温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生性天敌之一。研究了温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育、寄生及繁殖等方面的生态学特性。研究表明:温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长影响明显。在32℃下不能完成世代发育,在温度为18-27℃范围内随温度升高发育加快,18℃发育历期最长(54.0d),27℃最短(22.8d);世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.76℃和307.62日度。高温和低温均不利于斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂寄生,21℃时寄生率最高为(36.0%),30℃时寄生率最低(4.5%)。结合发育历期、体长、产卵、抱卵、寄生率等参数,该蜂发育繁殖的适宜温度为21-27℃度范围内,30℃以上不利于小蜂的发育及存活。斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂对长光的刺激比较敏感,随光照时间增长,发育加快、产卵量明显增加,长日照条件(LD16∶8h)的发育历期最短(24.8d),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)的最长(27.8d),产卵量在长日照条件(LD16∶8h)时最多(119.6粒),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)时最少(86.2粒)。结合发育、产卵、寄生等参数,长日照条件(LD14∶10-LD16∶8h)有利于种群增长。     

引进花角蚜小蜂成虫的寿命和羽化节律

通过室内饲养和连续观察,研究了食物、温度对引进花角蚜小蜂成虫寿命的影响及其羽化的时间节律.结果表明：食物对该寄生蜂成虫寿命有极显著影响,喂食20％蜂蜜或20％蜂蜜＋新鲜松针可将雌虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到14.8 d和17.3 d,将雄虫寿命从不喂食的1.5 d延长到11.3 d和12.3 d.喂食20％蜂蜜条件下,温度也表现出极显著影响,23 ℃和26 ℃下雌、雄成虫的寿命均明显较长,32 ℃下均最短,相同温度下雌虫的寿命显著长于雄虫.日周期中,雌虫主要在11:00-15:00羽化,18:00以后基本不羽化;雄虫主要在9:00-12:00羽化,17:00以后基本不羽化.在花角蚜小蜂的主要羽化期7-9月,7月羽化量最大 ,此后8、9月呈波浪式递减;单日羽化的成虫中,雌虫大多占80％以上,雄虫则长期在一个较低水平波动.对比试验发现,花角蚜小蜂在收蜂棚中的出蜂量比在收蜂箱中更大.花角蚜小蜂在羽化前积累的能量十分有限,人工放蜂前提供必要的营养补充将有助于提高生物防治效果.福建和广东夏季的高温、花角蚜小蜂雌成虫和松突圆蚧雌成蚧虫口高峰期不吻合、极高的雌性比例等是影响该寄生蜂种群稳定的潜在因素.收蜂棚有利于大量收集花角蚜小蜂,适合在生产上应用.     

日木食蚧蚜小蜂低温贮藏条件研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere为橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势天敌之一。为了探明该蜂的贮藏条件,本研究将1日龄、3日龄的日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹在10℃、12℃、14℃条件下分别贮藏7、9、11、13、15、17、19、21、23、25、27 d,观察其羽化率及羽化后的成蜂寿命、产卵量、寄生率等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的羽化率随贮藏温度的升高呈上升趋势;同一温度贮藏相同时间后3日龄蛹羽化率均高于1日龄蛹。贮藏时间是日本食蚧蚜小蜂蛹存活的重要影响因子,3日龄蛹10℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.00%,贮藏27 d,羽化率仅为44.67%;12℃贮藏7 d,羽化率为96.67%,27 d蛹羽化率达88.00%;在14℃贮藏25 d后在人工气候箱内有小蜂羽化。低温贮藏蛹羽化后的成虫寿命随贮藏温度的降低而缩短;14℃贮藏后,羽化成蜂寿命随贮藏时间增加而显著缩短,10℃、12℃降低不明显;10℃贮藏23 d后寿命仅为10.11 d。3日龄蛹12℃贮藏19、21、23、25、27 d后羽化成蜂产卵量及寄生率均随贮藏时间的增加而降低,在贮藏27 d时最低,分别为34.33%、51.67%。综上所述,在12℃条件下短期贮藏日本食蚧蚜小蜂3日龄蛹27 d以内对其存活影响不大,12℃、3日龄蛹可作为该蜂的贮藏条件。     

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特征研究

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama在四川雅安地区一年发生6-7代,以低龄幼虫和蛹在网纹绵蚧2、3龄雌若虫和雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.40℃和456.09日度。18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为44.60天、38.27天、30.83天、23.73天。成早需取食网纹绵蚧体液作补充营养。生殖方式为产雌孤雌生殖。成蜂羽化高峰在羽化后的第3-6天,每日的羽化高峰出现在8：00-12：00时。成蜂寿命及平均每蜂子代出蜂数量与补充营养和温度关系密切。该蜂对寄生有一定的选择性,偏好寄生较大的雌成虫,其次是2、3龄雌若虫。     

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的生物学

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Cocvobius azumai Tachikawa是松突圆蚧Hemiberlesla pitysophila Takagi的重要寄生蜂,1987-1989年从日本引入我国广东省。对松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、成虫寿命和取食寄主行为等生物学特征进行了观察。该蜂的雌性幼虫是松突圆蚧雌蚧的初级内寄生蜂,而雄性幼虫则是次级寄生蜂,重寄生在同种或它种膜翅目的老熟幼虫、预蛹和蛹上。雌雄两性的形态在所有发育阶段均不相同。交配过的雄蜂喜欢寄生产卵初期和盛期的雌成蚧,对巳寄生的寄主具有识别能力。在19.7℃一30.9℃变温条件下每头雌蜂平均产卵14.95粒,约60%的卵是在最初3天内产出。松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂雌性蜂在21℃,24℃,27℃和30℃时从卵发育到成虫的平均历期分别为41.24,32.60,25.60和23.00天,发育起点温度10.1℃,有效积温448.3日度。该蜂在广东省一年发生。9-10代。     

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂生物学特性研究

黑色软蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus yoshidae Nakayama在四川雅安地区一年发生6～7代,以低龄幼虫和蛹在网纹绵蚧2、3龄雌若虫和雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.40℃和456.09日度。18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为44.60天、38.27天、30.83天、23.73天和20.73天。成虫需取食网纹绵蚧体液作补充营养。生殖方式为产雌孤雌生殖。成蜂羽化高峰在羽化后的第3～6天,每日的羽化高峰出现在8：00～12：00时。成蜂寿命及平均每蜂子代出蜂数量与补充营养和温度关系密切。该蜂对寄主有一定的选择性,偏好寄生较大的雌成虫,其次是2、3龄雌若虫。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂对寄主的龄期选择性

为了明确寄主龄期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere的产卵选择及后代发育的影响,本文在橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner 1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫、初期成虫、褐色期成虫、初产卵期1-2 d成虫等6个发育阶段条件下观察了日本食蚧蚜小蜂的产卵选择系数、发育历期、寄生率、羽化率及性比。结果表明:选择性产卵条件下,日本食蚧蚜小蜂对褐色期成虫的产卵量、寄生率、选择系数最高,其次为初期成虫,1龄若虫最低均为0;日本食蚧蚜小蜂在橡副珠蜡蚧2龄若虫-褐色期成虫体内能完成世代发育,发育历期以褐色期寄主最长(24. 0 d),2龄若虫最短(22. 1 d);羽化率以3龄若虫最高(99. 12%),雌性比均为1。综合考虑,可选用橡副珠蜡蚧初期成虫及褐色期成虫作为日本食蚧蚜小蜂的室内扩繁寄主。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配行为及雌蜂生殖系统观察

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的优势寄生蜂之一,为明确其交配行为及雌蜂生殖系统构成,本研究在室内观察了该蜂的交配行为、雄蜂交配能力、雌蜂生殖系统等。结果表明:日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配过程可分为交配前行为、交配、交配后行为3个阶段,整个交配过程平均时间为76.2 s,其中,交配时间为20.6 s;小蜂羽化当天即可交配,雌、雄蜂具有多次交配的习性,雄蜂的交配能力随其日龄的增加而减弱,1日龄的雄蜂交配能力最强,为6.3次/d,雄蜂一生平均能交配36.9次;雌蜂的生殖系统由1对卵巢、1对侧输卵管、1条中输卵管、1个受精囊和外生殖器等组成,卵巢管数量存在变异,其中95.78%雌蜂卵巢具6(3+3)条卵巢管,2.78%雌蜂卵巢具5(3+2)条卵巢管,1.22%的雌蜂卵巢具7(3+4)条卵巢管,0.22%的雌蜂卵巢是具4(2+2,1+3)条卵巢管,还有极个别的雌蜂仅有1个卵巢,由3条卵巢管组成。研究结果表明日本食蚧蚜小蜂有多次交配习性,卵巢存在一定变异。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配影响因子研究

日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的重要寄生性天敌。为探明影响该蜂交配的因子,本试验在不同温度、光周期、雄蜂日龄及雌、雄蜂比例等条件下研究了日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配率。结果表明:温度为24℃时的交配率最高为93.25%,18℃、15℃的交配率分别为71.5%、43.25%;24℃-30℃范围内,该蜂的交配率无显著差异。光周期为12 L∶12 D时日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配率最大,为91.75%;0 L∶24 D时交配率最低,仅为13.5%。随着雄蜂日龄增加,日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配率呈下降趋势,羽化当天的雄蜂交配率最高,为91.75%,羽化12 d后的交配率最低,仅为48.5%。雌、雄比例为1∶3时,交配率最高,为73.25%,雌、雄比例为1∶5时,交配率最低,为65%。综上所述,温度、光周期、雄蜂日龄等对日本食蚧蚜小蜂的交配率影响明显,扩繁时在温度24℃-27℃、光周期12 L∶12 D条件下选用日龄为0-8 d的雄蜂可以显著提高小蜂交配率,提升扩繁效果。     

低温对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育及繁殖的影响

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生蜂。为了探明副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对低温的适应性,本文在15℃-24℃范围内对该蜂的产卵、发育、出蜂量及性比进行观察。结果表明:副珠蜡蚧阔本跳小蜂在15℃-24℃范围内,随温度的升高,产卵量逐渐增加;该蜂在21℃、24℃时蜂能完成世代发育,在15℃、18℃时少量跳小蜂能发育到蛹,但均不能羽化为成蜂;温度对性比的影响明显,24℃的雌性比例高于21℃。综上所述,副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对18℃以下的低温适应性较差,室内繁殖或野外放蜂时注意选择较高的温度条件。     

Life history of the spider parasitoid Zatypota percontatoria (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

The life history of polysphinctine parasitoids is poorly understood. As a result, their effect on their host has not been evaluated. Here, we present the phenology of Zatypota percontatoria, an ectoparasitoid wasp of theridiid spiders, using rich field, semi‐field and laboratory investigations of selected life‐history parameters. The wasps overwintered as larva attached to the spider abdomen and the imagos of the first generation emerged at the beginning of May. The sex ratio (F/M) of overwintered wasp larvae was 1.4. The wasp spent an average of 6.4 days in the egg stage, 27.67 days in the larval stage and 9.6 days in the pupal stage. Adult longevity was on average 14.34 days. Oviposition occurred on average 8.44 days following maturity. The wasp laid on average 0.35 eggs/day. The total fecundity was on average 7.4 eggs per wasp and decreased with age (data from unmated females). The developmental rate increased with experimental temperature up to 28 °C. The lower developmental threshold for pupae was estimated at 6.6 °C. The sum of effective temperatures for pupae was estimated at 157.8 degree days. Using daily temperature records from the Czech Republic over the last 41 years, we estimated an average of 3.5 generations of Z. percontatoria per year. Mortality was 48% in semi‐field conditions and 23% in the laboratory. The incidence of mortality was highest during egg and larval stages caused by the detachment of eggs or larvae during spider molting, the mortality of the spider‐host and egg deposition on the spider prosoma.     

啮小蜂毒液对寄主亚洲玉米螟蛹发育的影响

假寄生和毒液注射实验表明啮小蜂Tetrastichussp .毒液能永久麻痹亚洲玉米螟蛹Ostriniafurnacalis,较高剂量的毒液对亚洲玉米螟蛹有不同程度的麻痹作用。麻痹的蛹在室温下较长时间内不腐烂和干化。低剂量毒液能延长亚洲玉米螟蛹期 1～ 3d ,导致畸形成虫。啮小蜂初产卵转移寄主实验证实毒液可以帮助啮小蜂卵在亚洲玉米螟蛹体内的发育 ,啮小蜂初产卵在转移寄主体内发育到羽化时间为 2 5d ,比它们在原寄主内的羽化时间增加 8d左右 ,初产蜂卵与 1个毒液储液囊当量的毒液同时注入转移寄主体内 ,初产卵的羽化时间明显缩短 ,死亡率降低     

Stage-dependent strategies of host invasion in the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus

Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae) is a solitary egg-larval parasitoid which lays its eggs into eggs of Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae); the parasitoid larva then develops in the haemocoel of the host larva. Host embryonic development lasts approx. 3.5 days while parasitoid embryonic development lasts approx. 16 h. All stages of host eggs can be successfully parasitized, and we show here that either the parasitoid larva or the wasp assures that the larva eventually is located in the host's haemocoel. (1) When freshly laid eggs, up to almost 1-day-old, are parasitized, the parasitoid hatches while still in the yolk and enters the host either after waiting or immediately through the dorsal opening. (2) When 1-2-day-old eggs are parasitized, the host embryo has accomplished final dorsal closure and is covered by an embryonic cuticle when the parasitoid hatches; in this case the parasitoid larva bores with its moving abdominal tip into the host. (3) When 2.5-3.5-day-old eggs are parasitized, the wasp oviposits directly into the haemocoel of the host embryo; from day 2 to 2.5 the embryo is still very small and the wasps, after probing, often restrain from oviposition for a few hours.     

Effects of the Diadromus pulchellus ascovirus,DpAV-4, on the hemocytic encapsulation response and capsule melanization of the leek-moth pupa,Acrolepiopsis assectella

DpAV-4 is a symbiotic ascovirus found in natural populations of the solitary endoparasitoid wasp Diadromus pulchellus. The female wasp injects this virus into the pupae of the leek-moth Acrolepiopsis assectella during oviposition. The ascovirus replicates in the pupal tissues and the consequent lysis of the cells occurs synchronously with egg hatching and the development of the wasp larva. We show here that encapsulation and capsule melanization were activated when minute nylon monofilaments were implanted into the hemocoel of non parasitized leek-moth pupae and that encapsulation and melanization were inhibited in pupae parasitized by D. pulchellus. When the pupae were infected by DpAV-4, melanization of the nylon monofilaments was abolished, but a capsule was still always formed. These results indicate that DpAV-4 is a free virus able to alter the defence system of the parasitized host so as to improve the development of the parasitoid wasp, D. pulchellus.     

Impact of a novel species of Nosema on the southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

A study was undertaken to elucidate the impact of an undescribed Nosema sp. on the southwestern corn borer (SWCB; Diatraea grandiosella Dyar). The Nosema sp. (isolate 506) included in the study was isolated from an overwintering SWCB larva in Mississippi. It was highly infectious per os, with a median infective dose of 2.0 x 10(3) spores per larva. Even at the highest dosage tested (10(7) spores per larva), minimal mortality (< or = 3%) was observed in infected larvae, pupae, and adults reared in the laboratory on an artificial diet. However, infected pupae (0- and 7-d-old) were smaller, and the time to adult eclosion from pupation was slightly increased. Furthermore, the number of eggs produced by infected SWCB female moths substantially decreased (32%), and this effect was most pronounced on day 2, when the greatest number of eggs were oviposited by infected and noninfected moths. For eggs produced by infected females mated with infected males, hatch was slightly decreased by 16 and 15% for eggs laid on days 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, egg hatch was reduced in eggs oviposited by noninfected females mated with infected males on day 3. A low prevalence of infection (< 6%) was observed in the F1 generation originating from infected females mating with noninfected males, from noninfected females mating with infected males, and from infected females mating with infected males. Nosema 506 spores were observed in the proximity of reproductive tissues of infected female and male moths. Spores also were detected on the chorion surface and within eggs laid by infected females. Furthermore, 1-11% of larvae hatching from surface-sterilized eggs were infected by Nosema 506 indicating a transovarial mechanism of transmission.     

不同温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂的实验种群生命表

在15、18、21、24、27和30℃恒温下,观察了温度对白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri发育、存活和繁殖力的影响,组建了相应温度下的实验种群生命表。白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂全代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.1℃和499.4日·度。27℃时发育历期最短,产卵量、产卵率和卵孵化率最高。24℃时雌虫怀卵量最多,3～5龄幼虫和蛹的存活率最高。6种温度下白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂种群的世代存活率分别为8.5%、25.2%、50.3%、68.2%、49.8%和38.1%。24℃时世代存活率、种群趋势指数、净增殖率和内禀增长力均高于其它温度处理。24℃和27℃时种群加倍时间只需12天。18℃时种群出现负增长,15℃时白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂不产卵,不能繁殖下一代。     

卵液成分改变及卵表涂施引诱剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂产卵发育的影响

试验通过部分改变人造卵卵液成分和在人造卵表涂施引诱剂2种途径来试图提高人造卵繁育玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Panget Chen的成功率。结果表明,不同比例的亚洲玉米螟OstriniafurnacalisGuenée幼虫和蛹匀浆替代部分柞蚕蛹匀浆后,对赤眼蜂寄生率有明显提高,但赤眼蜂在人造卵内的化蛹率和羽化率均较低,赤眼蜂发育至老熟幼虫因卵液过剩而被淹死;在原卵液卵表涂施亚洲玉米螟卵和鳞片正己烷提取液后,评价繁蜂成功率的各项参数都有明显提高,赤眼蜂可以完成发育,羽化成蜂,但繁蜂成功率还较低。综合上述试验结果,应用人造卵繁殖玉米螟赤眼蜂研究重点要解决卵液过剩以及其它相关的营养学问题。     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

中华花翅跳小蜂生物学特性和种群动态的研究

中华花翅跳小蜂Microterys sinicus Jiang是白蜡虫成虫产卵期的主要天敌。该蜂成虫喜在自然光下活动,取食和交配都在寄主树上进行。中华花翅跳小蜂每雌平均怀卵量34.39粒,产卵前期2～3天。产卵量、产卵率和产卵天数与温度密切相关,27℃时产卵量和产卵率最高。30℃时产卵天数最少。21～27℃卵孵化率达80%以上。幼虫共5龄。每头跳小蜂幼虫平均取食蜡虫卵数分别为：1龄14.6粒,2龄29.8粒,3龄69.4粒,4龄126.9粒。5龄幼虫不取食。全代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.84℃和574.32日·度。补充营养能显著延长成虫寿命和产卵天数,提高雌虫产卵量。中华花翅跳小蜂成虫在田间有两个高峰期,分别发生在4月上中旬和5月中下旬。每粒虫囊内跳小蜂幼虫数与白蜡虫健卵百分率呈负指数关系,拟合方程为：Y=96.0829Exp(-0.1872x)。