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1.
B. Oles 《Coral reefs (Online)》2007,26(4):971-981
People have been living on Mwoakilloa, a coral atoll in the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), for well over a millennium.
Foreign interlopers, colonial governments, global commerce, and a host of internal and external forces have all played a role
in shaping the uses, values, and meanings assigned to the atoll, its reefs, and its resources. This paper explores the changing
relationships among the people and reefs of Mwoakilloa, highlighting the multiple, co-existing, and sometimes competing meanings
and values assigned to atoll resources. It emphasizes the point that even in a small, ethnically homogeneous population there
exists a diversity of meanings associated with reef resources that are dependent upon wider socioeconomic contexts. Identifying
the sources of these cultural meanings is critical for understanding behaviors toward and uses of reef resources, the status
and application of traditional ecological knowledge, and the success and failure of local management measures on Mwoakilloa.
相似文献
B. OlesEmail: |
2.
Coral reef marine protected areas (MPA) are widely distributed around the globe for social and ecological reasons. Relatively
few of these MPAs are well managed. This review examines the governance of coral reef MPAs and the means to improve coral
reef MPA management. It highlights common governance challenges, such as confused goals, conflict, and unrealistic attempts
to scale up beyond institutional capacity. Recommendations, based on field experience and empirical evidence from around the
world, are made for best practices at various stages of MPA implementation.
相似文献
A. T. WhiteEmail: |
3.
Due to an increasing emphasis for fish population survey and regulation, efficient tools for evaluating the abundance and
diversity of fish from various life stages are needed, especially for coral reef species that present a high taxonomic diversity.
The characteristics of six different techniques used for sampling pelagic larvae (a plankton-net and two light-traps), newly
settled juveniles (one type of artificial reef), and older juveniles (an underwater seine net in seagrass and macroalgal beds,
and rotenone poisoning in coral patches) are described in this study. Larvae belonging to 70 families and juveniles belonging
to 34 families were collected. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed that the taxonomic composition of assemblages collected
with the plankton-net and the two light-traps were overlapping but clearly different, due to the higher occurrence of Gobiidae
in the plankton-net and of Pomacentridae in both light-traps. Larvae being 2–4 mm standard length (SL) dominated in the plankton-net,
whereas larvae being 9–11 mm SL dominated in both light-traps. Pomacentridae juveniles were more abundant in rotenone samples,
whereas Labridae dominated in the underwater seine. Juvenile fish collected with the artificial reefs, the underwater seine,
and rotenone poisoning largely overlapped in size, with mean sizes of 22, 38, and 33 mm SL, respectively. Seven families were
caught by the six sampling techniques, but with unequal success. This study provides ecologists and managers with a unique
review of six techniques for sampling a wide range of developmental stages of young fish in different habitats of a coral
reef lagoon.
相似文献
Laure CarassouEmail: |
4.
From 1970 to the present 10 artificial reef sites have been developed in coastal waters of the Ligurian Sea, Italy. They range
from Ventimiglia, in the west, to La Spezia, in the east, with the largest and best known reef complex being located in the
Gulf of Genoa at Loano and consisting of 2,745 m3, about 5,200 t of material and covering a surface of 350 ha. Design and construction practices have advanced from an initial,
unsuccessful effort that used automobile bodies (now banned) to current use of custom-designed concrete modules deployed systematically.
Funding for reef construction has come since 1983. The earliest aim of reefs was as a physical barrier to protect habitats
against illegal otter trawl fishing. Newer objectives include habitat restoration, enhancement of biodiversity and fishing
catch, and research to test materials and designs for physical and ecological performance. Reefs also functions as environmental
observation stations, with the invasive species Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh, being recorded on the reef at Alassio. For some Artificial Reefs (Ars), benthic organisms and fishes, settlement,
biomass and development of community are recorded. In Loano AR, immersed in 1986, more than 150 algae species are recorded,
more than 200 benthic animal species and 78 species (87 taxa) of fishes. Fifty-six species (61 taxa) of fishes are recorded
by visual census, the others are caught only by trammel net and long line. Trammel catches at Loano are on average about 2.32 kg/100 m
net. Comparisons among ARs reveal that age of the reef, location and presence of seagrass meadows are crucial for success.
An indication of functional equivalence between ARs and natural rocky reefs is seen if both fish and sessile macrobenthos
are compared. After 34 years of investigation a database comprising at least one hundred scientific articles based on research
programs of up to 15 years, and other unpublished reports, provides information to guide future planning of reefs. On the
basis of acquired experience, some management advice is suggested and the best design for the basic module in the Ligurian
sea is described. The role of ARs, providing protection of coastal environment against the illegal otter trawling, nursery,
microhabitat and food supply, while increasing biodiversity, biomass of benthos and fishes, and facilities for ecotourism,
is outlined.
相似文献
G. ReliniEmail: |
5.
Effects of extreme seasonality on community structure and functional group dynamics of coral reef algae in the southern Red Sea (Eritrea) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spatial and temporal variation in the biomass of four functional groups of coral reef algae (canopy algae, foliose algae, turf algae and crustose corallines) was investigated in the southern Red Sea. This region is characterised by extremely high summer temperatures (ca. 35°C). Strong seasonal shifts in the relative contribution of each group to the total macroalgal biomass were observed. On the reef flat, canopy and foliose algae dominated in winter, retaining low biomass in summer. On the fore reef, crustose corallines accounted for most of the macroalgal biomass throughout the year. Turf algae contributed least to the total biomass in all reef zones; biomass peaks shifted from midsummer on the inner reef flat to winter in the deeper zones. Biomass correlated negatively with seawater temperature in most groups, but the correlation was positive for turf algae on the shallow reef flat. We hypothesise both direct and indirect effects of the strong seasonality.
相似文献
A. M. BreemanEmail: Phone: +31-50-5345016Fax: +31-50-3632261 |
6.
The influence of depth,site exposure and season on the intensity of iceberg scouring in nearshore Antarctic waters 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
Ice scour disturbance has a significant effect on the physical and biological characteristics of polar benthos. A series of
grids, each consisting of 25 markers, were deployed along depth transects and replicated at two contrasting study sites at
Adelaide Island, West Antarctic Peninsula. Markers were surveyed and replaced every 3 months for 2 years in order to assess
the frequency and intensity of iceberg impacts. Depth, site, season and year were all highly significant factors influencing
ice scouring frequency. We observed a high variation in the duration of winter fast ice between sites and years, which had
a marked effect on ice scouring frequency. The ecological effects of the disturbance regime are likely to include depth zonation
of benthic assemblages, patchiness of communities at varying stages of recovery and the near denudation of sessile fauna in
the shallow subtidal.
相似文献
Dan A. SmaleEmail: |
7.
8.
Frank R. Thomas 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(2):179-194
Focusing on contemporary shellfish exploitation among several atoll communities in Kiribati, Micronesia, this paper examines
the relationship between human foragers and their invertebrate prey via the prey choice or diet breadth model derived from
optimal foraging theory. Shellfish, like many other reef organisms, are relatively sedentary and predictable, but these characteristics
make them susceptible to over-harvesting. The research reveals that shellfish gatherers are foraging in a manner that matches
the predictions of optimal foraging theory. The work adds to our understanding of optimal foraging decisions in atoll settings
by critically evaluating the depiction of atoll dwellers as conservationists.
相似文献
Frank R. ThomasEmail: Email: |
9.
An up-dated data base is a matter of importance and urgency in order for encouraging a process-oriented approach to the study
of reef evolution.
The evolution of reefs is a major section of a Priority Program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft devoted to ‘Global
and regional controls of biogenic sedimentation’. Biological, paleontological and geological approaches in the study of ancient
and modern reefs are needed for providing a better understanding of the following basic questions:
相似文献
– | - Biological and non-biological processes responsible for the construction and destruction of recent reefs. Studies should be focused on those processes which might also be regarded as important controls in the history of fossil reefs. |
– | - Paleontologicla data describing the changes in the biological controls of reef development over time. Studies should aim for a better understanding of major crises in the reef ecosystem during the earth's history. |
– | - Geological factors governing the short-term and long-term development of reefs. Studies should be concentrated on the controls of reef accretion by sea-level fluctuations, climatic changes and possible changes in early diagenetic factors. |
10.
The Palauan archipelago contains one of the most ecologically diverse coral reef systems in the Indo-Pacific that was as attractive
for humans prehistorically as it is today. New evidence is emerging that during the past few thousand years there has been
increasing exploitation of coral reef resources, particularly finfish and mollusks, leading to a decline in taxa numbers,
richness, and diversity in various locales. This paper examines the historical interactions between human populations and
coral reef ecologies in Palau by combining known archaeological data and results from modern biological data of different
reef fauna. The integration of these data sources provides a framework for attempting to explain variations in taxa composition
between islands in the archipelago and how this may relate to human exploitation or other phenomena through time. By using
this perspective to link past events with present-day conditions, we can gain a better sense of the extent to which anthropogenic
changes may have affected island environments in western Micronesia during the Late Holocene. The study also illustrates the
many difficulties researchers face in attempting to synthesize and explain past and present human predation behavior when
using disparate sources of data.
相似文献
S. M. FitzpatrickEmail: |
11.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
12.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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15.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
16.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
17.
Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
18.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
19.
Temporal variations in composition and density of the benthic macrofauna at two stations (12 and 25 m depth) were studied
in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Samples where carried out using an van Veen sampler between March and December
1999 (winter) and December 2000 and March 2001 (summer), comprising a discontinuous annual cycle. Sediment organic matter
showed a marked seasonal cycle, with lowest values at middle winter. Communities showed little variations in density and composition.
Temporal variations were not detected at 25 m depth. Variations at 12 m were related to one iceberg impact and to wind generated
hydrodinamism, as a function of wind direction, intensity and fetch. As winter scarcity of primary production did not seem
to affect macrofaunal community densities, nutrient availability for the benthos in winter can be related to the remineralization
of sediment organic matter by bacterial activity.
相似文献
C. A. EcheverríaEmail: |
20.
Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |