Lorentzian model of roots for understory yellow birch and sugar maple saplings

Total 66 small (<50m(2)), 24 medium (101-200m(2)) and 36 large (201-500m(2)) canopy gaps at the three sites of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) forests were established in southern Québec, Canada. Half of the gaps were covered by 8x8m(2) shading cloths to mimic a closed canopy. From these gaps, 46 understory yellow birch and 46 sugar maple saplings with different tree ages and sizes were sampled. Single- and multi-variable linear and nonlinear models of root biomass and traits (root surface area, volume, length and endings) were developed and examined. Lorentzian model as a multi-variable nonlinear model was firstly applied to the simulations using both base diameter and height, and performed the best fit to total root biomass in both species with the highest correlation coefficients (R(2)=0.96 and 0.98) and smallest root mean squared deviations (RMSD=7.85 and 7.02) among all the examined models. The model also accurately simulated small fine root (2.0mm in diameter), coarse fine root (>2.0-5.0mm) and coarse root (>5.0mm) biomass (R(2)=0.87-0.99; RMSD=2.24-6.41), and the root traits (R(2)=0.71-0.99; RMSD=0.19-19.38). The study showed yellow birch roots were longer, larger, had more endings (tips) and grew faster than sugar maple roots. The root traits were largely distributed to small fine roots, sharply decreased from small fine roots to coarse fine roots, the fewest in coarse roots except for root volume. When trees were large, coarse root biomass increased more rapidly than fine root biomass, but vise versa when the trees were small.     

大气CO2浓度升高对红桦幼苗根系的影响

应用封闭式生长室系统,研究了CO2浓度升高对红桦(Betula albosinensis)幼苗的根/冠、粗根和细根的干质量、非结构性碳水化合物类含量、碳含量和碳/氮、氮和磷的含量及氮磷吸收量的影响。结果表明:CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗粗根和细根的干质量增加,同时根/冠值显著升高,表明CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗生物量向根系的分配增加;与对照相比,粗根的还原糖、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著增加,而在细根中没有显著变化;粗根、细根的淀粉和总的非结构性碳水化合物含量显著增加;CO2浓度升高下粗根和细根的碳含量有升高的趋势但未达到显著水平,同时氮含量降低,碳/氮值升高;氮的吸收量在粗根和细根中均无显著变化。上述结果表明,CO2浓度升高下红桦幼苗根系氮含量下降是由非结构性碳水化合物(主要是淀粉)含量升高和(或)根系生物量增加产生的稀释效应引起的。     

Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots during regrowth of a disturbed subtropical humid forest in north-east India

Seasonal variation and depthwise distribution of dry matter in roots of different diameter classes and their annual production were studied using sequential core sampling. The investigations were carried out in three stands of a subtropical humid forest of north-east India representing different stages of regrowth after tree cutting. The mean annual standing crop of fine (<2 mm in diameter) and coarse (2–15 mm diameter) roots increased gradually from 5.4 Mg ha^-1 and 0.7 Mg ha^-1 in 7-yr old regrowth to 9.4 Mg ha^-1 and 2.8 Mg ha^-1 in 16-yr old regrowth, respectively. The contribution of fine roots to the total root mass declined from 88% in 7-yr old regrowth to 77% in both 13 and 16-yr old regrowths, while that of coarse roots increased from 12 to 23%. A major portion of fine roots (59–62%) was present in 0–10 cm soil layer, but the coarse roots were concentrated in 10–20 cm soil depth (38–48%). In all the three stands, biomass of both fine and coarse roots followed a unimodal growth curve by showing a gradual increase from spring/pre-rainy season to autumn/post-rainy season. Biomass to necromass ratio increased from 2.5 in the 7-yr old to 3.2 in the 16-yr old stand. The annual fine root production increased from 5.9 Mg ha^-1 to 7.7 Mg ha^-1 and total root production from 7.6 Mg ha^-1 to 14.7 Mg ha^-1 from 7-yr to 16-yr old regrowth.     

What controls variation in carbon use efficiency among Amazonian tropical forests?

Why do some forests produce biomass more efficiently than others? Variations in Carbon Use Efficiency (CUE: total Net Primary Production (NPP)/ Gross Primary Production (GPP)) may be due to changes in wood residence time (Biomass/NPP_wood), temperature, or soil nutrient status. We tested these hypotheses in 14, one ha plots across Amazonian and Andean forests where we measured most key components of net primary production (NPP: wood, fine roots, and leaves) and autotrophic respiration (R_a; wood, rhizosphere, and leaf respiration). We found that lower fertility sites were less efficient at producing biomass and had higher rhizosphere respiration, indicating increased carbon allocation to belowground components. We then compared wood respiration to wood growth and rhizosphere respiration to fine root growth and found that forests with residence times <40 yrs had significantly lower maintenance respiration for both wood and fine roots than forests with residence times >40 yrs. A comparison of rhizosphere respiration to fine root growth showed that rhizosphere growth respiration was significantly greater at low fertility sites. Overall, we found that Amazonian forests produce biomass less efficiently in stands with residence times >40 yrs and in stands with lower fertility, but changes to long‐term mean annual temperatures do not impact CUE.     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林细根特性和土壤呼吸的影响

细根在森林生态系统地下碳循环过程中具有核心地位.2007年11月-2009年11月,对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验.氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK,0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、低氮(5 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、中氮(15 g N·m^-2·a^-1)和高氮(30 g N·m^-2·a^-1)处理,研究氮沉降对苦竹人工林细根和土壤根际呼吸的影响.结果表明：不同处理氮沉降下,<1 mm和1～2 mm细根特性差异较大,与< 1 mm细根相比,1～2 mm细根的木质素、磷和镁含量更高,而纤维素、钙含量更低;氮沉降显著增加了<2 mm细根生物量,对照、低氮、中氮和高氮处理的细根生物量分别为(533±89)、(630±140)、(632±168)和(820±161) g·m^-2,氮、钾、镁元素含量也明显增加;苦竹林各处理年均土壤呼吸速率分别为(5.85±0.43)、(6.48±0.71)、(6.84±0.57)和(7.62±0.55) t C·hm^-2·a^-1,氮沉降对土壤呼吸有明显的促进作用;苦竹林的年均土壤呼吸速率与<2 mm细根生物量和细根N含量呈极显著线性相关.氮沉降使细根生物量和代谢强度增加,并通过增加微生物活性促进了根际土壤呼吸.     

The root growth of Salix viminalis and Eucalyptus nitens in response to dairy farm pond effluent irrigation.

The spatial root distribution after two years of three energy crops was investigated, with the influence of two rates of dairy pond effluent application, applied every fortnight. The roots of Salix viminalis PN 386 and NZ 1295 and Eucalyptus nitens were studied using soil cores. It was found that spatial distribution was influenced by effluent rate, with greater quantities of both fine and coarse roots in the top soil horizons with the higher effluent rate of 300 m3 ha(-1) compared to 150 m3 ha(-1). The study has implications on the harvesting of such crops using heavy machinery which could cause root damage and lessen vigour in the second rotation.     

土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根呼吸和非结构性碳的影响

在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木幼苗土壤增温试验,采用内生长环法研究土壤增温(+5℃)对杉木幼苗细根比呼吸速率和非结构性碳的影响,分析杉木人工林对全球变暖的地下响应及其适应性.结果表明:增温第二年,土壤增温引起细根组织内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的较大变化,1月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC和淀粉浓度下降,1~2 mm细根可溶性糖和NSC浓度下降;7月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉浓度提高,使1~2mm细根淀粉浓度增加.增温第3年,土壤增温对细根NSC无显著影响.增温处理使0~1 mm细根比根呼吸速率在增温第二年7月增加,而在第三年7月下降;与0~1 mm细根相比,增温处理对1~2 mm细根比呼吸速率没有显著影响.细根呼吸对增温的响应与增温持续时间有关,随增温时间的延长,细根呼吸产生部分驯化,同时能够使细根NSC浓度保持稳定.     

Metabolic inhibition of root water flow in red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) seedlings.

The short-term effects of sodium azide (NaN(3)) on water flow in red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) seedlings were examined in excised roots at a constant pressure of 0.3 MPa. NaN(3) significantly decreased root water flow rates (Q(v)). It also induced a significant reduction in root respiration and reduced stomatal conductance to a greater extent in intact seedlings than in excised shoots. Apoplastic flow of water increased with the NaN(3)-induced decreases in Q(v). Mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)) was also used to characterize the water flow responses and respiration of dogwood roots. Similarly to NaN(3), 0.1 and 0.3 mM HgCl(2) decreased root respiration rates and Q(v). The lower, 0.05 mM HgCl(2) treatment, reduced Q(v), but had no significant effect on root oxygen uptake. The reduction of Q(v) in HgCl(2)-treated plants was only partly reversed by 50 mM mercaptoethanol. The mercurial inhibition of Q(v) suggested the presence of Hg-sensitive water channels in dogwood roots. The results indicate that root-absorbed NaN(3) metabolically inhibited water channel activities in roots and in shoots and resulted in stomatal closure. It is suggested that the inhibition of respiration that occurs in plants stressed with environmental factors such as flooding, cold soils, and drought may be responsible for the closure of water channels in root cells and inhibition of root water flow.     

Seasonal respiration of foliage, fine roots, and woody tissues in relation to growth, tissue N, and photosynthesis

Autotrophic respiration may regulate how ecosystem productivity responds to changes in temperature, atmospheric [CO₂] and N deposition. Estimates of autotrophic respiration are difficult for forest ecosystems, because of the large amount of biomass, different metabolic rates among tissues, and seasonal variation in respiration rates. We examined spatial and seasonal patterns in autotrophic respiration in a Pinus strobus ecosystem, and hypothesized that seasonal patterns in respiration rates at a common temperature would vary with [N] for fully expanded foliage and fine roots, with photosynthesis for foliage, and with growth for woody tissues (stems, branches, and coarse roots). We also hypothesized that differences in [N] would largely explain differences in maintenance or dormant‐season respiration among tissues. For April–November, mean respiration at 15 °C varied from 1.5 to 2.8 μmol kg^?1 s^?1 for fully expanded foliage, 1.7–3.0 for growing foliage, 0.8–1.6 for fine roots, 0.6–1.1 (sapwood) for stems, 0.5–1.8 (sapwood) for branches, and 0.2–1.5 (sapwood) for coarse roots. Growing season variation in respiration for foliage produced the prior year was strongly related to [N] (r² = 0.94), but fine root respiration was not related to [N]. For current‐year needles, respiration did not covary with [N]. Night‐time foliar respiration did not vary in concert with previous‐day photosynthesis for either growing or fully expanded needles. Stem growth explained about one‐third of the seasonal variation in stem respiration (r² = 0.38), and also variation among trees (r² = 0.43). We did not determine the cause of seasonal variation in branch and coarse root respiration, but it is unlikely to be directly related to growth, as the pattern of respiration in coarse roots and branches was not synchronized with stem growth. Seasonal variations in temperature‐corrected respiration rates were not synchronized among tissues, except foliage and branches. Spatial variability in dormant‐season respiration rates was significantly related to tissue N content in foliage (r² = 0.67), stems (r² = 0.45), coarse roots (r² = 0.36), and all tissues combined (r² = 0.83), but not for fine roots and branches. Per unit N, rates for P. strobus varied from 0.22 to 3.4 μmol molN^?1 s^?1 at 15 °C, comparable to those found for other conifers. Accurate estimates of annual autotrophic respiration should reflect seasonal and spatial variation in respiration rates of individual tissues.     

Fine-root respiration in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest exposed to elevated CO2 and N fertilization

Forest ecosystems release large amounts of carbon to the atmosphere from fine-root respiration (R(r)), but the control of this flux and its temperature sensitivity (Q(10)) are poorly understood. We attempted to: (1) identify the factors limiting this flux using additions of glucose and an electron transport uncoupler (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone); and (2) improve yearly estimates of R(r) by directly measuring its Q(10)in situ using temperature-controlled cuvettes buried around intact, attached roots. The proximal limits of R(r) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees exposed to free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) and N fertilization were seasonally variable; enzyme capacity limited R(r) in the winter, and a combination of substrate supply and adenylate availability limited R(r) in summer months. The limiting factors of R(r) were not affected by elevated CO(2) or N fertilization. Elevated CO(2 )increased annual stand-level R(r) by 34% whereas the combination of elevated CO(2) and N fertilization reduced R(r) by 40%. Measurements of in situ R(r) with high temporal resolution detected diel patterns that were correlated with canopy photosynthesis with a lag of 1 d or less as measured by eddy covariance, indicating a dynamic link between canopy photosynthesis and root respiration. These results suggest that R(r) is coupled to daily canopy photosynthesis and increases with carbon allocation below ground.     

Estimation of the Annual Cost of Kiwifruit Vine Growth and Maintenance

Elemental analysis (for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur)and ash data for kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson var. deliciosa cv. Hayward] stems,leaves and fine roots were used to calculate the specific costs(kg carbohydrate kg^-1 dry matter) of organ synthesis with ammoniacalnitrogen supply. Those costs ranged between 1·19 and1·35 for stems and 1·19 and 1·27 for leaves.The mean annual specific cost for fine roots was 1·17.Seasonal vine growth costs were calculated by multiplying thespecific costs by biomass data for a typical vine. Total costof synthesis was 57·2 kg carbohydrate per vine year^-1,taking fine root turnover as three times per season. Nitratenitrogen supply increased that cost by 6·6% to 61·0kg carbohydrate per vine year^-1. Fruit growth accounted forthe largest proportion of synthetic costs. Vine growth respiration(expressed in terms of carbohydrate equivalents) accounted forapproximately 11·5% of the total cost of synthesis. Maintenancerespiration was estimated to be 5·28, 8·44, 1·90,8·62 and 13·3 kg carbohydrate per organ year^-1for stems, leaves, fruit, above-ground perennial componentsand roots, respectively. Total annual cost of growth and maintenancefor a mature vine was 94·7 and 98·5 kg carbohydrateper vine year^-1 with ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen supply,respectively. Both values are similar to an estimate of vinephotosynthesis. Maintenance respiration accounted for approximately40% of the total annual cost of vine growth, regardless of theform of nitrogen supplied. Peak carbohydrate demand was duringthe period from 60 to 160 d after budbreak.Copyright 1995, 1999Academic Press Actinidia deliciosa, kiwifruit, carbon economy, growth respiration, maintenance respiration     

模拟氮沉降对杉木幼苗细根的生理生态影响

细根对氮沉降的生理生态响应将显著影响森林生态系统的生产力和碳吸存。为了揭示氮沉降对杉木细根的生理生态影响,对一年生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗进行了模拟氮沉降试验,并测定施氮1年后杉木幼苗细根生物量、细根形态学特征(比根长、比表面积)、元素化学计量学指标(C、N、P、C/N、C/P、N/P)、细根代谢特征(细根比呼吸速率、非结构性碳水化合物)。结果表明:(1)杉木细根生物量随氮添加水平的升高而显著降低,尤其是0—1 mm细根生物量;细根比根长和比表面积随氮添加水平升高而显著增大。(2)氮添加后杉木细根C含量、C/N、C/P显著降低,高氮添加导致1—2 mm细根N含量和N/P显著升高,而低氮添加导致1—2 mm细根P含量显著升高、N/P显著降低,而0—1 mm细根的N、P含量则保持相对稳定。(3)氮添加后杉木细根比呼吸速率无显著变化,细根可溶性糖含量随氮添加增加而显著增加,而淀粉含量和NSC显著降低。综合以上结果表明:氮添加后用于细根形态构建的碳分配减少,这可能会减少土壤中有机碳的保留,0—1 mm细根的形态更易发生变化,但是其内部N、P养分含量相对更稳定以维持生理活动,细根NSC对氮添加的响应表明施氮可能导致细根受光合产物的限制。     

Response of soil respiration to soil temperature and moisture in a 50-year-old oriental arborvitae plantation in China

China possesses large areas of plantation forests which take up great quantities of carbon. However, studies on soil respiration in these plantation forests are rather scarce and their soil carbon flux remains an uncertainty. In this study, we used an automatic chamber system to measure soil surface flux of a 50-year-old mature plantation of Platycladus orientalis at Jiufeng Mountain, Beijing, China. Mean daily soil respiration rates (R(s)) ranged from 0.09 to 4.87 μmol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1), with the highest values observed in August and the lowest in the winter months. A logistic model gave the best fit to the relationship between hourly R(s) and soil temperature (T(s)), explaining 82% of the variation in R(s) over the annual cycle. The annual total of soil respiration estimated from the logistic model was 645±5 g C m(-2) year(-1). The performance of the logistic model was poorest during periods of high soil temperature or low soil volumetric water content (VWC), which limits the model's ability to predict the seasonal dynamics of R(s). The logistic model will potentially overestimate R(s) at high T(s) and low VWC. Seasonally, R(s) increased significantly and linearly with increasing VWC in May and July, in which VWC was low. In the months from August to November, inclusive, in which VWC was not limiting, R(s) showed a positively exponential relationship with T(s). The seasonal sensitivity of soil respiration to T(s) (Q(10)) ranged from 0.76 in May to 4.38 in October. It was suggested that soil temperature was the main determinant of soil respiration when soil water was not limiting.     

Spatial changes and influencing factors of fine root carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of plants in China

为了研究中国陆地植物细根碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的空间变化模式,揭示细根在"温度-植物生理假说"及"生长速率假说"等方面的规律,该文收集已发表的有关中国陆地植物细根研究的文献,从中提取细根C、N、P元素含量及其相关数据,分析了细根C、N、P含量及其比例与经纬度之间的关系。结果表明:细根N、P元素含量均随纬度增加而增加,P含量随经度增加而降低,N:P随经度增加而增加。细根N、P含量与年平均气温、年降水量均呈负相关关系,与土壤养分呈正相关关系。在土壤养分、温度、降水量3个非生物因素中,土壤养分对细根N、P含量的影响最大。该文中细根和粗根的C:P、N:P差异变化不完全支持"生长速率假说"。根系和叶片一样,N、P含量与纬度呈正相关关系,支持"温度-植物生理假说",反映了植物对自然环境的适应策略。     

Adjustment of Forest Ecosystem Root Respiration as Temperature Warms

Adjustment of ecosystem root respiration to warmer climatic conditions can alter the autotrophic portion of soil respiration and influence the amount of carbon available for biomass production. We examined 44 published values of annual forest root respiration and found an increase in ecosystem root respiration with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT),but the rate of this cross-ecosystem increase (Q10 = 1.6) is less than published values for short-term responses of root respiration to temperature within ecosystems (Q10 = 2-3). When specific root respiration rates and root biomass values were examined, there was a clear trend for decreasing root metabolic capacity (respiration rate at a standard temperature) with increasing MAT. There also were tradeoffs between root metabolic capacity and root system biomass, such that there were no instances of high growing season respiration rates and high root biomass occurring together. We also examined specific root respiration rates at three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest, USA, and found decreases in metabolic capacity for roots from the heated plots. This decline could be due to either physiological acclimation or to the effects of co-occurring drier soils on the measurement date. Regardless of the cause, these findings clearly suggest that modeling efforts that allow root respiration to increase exponentially with temperature, with Qt0 values of 2 or more, may over-predict root contributions to ecosystem CO2 efflux for future climates and underestimate the amount of C available for other uses,including net primary productivity.     

林木非同化器官与土壤呼吸的温度系数Q10值的特征分析

温度系数(Q₁₀,温度每变化10 ℃,呼吸速率的相对变化)不仅可以用来描述不同森林非同化器官(根系和树干)和土壤对温度升高的敏感性,并由此断定它们在全球变暖进程中的不同表现,而且是其呼吸总量定量估计中必不可少的参数。虽然目前已经进行了大量的研究,但不同研究者结论并不一致,影响我们对问题的整体把握。因此,有必要综合以往文献进行统计分析。该文综合大量文献,评述了林木非同化器官和土壤的Q₁₀值频率分布、不同研究方法对Q₁₀值的可能影响并探讨了它们对温度升高的敏感性。结果表明,不同非同化器官和土壤的Q₁₀值差异较大,但具有相对稳定的分布中心范围。其中,土壤呼吸Q₁₀值中,频率分布最集中的区域是2.0~2.5,占23%,其中超过80%的测定结果在1.0~4.0之间,中位数为2.74。 根系呼吸的Q₁₀值,频率分布最集中的区域2.5~3.0,占33%,而大部分(>80%)的研究结果在1.5~3.0之间,中位数为2.40。树干呼吸的Q₁₀值中,频率分布最集中的区域是1.5~2.0,占42%,而90%以上的测定结果在1.0~3.0之间,中位数为1.91。通过对比,发现不同非同化器官Q₁₀值不同(树干<根系<根系与土壤共同体<去除根系土壤)。其中树干和根系的Q₁₀值显著低于去除根系土壤的Q₁₀值(p<0.05),表明土壤微生物活动对于未来全球变暖的反应要比木质化器官更敏感。此外,常绿植物的根系和树干呼吸的Q₁₀值与落叶树木对应值差异不显著,说明同化器官叶片的着生时间长短对非同化器官Q₁₀的影响不大。不同的CO₂分析方法(碱吸收法,红外线测定技术和气相色谱方法)对土壤呼吸Q₁₀值测定结果的影响不显著(p>0.10),根系分离方法(断根测定和壕沟隔断测定)也对根系呼吸的Q₁₀值影响也不显著(p>0.10)。但是,与活体测定相比,离体测定树干呼吸显著提高了其Q₁₀值。总体来看,不同林分相同非同化器官以及不同非同化器官呼吸的Q₁₀值相对稳定但仍具有较大的差异性,研究方法也对结果产生一定影响,在进行呼吸总量的定量估计中应该注意这一点。今后研究的重点是进一步把影响森林非同化器官呼吸的外在因素和内在因素综合考虑于Q₁₀值相关模型中,以便准确定量估计其呼吸总量,而研究难点是深入研究Q₁₀值具有较大变异性的原因(如温度适应性)和内在机理以便更好的表征不同器官和生态系统组分对全球变暖的敏感性。     

Allocation of carbon in a mature eucalypt forest and some effects of soil phosphorus availability

Pools and annual fluxes of carbon (C) were estimated for a mature Eucalyptus pauciflora (snowgum) forest with and without phosphorus (P) fertilizer addition to determine the effect of soil P availability on allocation of C in the stand. Aboveground biomass was estimated from allometric equations relating stem and branch diameters of individual trees to their biomass. Biomass production was calculated from annual increments in tree diameters and measurements of litterfall. Maintenance and construction respiration were calculated for each component using equations given by Ryan (1991a). Total belowground C flux was estimated from measurements of annual soil CO₂ efflux less the C content of annual litterfall (assuming forest floor and soil C were at approximate steady state for the year that soil CO₂ efflux was measured). The total C content of the standing biomass of the unfertilized stand was 138 t ha^-1, with approximately 80% aboveground and 20% belowground. Forest floor C was 8.5 t ha^-1. Soil C content (0–1 m) was 369 t ha^-1 representing 70% of the total C pool in the ecosystem. Total gross annual C flux aboveground (biomass increment plus litterfall plus respiration) was 11.9 t ha^-1 and gross flux belowground (coarse root increment plus fine root production plus root respiration) was 5.1 t ha^-1. Total annual soil efflux was 7.1 t ha^-1, of which 2.5 t ha^-1 (35%) was contributed by litter decomposition.The short-term effect of changing the availability of P compared with C on allocation to aboveground versus belowground processes was estimated by comparing fertilized and unfertilized stands during the year after treatment. In the P-fertilized stand annual wood biomass increment increased by 30%, there was no evidence of change in canopy biomass, and belowground C allocation decreased by 19% relative to the unfertilized stand. Total annual C flux was 16.97 and 16.75 t ha^-1 yr^-1 and the ratio of below- to aboveground C allocation was 0.43 and 0.35 in the unfertilized and P-fertilized stands, respectively. Therefore, the major response of the forest stand to increased soil P availability appeared to be a shift in C allocation; with little change in total productivity. These results emphasise that both growth rate and allocation need to be estimated to predict changes in fluxes and storage of C in forests that may occur in response to disturbance or climate change.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣林随树龄变化的根系空间分布特征

该文研究了黄土丘陵半干旱区密植枣( Ziziphus jujuba ‘Lizao’)林群体根系随树龄变化的空间分布特征。对1年生、4年生、8年生和11年生4种树龄的密植枣林采用剖面法, 获得0-1 m土壤剖面上直径>3 mm、1-3 mm及<1 mm的根系数量和空间位置信息。利用方差分析, 评价了山地密植枣林林分根系随树龄变化的水平和垂直分布特征。结果表明: 3种直径的根系数量均随着树龄的增长而增加, 直径< 1 mm的根系增长速度最快; 随着土层加深, 根系数量递减, 1年生枣林的根系主要聚集在0-40 cm土层中, 4年生及以上树龄的根系主要分布在0-60 cm土层中; 0-1 m土层内, 1年生枣林(株距1.2 m)及4年以上树龄(株距2 m), 同树龄枣林中直径<1 mm的根系水平分布无差异; 同一土层中(0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm), 无论树龄大小及离树干的水平位置如何, 不同直径根系的数量都无差异。研究表明: 在有水肥管理措施的条件下, 枣林根系垂直方向形成浅层型的适应模式; 在密植环境下, 枣林细根形成根网型的适应模式。     

Annual soil respiration in broadleaf forests of northern Wisconsin: influence of moisture and site biological,chemical, and physical characteristics

Soil temperature and moisture influence soil respiration at a range of temporal and spatial scales. Although soil temperature and moisture may be seasonally correlated, intra and inter-annual variations in soil moisture do occur. There are few direct observations of the influence of local variation in species composition or other stand/site characteristics on seasonal and annual variations in soil moisture, and on cumulative annual soil carbon release. Soil climate and soil respiration from twelve sites in five different forest types were monitored over a 2-year period (1998–1999). Also measured were stand age, species composition, basal area, litter inputs, total above-ground wood production, leaf area index, forest floor mass, coarse and fine root mass, forest floor carbon and nitrogen concentration, root carbon and nitrogen concentration, soil carbon and nitrogen concentration, coarse fraction mass and volume, and soil texture. General soil respiration models were developed using soil temperature, daily soil moisture, and various site/soil characteristics. Of the site/soil characteristics, above-ground production, soil texture, roots + forest floor mass, roots + forest floor carbon:nitrogen, and soil carbon:nitrogen were significant predictors of soil respiration when used alone in respiration models; all of these site variables were weakly to moderately correlated with mean site soil moisture. Daily soil climate data were used to estimate the annual release of carbon (C) from soil respiration for the period 1998–1999. Mean annual soil temperature did not differ between the 2 years but mean annual soil moisture was approximately 9% lower in 1998 due to a summer drought. Soil C respired during 1998 ranged from 8.57 to 11.43 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ while the same sites released 10.13 and 13.57 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in 1999; inter-annual differences of 15.41 and 15.73%, respectively. Among the 12 sites studied, we calculated that the depression of soil respiration linked to the drought caused annual differences of soil respiration from 11.00 to 15.78%. Annual estimates of respired soil C decreased with increasing site mean soil moisture. Similarly, the difference of respired carbon between the drought and the non-drought years generally decreased with increasing site mean soil moisture.     

川滇高山栎灌丛萌生过程中的营养元素供应动态

萌生更新是森林更新的重要方式, 是硬叶栎林受到干扰后植被恢复的主要机制。以位于青藏高原东南缘的川西折多山东坡川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifoliodes)灌丛为研究对象, 调查分析了砍伐后灌丛萌生过程中基株根系和萌株生物量动态、营养元素含量, 以及基株根系和土壤对萌株生长过程中的营养元素供应动态。结果表明, 川滇高山栎灌丛平均地上和地下生物量分别为(11.25 ± 0.92) t·hm^-2和(34.85 ± 2.02) t·hm^-2, 具有较大的根冠比(3.10:1); 萌生过程中, 萌株生物量呈线性增加趋势, 以灌丛活细根生物量变化为最大, 其次是活中根和活粗根, 树桩和根蔸生物量变化最小; 萌生过程中, 灌丛细根和中根N、P含量表现为先增加、后降低的变化趋势, 萌生初期树桩、粗根和根蔸中N和K的含量明显下降, 根蔸中Ca含量略有下降, 而P没有明显下降, 根系Mg含量变化幅度较大, 灌丛地下根系储存了较多的营养元素; 土壤、树桩、粗根和根蔸是川滇高山栎灌丛砍伐后0-120天萌生生长的主要营养来源, 砍伐后60天, 萌株生长所需的营养除K元素主要来源于根系外, 其余营养元素主要来源于土壤; 在砍伐后60-120天, 基株根系对萌株生长所需的N、K和Ca贡献较大, 而对P和Mg的贡献较小; 在砍伐后120-180天, 根系除K元素对萌生生长还保持较大的贡献外, 对其余营养元素的贡献均较小。高山栎林管理要注重加强地下根系的保护。