏300 d,滞育茧仍有79%可以正常羽化。【结论】该寄生蜂在秋季进入滞育主要是低温条件和短光照反应相互作用的结果,滞育茧在0℃和5℃温度下至少可以保存240 d。这些结果对管侧沟茧蜂的大规模繁殖和滞育茧的保存具有重要参考价值。     

温度和光周期对绿盲蝽滞育诱导的影响

为了阐明环境因子对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür卵滞育诱导作用,测定了3个温度和6个光周期组合处理对绿肓蝽的滞育诱导和绿盲蝽光周期感应的敏感虫态,系统调查了绿肓蝽在不同温度和不同光照组合下所产卵的孵化率.结果表明:绿盲蝽的敏感虫态为1龄若虫;在17℃,20℃和23℃3个不同温度下,光照时间小...     

光周期和温度对草地螟滞育诱导的影响

草地螟Loxostege sticticalis以老熟幼虫滞育越冬。在室内通过人工诱导的方法对其滞育的光周期和温度诱导条件进行了研究。结果表明:草地螟是一种典型的长日照发育型种类。光周期、温度及其交互作用均对草地螟滞育诱导具有重要影响, 其中光周期起主导作用, 温度伴随着光周期起作用。对幼虫滞育诱导最有效的光周期是L12∶D12; 随着温度的升高, 临界光周期呈缩短趋势（18℃除外）。18, 22, 26和30℃条件下幼虫滞育的临界日长依次为13.97, 14.48, 13.92 和12.88 h。光敏感实验揭示:21℃时草地螟对光照反应最敏感时期为幼虫孵化后的11～17 d（约5龄幼虫）, 但孵化后7～11 d（约4龄幼虫）的短光照积累对提高滞育率也有重要作用, 可以将滞育率从40.0%提高到90.0%。     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on pupal diapause induction of grape berry moth Lobesia botrana

Abstract. The grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Denn. & Sciff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), one of the most injurious pest of grape berries in Greece, is a multivoltine species that overwinters as diapausing pupae. The effects of several diel and non-diel photoperiods and of temperature, experienced by eggs and larvae, on pupal diapause induction were investigated. The diapause response curve was of Type I (long day type) and the determining factor was the duration of scotophase (> 11 h), regardless of the duration of photophase. However, at very short (< 4 h) photoperiods, the incidence of diapause was also high. Diapause was positively and significantly correlated with the egg-larval developmental time, pupal mortality and the duration of the pupal stage. Eggs and larvae reared under LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod and various temperatures (from 12 to 30 °C) produced diapausing pupae (almost 100%), but the duration of the pupal stage (intensity of diapause) increased with increasing temperature. Under continuous darkness, however, the percentage diapause decreased with increasing temperature. Single and double 1-h light pulses were applied systematically at various times during the scotophase of six diapause-inducing diel photoperiods. Two photosensitive points in time (called A and B) were revealed, during which illumination resulted in a significant decrease of diapause induction. The decrease was much greater during the first sensitive period (early in scotophase) rather than in the second (late in the scotophase).     

昆虫滞育光周期理论的再思考

任何地方一年中的每一天都有一个特定的光照长度,日期和光周期变化存在固定的对应关系。昆虫在一定的日子滞育,自然也就是在特定的光照长度下滞育,但是并不意味着光周期必然就是滞育的主要诱因。分析光周期的几个重要特点,笔者认为光周期不一定是所有昆虫滞育开始及结束的最主要的或实质性的诱因。     

Effects of photoperiod, temperature, and host plant age on induction of reproductive diapause and development time in Danaus plexippus

Abstract 1. Diapause induction in monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus was studied using adults captured from the wild in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and individuals reared under outdoor and controlled conditions.
2. Oocyte presence in females and ejaculatory duct mass in males were used to indicate reproductive status.
3. Some wild individuals were in diapause in mid-August, and all males and females were in diapause by late August and early September respectively.
4. Individuals reared under decreasing day lengths and fluctuating temperatures were more likely to be in diapause than were individuals reared under long or short day lengths or constant temperatures.
5. Individuals fed potted old Asclepias curassavica plants were more likely to be in diapause than were those fed potted young host plants; when cuttings of Asclepias syriaca plants from the field or greenhouse pots were used, there was no effect of host plant age.
6. Extremely high temperatures increased the number of day-degrees required for development from egg to adult, while decreasing day lengths and older host plants tended to decrease the number of day-degrees required for development.
7. There appears to be a continuum of reproductive development in monarchs, with gradual declines in mean ejaculatory duct mass and oocyte production during the late summer.
8. None of the experimental treatments led to 100% diapause, and diapause was more likely to occur in monarchs subjected to more than one diapause-inducing cue.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on reproductive diapause in Ophraella communa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a potential biocontrol agent against Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Abstract To investigate the seasonal adaptation strategies of Ophraella communa to new habitats, the effects and regulation mechanisms of photoperiod and temperature on the reproductive diapause in a population collected from Changsha, Hunan were examined. Adults showed obvious reproductive diapause, which was regulated by photoperiod and temperature. At 30°C, there was no adult diapause occurring under either long‐day or short‐day conditions; at 25°C the pre‐oviposition period was short and fecundity was high in adult females under L : D 16 : 8 h, whereas under L : D 12 : 12 h, a few females entered reproductive diapause; at 20°C under short‐day conditions, all female adults entered diapause. The pre‐oviposition period was significantly prolonged when the pupae and adults were transferred from long‐days to short‐days, but the day length influence was not obvious when they were transferred only in the adult stage. However, the fecundity dropped greatly no matter whether the photoperiod shifted to short‐days only in the adult stage or whether the shift occurred in both the pupal and adult stage. The fecundity was extremely low when photoperiod shifted from long‐days to short‐days in both pupal and adult stages. This was an indication that the pupal and adult stages were the photoperiod‐sensitive stage for adult reproductive diapause. This was especially true for the photoperiod in the pupal stage, which has a distinctly significant regulative effect on reproductive diapause. Additionally, this article also addresses the reason for different photoperiodic response patterns in reproductive diapause induction between the Changsha strain and the Tsukuba strain (Japan) of O. communa.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction in Conogethes punctiferalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée), a multivoltine species that overwinters as diapausing larvae, is one of the most serious insect pests on maize in China. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on larval diapause was examined under empirical laboratory conditions. Short‐day treatments caused larval diapause at 25°C, and the critical photoperiod was between 12 and 13 h (or 12 h 51 min) light per day. No sensitive instar was identified for diapause induction under alternated short‐ (L : D 11 : 13 h) and long‐day (L : D 14 : 10 h) treatments at different larval stages. However, accumulative treatment of three instars and 10 d under short‐day treatment was required for the induction of 50% larval diapause. All larvae entered diapause at 20°C, whereas less than 3% did so at 30°C, irrespective of the long‐ or short‐day treatment. Furthermore, under the short‐day treatment, more than 90% of larvae went into diapause with temperatures ≤ 25°C, but less than 17% did so at 28°C. In contrast, under the long‐day treatment, less than 19% of larvae went into diapause with temperatures ≥ 23°C. The forward shift (5°C) of critical temperature under the long‐day regime demonstrated the compensatory effect of temperature and photoperiod on diapause induction. In conclusion, C. punctiferalis had a temperature‐dependent type I photoperiodic diapause response; there was no sensitive instar for diapause determination, but the photoperiodic accumulation time countermeasures both of the short‐day cycles and the number of instars exposed, and the photoperiodic diapause response, was a temperature‐compensated phenomenon.     

Effects of photoperiod and low temperature on diapause termination in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle (Psacothea hilaris)

Abstract. .The effects of photoperiod and low temperature on diapause termination in the yellow-spotted longicorn beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Pascoe) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), were examined using a population from Ino, Japan. Diapausing insects obtained by rearing larvae under short daylength (12 or 13 h) at 25^oC were subjected to various treatments. When the photoperiod was changed at the same temperature, diapausing larvae showed a long-day response with a critical daylength between 13.5 and 14h. The diapause was terminated and consequently pupation occurred if the daylength was longer than 13.5 h. Chilling the diapausing larvae at 10^oC for 30 or more days also terminated diapause in most larvae irrespective of the photoperiods during and after chilling treatment. In contrast, the post-chilling photoperiod had a critical effect on development of diapausing larvae chilled for only 15 days.     

Parental and direct effects of photoperiod and temperature on the induction of larval diapause in the blow fly Lucilia sericata

Abstract.  Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) shows a facultative diapause in the third, and final larval, instar after the cessation of feeding. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the induction and duration of diapause were examined in parental (G0) and current (G1) generations. Insects of the G0 generation were reared under four combinations of conditions, involving two photoperiods, LD 16 : 8 and LD 12 : 12 h, and two temperatures, 25 and 20 °C. The G1 generation, present in the eggs laid by these insects, were transferred to 10 combinations of conditions, involving the above two photoperiods and five temperatures, 25, 20, 17.5, 15 and 12.5 °C. In the G1 generation, the time from hatching to cessation of feeding was significantly affected by temperature only, whereas the induction of diapause was influenced by both photoperiod and temperature experienced by the G0 as well as the G1 generation. Short-day and low-temperature conditions in the G0 and in the G1 generation had diapause-inducing effects. In this species, it is likely that, for purposes of acquiring reliable seasonal information, induction of diapause is sensitive to environmental factors both in the G0 and G1 generations. The function of high-intensity diapause, induced by short-day conditions and high temperature in the parental generation, appeared to be the prevention of accidental pupariation in warm autumn weather.     

Effect of daylength and temperature on the larval diapause of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum

The effect of daylength and temperature on the regulation of the larval diapause of a central Missouri population of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum, was examined. Fully grown fourth-instar larvae exhibit a facultative diapause. Measurements of the effect of photoperiod on diapause induction revealed critical photoperiods of about 13 h 30 min light/day at 20°C, and between 11 h 45 min and 12 h light/day at 23°C. Third and fourth-instar larvae were shown to be the main sensitive stages for diapause determination. Daylength was also shown to be an important regulator of the rate of diapause development. A short day of LD 10:14 h permitted only a low rate of diapause development, whereas long days of LD 14:10 h and LD 16:8 h accelerated diapause development at 25 and 30°C. When long days were alternated with short days at 30°C the accelerating effect of long days on diapause development was not found. Systematic transfers of chilled diapausing larvae revealed an accelerated diapause development in groups transferred from 10 to 30°C LD 10:14 h, but diapause development was not accelerated in groups transferred from 10 to 30°C LD 16:8 h.     

Daylength and humidity as environmental cues for diapause termination in a tropical beetle

ABSTRACT. Photoperiod is the primary factor controlling termination of adult diapause in the fungus beetle, Stenotarsus rotundus Arrow (Endomychidae: Coleoptera), in a tropical lowland forest. at 9 N. An LD 13:11 h cycle stimulated rapid development of the gonads and flight muscles in both sexes: development was eventually initiated in an LD 12:12 h cycle but was slower. Beetles showed a graded response to intermediate photoperiods. Males consistently initiated gonad development earlier than females, but both sexes developed flight muscles at the same time.
Moisture also influences development: oocytes and flight muscles developed more rapidly at high humidity than at the naturally prevailing low humidity during the dry season. Testis development was less influenced by humidity.
In the field, male gonad development began in late January, suggesting that the beetle can perceive an extremely slight increase in daylength. Ovaries did not contain any visible oocytes before March, but oocyte development was apparent in all females by April. Egg maturation was completed after dispersal from the aggregation site. Females have larger corpora allata than males. These glands increased in size in March when oocyte and/or flight muscle development was initiated. The timing of full development of flight muscles varied slightly from year to year.
Thus, the increase in daylength occurring during the dry season appears to be the cue primarily responsible for development of the reproductive systems and flight muscles. High humidity enhances this response and further prepares the beetles for an active reproductive period at the onset of the wet season.     

光周期和温度对大猿叶虫滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringiBaly是我国十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,以成虫在土壤中越冬和越夏,滞育发生主要受温度和光周期调节。本文就光周期和温度对滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在25℃下,光周期（L14∶D10和L12∶D12）对成虫滞育后的存活率、寿命、日平均产卵量、总产卵量均无显著影响。在长光照（L14∶D10）下,温度18℃、22℃和25℃）对滞育后成虫的生物学特性具有明显的影响;随温度的降低,总产卵量呈下降趋势,平均产卵量显著降低,雌虫滞育后寿命显著延长,18℃下少数个体能被诱导再次滞育。     

Reemergence and second brood in the bark beetle Ips typographus

The knowledge about reemergence of parent spruce bark beetles Ips typographus . their dispersal, and production of a second brood is reviewed. A majority of the beetles reemerge after their first brood. The process is mainly determined by temperature but high breeding density decreases the average time spent in the tree. The difference between males and females in reemergence seems to be small. In the field, a positive relationship between residence time and fat content at reemergence seems to exist, whereas the opposite tendency is found under laboratory conditions. In the laboratory, the survival of beetles reemerging late is on the average lower than that for early reemerging beetles. The time of reemergence and size of the first brood do not, however, seem to influence the production of a second brood. A large proportion of the reemerging beetles are able to establish a new brood in the laboratory, but calculations based on the number of attacked trees and estimated reemergence in forests in South Norway suggest that only about one third of the beetles actually produce a second brood. In northern Europe, successful colonization of new trees by the reemerging beetles seems to require a period of several warm days during the main reemergence period.     

Effect of photoperiod and temperature on diapause in a Florida strain of the tropical warehouse moth Ephestia cautella

A photoperiodically-controlled diapause of the long-day, short-day type was identified in a brown-winged, yellow-eyed strain of Ephestia cautella (Walker). The proportion of larvae diapausing in very long photoperiods was less than in short photoperiods. The mean critical photoperiod, here defined as that photoperiod giving half the maximum percentage of insects that diapause in response to photoperiod at a given temperature, was between 12 and 13 hr for the long-day reaction at both 20 and 25°C. The principal sensitive phase occurred near the time of the last larval moult. The mean duration of diapause was 2–3 months at 20°C and slightly longer at 25°C. The optimum temperature for diapause development was near 15°C, all larvae pupating within 24 days after a 45-day exposure at this temperature. Diapause could be terminated whenever larvae diapausing at 20°C were exposed to as few as five long (15 hr) photoperiods at 25°C. Long photoperiods at 20°C, or short photoperiods (9 hr) at 25°C were less effective in terminating diapause.     

The regulation of development during diapause in Ephestia elutella (Hübner) by temperature and photoperiod

Diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella reared at 20°C in short photoperiods (LD 11:13), and then maintained 12 weeks or longer at 5–15°C before transfer to 20 or 25°C, pupated sooner than unchilled controls. At 25°C, all samples kept in long photoperiods (LD 15:9) survived better and pupated faster than similarly treated samples held in short photoperiods (LD 9:15). Samples kept at 20°C after chilling pupated much slower than those at 25°C, and, except after exposure at 5°C, pupated at similar rates at LD 11:13 or 15:9, although mortality was higher at the shorter photoperiod. After exposure at 5°C, larvae required increased day-length as well as increased temperature to hasten pupation whereas after exposure at 10°C most responded to increased temperature only.For samples maintained in slightly heated or unheated outbuildings, the summer emergence was poorly synchronized and males on average emerged ahead of females. Samples moved from the unheated outbuilding to 25°C and long days in the laboratory in early spring, however, pupated quickly and males and females emerged together. A late phase of diapause development thus exists requiring both high temperature and long photoperiods to ensure a prompt resumption of morphogenesis. Spring temperatures in the United Kingdom are seldom high enough to synchronize the completion of diapause.     

The effect of larval temperature and photoperiod on the incidence of larval diapause in the blowfly, Calliphora vicina

ABSTRACT. The blowfly, Calliphora vicina Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae), displays a maternally induced larval diapause. Progeny of adults exposed to short days enter diapause if the larval temperature is 15C or below; exposing adults to long days, or larvae to temperatures above 15C, results in non-diapause. By keeping progeny from short-day parents at the parental temperature of 23.5C for various lengths of time before transfer to 11C, it could be shown that the diapause-averting effect of high temperature operates in the late wandering stage of larva, possibly at the moment of the decision for the brain-ring gland complex to release PTTH/ecdysone at the diapause/non-diapause stage.
Although photoperiodic induction in the blowfly is maternal, previous work had shown that the larvae were also slightly sensitive to photoperiod. From the present study it is evident that also the eggs are photo-sensitive.