在CHO细胞中表达具有高效成骨活性的BMP-2/7异源二聚体

PCR扩增BMP-2与BMP-7的编码基因, 利用重叠PCR以柔性肽(Gly4Ser)5编码序列将二者串连并克隆到质粒pIRESneo3上, 转染CHO-K1细胞得到混合稳定克隆。ELISA检测培养液中BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白的表达水平为230.75±13.34 ng/mL, 以此为条件培养基处理成骨细胞株MC3T3, 对照组为分别含有CHO-K1细胞及大肠杆菌表达的BMP-2同源二聚体以及PBS的条件培养基。结果发现碱性磷酸酶染色与茜素红染色差异明显, 定量RT-PCR显示分子指标OC、ALP、Runx2与Osx的转录水平明显增高(P<0.05), Luciferase报告基因检测BMP/Smad通路活性较对照组升高明显(P<0.05)。首次设计构建了BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白, 其成骨活性显著高于BMP-2同源二聚体。     

在CHO细胞中表达具有高效成骨活性的BMP-2/7异源二聚体

PCR扩增BMP-2与BMP-7的编码基因, 利用重叠PCR以柔性肽(Gly4Ser)5编码序列将二者串连并克隆到质粒pIRESneo3上, 转染CHO-K1细胞得到混合稳定克隆。ELISA检测培养液中BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白的表达水平为230.75±13.34 ng/mL, 以此为条件培养基处理成骨细胞株MC3T3, 对照组为分别含有CHO-K1细胞及大肠杆菌表达的BMP-2同源二聚体以及PBS的条件培养基。结果发现碱性磷酸酶染色与茜素红染色差异明显, 定量RT-PCR显示分子指标OC、ALP、Runx2与Osx的转录水平明显增高(P<0.05), Luciferase报告基因检测BMP/Smad通路活性较对照组升高明显(P<0.05)。首次设计构建了BMP-2/7异源二聚体蛋白, 其成骨活性显著高于BMP-2同源二聚体。     

骨形态发生蛋白2通过Smad途径上调Osterix的表达

Osterix（Osx）是一种重要的调控成骨细胞分化的具有锌指结构的转录因子．骨形态发生蛋白2（bone morphogenetic protein 2, BMP2）能够上调Osx的表达,但其分子机制并不清楚．采用实时定量RT-PCR方法检测到BMP2诱导成骨相关细胞C3H10T1/2, MC3T3-E1, C2C12中Osx的转录水平显著上调,并且与成骨分化指标Col1a1, osteocalcin具有相似的表达动力学特征．而且,在C3H10T1/2细胞中过表达负显性（dominant negative, DN）Osx基因,能够有效抑制BMP2诱导的成骨分化．过表达BMP/Smad信号通路抑制蛋白Smad6,能够抑制Osx转录水平的上调．但是通过荧光素酶报告载体对Osx的启动子-1254～+85区域进行分析后未发现接受BMP通路调控的启动子区域．上述结果表明,BMP2能够通过Smad途径上调Osx的表达,并对成骨分化的过程具有十分重要的作用．     

骨形成蛋白10成熟肽在大肠杆菌中的表达纯化及活性分析

目的:以生物制备骨形成蛋白10(BMP10)为目标,研究BMP10成熟肽在大肠杆菌中的表达及活性。方法:以人源BMP10成熟肽基因为模板,PCR获得N端带有组氨酸标签(6×His)的融合基因6×His-m BMP10,构建p ET28a/m BMP10表达载体;热击转染大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株,卡那霉素抗性筛选获得重组表达菌株BL21/p ET28a-6×His-m BMP10,IPTG诱导表达后利用SDS-PAGE电泳、Western印迹对蛋白进行分析;超声波破碎菌体,收集包涵体,镍柱亲和层析纯化获得电泳纯目的蛋白;透析复性后,非还原SDS-PAGE检验目标蛋白的二聚体形成;通过体外细胞实验检测蛋白活性。结果:纯化得到纯度90%以上的m BMP10,复性后二聚体得率约为40%;活性实验测得P19细胞的Smad6蛋白表达上调3倍左右。结论:通过大肠杆菌表达体系获得具有生物活性的BMP10,为后续作用机理研究奠定了实验基础。     

模拟微重力效应通过微丝骨架调控成骨细胞BMP2-Smad信号

细胞微丝骨架在力信号传导和基因表达调控中起重要作用。为了研究微丝骨架在模拟微重力效应调控成骨细胞BMP2-Smad信号中的作用,作者通过构建反映Smad活性的报告基因载体转染MC3T3-E1细胞,并通过报告基因活性分析、Western blot等方法检测了微丝骨架解聚剂和回转模拟微重力效应对BMP2诱导Samd磷酸化、核质分布和转录活性的作用。结果显示,构建的报告基因载体在成骨细胞中正确表达并响应BMP2;破坏微丝骨架会抑制BMP2诱导的Smad1/5/8蛋白磷酸化、入核及转录活性;回转抑制Smad1/5/8磷酸化、入核及其转录活性,而微丝骨架稳定剂可对抗回转的抑制作用。因此,认为回转模拟微重力效应可通过解聚微丝骨架抑制BMP2-Smad信号传导。     

Shh信号参与调控BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞成骨分化

目的：观察sonic hedgehog（Shh）信号通路在骨形态发生蛋白9（BMP9）诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞（MSCs）C3H10T1/2和C2C12成骨分化中的作用,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法：Shh信号通路抑制剂Cyclopamine和激活剂Purmorphamine以及过表达Shh腺病毒分别作用于BMP9处理的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞,碱性磷酸酶（ALP）检测早期成骨指标ALP,茜素红S染色检测晚期成骨指标钙盐沉积,RT-PCR检测Shh信号相关基因以及成骨关键转录因子的表达,Western blot检测Shh的表达,荧光素酶报告基因检测Smad1/5/8的转录调控活性。结果：BMP9促进Shh信号相关基因的表达,激活Shh信号可增强BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2和C2C12细胞早晚期成骨分化并促进了BMP9诱导的Smad荧光素酶活性,抑制Shh信号后作用相反。结论：激活Shh信号通路可促进BMP9诱导的小鼠MSCs成骨分化,抑制其活性后作用相反。     

Smad7对Smad2、Smad3、Smad4核转位的抑制作用

研究人永生化支气管上皮BEP2D细胞中,作为Smad蛋白家族的抑制分子,Smad7对TGF-β信号通路中Smad2、Smad3、Smad4核转位的抑制作用.培养BEP2D细胞,瞬时转染Smad7真核表达载体pCISmad7.neo,TGF-β刺激,提取细胞核蛋白及总蛋白,用Western blot方法比较瞬时转染Smad7基因前后细胞核中Smad2、Smad3、Smad4蛋白表达的差异.结果,Smad3在TGF-b作用下有明显的核转位;转染Smad7后Smad3、Smad4的核转位显受到抑制.表明在BEP2D细胞中,Smad7对TGF-β/Smads信号通路的拮抗作用主要通过抑制Smad3的活化、Smad3/Smad4异源复合物的形成及核转位,从而拮抗TGF-β对细胞的生长抑制效应.     

BMP9经Smad信号通路调控iSCAP成骨/成牙本质分化

目的：研究BMP9是否能够激活 iSCAP细胞中的Smad信号通路,以及Smad信号通路在BMP9诱导iSCAP细胞成骨/成牙本质向分化过程中的作用。方法：首先,采用Western印迹实验检测Ad-BMP9转染iSCAP后Smad1/5/8蛋白的磷酸化水平。随后,利用dnALK1重组腺病毒和BMP9条件培养基作用于iSCAP,Western印迹实验检测Smad1/5/8蛋白磷酸化水平;采用碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性检测和染色方法分析早期成骨/成牙本质指标变化,茜素红染色法检测钙盐沉积程度;RT-PCR成骨/成牙本质相关基因Runx2、OCN、OPN和DMP1表达的影响。结果：BMP9可上调iSCAP中Smad1/5/8的磷酸化水平;dnALK1抑制BMP9条件培养基作用后,可抑制Smad1/5/8的磷酸化,iSCAP细胞中早期成骨/成牙本质标志物ALP活性和晚期成骨/成牙本质标志钙盐结节减少,重要成骨转录因子Runx2基因表达减少,成骨/成牙本质相关基因OCN、OPN、DMP1的表达也受到了抑制。结论：Smad信号通路在BMP9诱导iSCAP成骨/成牙本质过程中存在并起着重要作用。     

DLX1对BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化的影响

目的:分析和确认转录因子DLX1在骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9,BMP9)诱导的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2成骨分化中的作用。方法:首先,BMP9腺病毒感染C3H10T1/2细胞,RT-PCR和Western blot检测DLX1表达变化;随后,利用重组腺病毒技术分别过表达DLX1和RNA干扰(RNA Intenference,RNAi)抑制DLX1的表达,并利用碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline Phosphatase,ALP)染色、钙盐沉积实验(茜素红染色),免疫细胞化学检测骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)表达和裸鼠皮下异位成骨实验分析DLX1对于BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化的影响。荧光素酶报告基因实验和Western blot分析DLX1对于BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞Smad1/5/8信号途径的影响。结果:BMP9可以促进C3H10T1/2细胞中DLX1基因和蛋白表达水平;过表达DLX1在体外可进一步促进BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的ALP活性、钙盐沉积以及OCN的表达,过表达DLX1亦可促进BMP9诱导的裸鼠皮下异位成骨;反之,RNAi抑制DLX1表达后,由BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞的ALP活性、钙盐沉积、OCN表达和裸鼠皮下异位成骨均相应受到抑制。过表达DLX1可进一步增强BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞中Smad/1/5/8的转录调控活性,RNAi降低DLX1表达则可抑制BMP9诱导Smad/1/5/8的转录调控活性。但是,无论过表达DLX1和RNAi降低DLX1表达均不会对BMP9诱导的Smad/1/5/8磷酸化造成影响。结论:DLX1可以调节BMP9诱导的间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2细胞成骨分化,其调节作用可能是通过影响Smad1/5/8信号的转录调控活性而实现的。     

藏红花酸对TGF-β1刺激的人肝星状细胞LX-2信号转导通路的影响

目的:研究藏红花酸(crocetin)对转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)刺激的人肝星状细胞LX-2信号转导通路的影响。方法:体外培养LX-2细胞,随机设立空白对照组,模型组,藏红花酸低剂量组,藏红花酸中剂量组,藏红花酸高剂量组,用含10%血清的1640培养液培养48 h,MTT法测各组细胞增殖,蛋白免疫印迹测定各组细胞α-SMA蛋白的表达,实时荧光定量PCR法测各组细胞Smad2、Smad3、Smad7mRNA的表达。结果:与对照组比较,TGF-β1刺激后人肝星状细胞LX-2增殖作用明显,且上调α-SMA蛋白、Smad2mRNA、Smad3mRNA表达,下调Smad7mRNA表达(P0.01)与模型组比较,藏红花酸组均能抑制LX-2细胞增殖,并呈剂量依赖性,高、中剂量组作用明显,能够明显下调α-SMA蛋白、Smad2mRNA、Smad3mRNA表达,上调Smad7mRNA表达,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:藏红花酸对TGF-β1刺激的LX-2细胞中Smad7mRNA具有上调作用,对Smad2、Smad3mRNA具有下调作用,其抗肝纤维化作用可能与抑制TGF-β1/Smads信号转导通路有关。     

The Effects of Ce on the Proliferation, Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization Function of MC3T3-E1 Cells In Vitro

The effects of Ce on the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization function of a murine preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 in vitro were investigated at cell and molecular levels. The results showed that Ce promoted the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization function of MC3T3-E1 cells at concentrations of 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1???M, but turned to inhibit the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization function at concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000???M. Ce displayed the up-regulation of Runx2, BMP2, ALP, BSP, Col I and OCN genes at concentrations of 0.0001 and 0.1???M; these genes were down-regulated in the MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 1000???M Ce. The expression of BMP2, Runx2 and OCN proteins was promoted by Ce at concentrations of 0.0001 and 0.1???M, but these proteins were down-regulated after 1000???M Ce treatment. The results suggest that Ce likely up-regulates or down-regulates the expression of Runx2, which subsequently up- or down-regulates OB marker genes Col I and BMP2 at early stages and ALP and OCN at later stages of differentiation, thus causing to promote or inhibit the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and mineralization function of MC3T3-E1 cells.     

Acerogenin A, a natural compound isolated from Acer nikoense Maxim, stimulates osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein action

We investigated the effects of acerogenin A, a natural compound isolated from Acer nikoense Maxim, on osteoblast differentiation by using osteoblastic cells. Acerogenin A stimulated the cell proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells and RD-C6 osteoblastic cells (Runx2-deficient cell line). It also increased alkaline phosphatase activity in MC3T3-E1 and RD-C6 cells and calvarial osteoblastic cells isolated from the calvariae of newborn mice. Acerogenin A also increased the expression of mRNAs related to osteoblast differentiation, including Osteocalcin, Osterix and Runx2 in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary osteoblasts: it also stimulated Osteocalcin and Osterix mRNA expression in RD-C6 cells. The acerogenin A treatment for 3 days increased Bmp-2, Bmp-4, and Bmp-7 mRNA expression levels in MC3T3-E1 cells. Adding noggin, a BMP specific-antagonist, inhibited the acerogenin A-induced increase in the Osteocalcin, Osterix and Runx2 mRNA expression levels. These results indicated that acerogenin A stimulates osteoblast differentiation through BMP action, which is mediated by Runx2-dependent and Runx2-independent pathways.     

Sonic hedgehog is involved in osteoblast differentiation by cooperating with BMP-2

The roles of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (Bmp-2) in osteoblast differentiation were investigated using in vitro cell systems. Recombinant amino-terminal portion of SHH (rSHH-N) dose dependently stimulated ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. rSHH-N induced expression of Osteocalcin mRNA in C3H10T1/2 cells. A soluble form of the receptor for type IA BMP receptor antagonized rSHH-N-induced ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating that BMPs are involved in SHH-induced osteoblast differentiation. Simultaneous supplement with rSHH-N and BMP-2 synergistically induced ALP activity and expression of Osteocalcin mRNA in C3H10T1/2 cells. Pretreatment with rSHH-N for 6 h enhanced the response to BMP-2 by increasing ALP activity in C3H10T1/2 and MC3T3-E1 cells. Stimulatory effects of rSHH-N and additive effects with rSHH-N and BMP-2 on ALP activity were also observed in mouse primary osteoblastic cells. Transplantation of BMP-2 (1 microg) into muscle of mice induced formation of ectopic bone, whereas transplantation of r-SHH-N (1-5 microg) failed to generate it. These results indicate that Shh plays important roles in osteoblast differentiation by cooperating with BMP.     

骨形态发生蛋白2介导甲状旁腺素促进成骨细胞分化的实验研究

目的 探讨骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)在甲状旁腺素(PTH)促进成骨细胞分化过程中的重要介导作用.方法培养MC3T3-E1细胞,分为4组:1)盐水对照组;2)PTH组;3)6-[4-[2-(1-哌啶基)乙氧基]苯基]-3-(4-吡啶基)吡唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶 (Dorsomorphin) 组;4) PTH+Dorsomorphin组.Real-time PCR法和Westernblot方法检测细胞BMP2、BMP2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色方法检测细胞ALP的活性;双荧光素酶报告基因检测方法检测12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性.结果:PTH组BMP-2、成骨因子的表达及其12xSBE-OC荧光素酶的活性,明显高于盐水对照组.Dorsomorphin组和PTH+Dorsomorphin组BMP-2、BMP-2下游基因和成骨因子的表达,均明显低于盐水对照组;但其表达于两组间无明显差别.结论 BMP2介导PTH促进成骨细胞的分化,PTH可通过上调BMP2的表达,提高其功能,促进成骨细胞的成熟分化.     

The combination of high glucose and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) inhibits the mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells through glucose-induced increase in the receptor for AGEs.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is known to be associated with reduced bone mass and increased bone fractures. This is thought to be due to a decrease in osteoblastic bone formation rather than an increase in osteoclastic bone resorption, but the precise mechanism is unknown. In this study, we examined whether or not high glucose or advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which play key roles in the pathogenesis and complications of diabetes, affect the differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. First, MC3T3-E1 cells were incubated in media containing either 22 mM glucose, 22 mM mannitol, 300 microg/ml AGE2, or 300 microg/ml AGE3. Each of these agents alone did not affect the mineralization of the cells by von Kossa staining and Alizarin red staining. However, high glucose but not mannitol or AGEs markedly increased mRNA expression of AGE receptor (RAGE) by real-time PCR. Next, we examined the combined effects of high glucose and AGEs on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. The combination of 22 mM glucose and 300 microg/ml AGE2 significantly inhibited the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells, and 22 mM glucose in combination with either 300 microg/ml AGE2 or AGE3 apparently decreased osteocalcin mRNA expression. These results suggest that high glucose or AGEs alone might have no effect on osteoblastic differentiation, but their combination could additionally or synergistically inhibit osteoblastic mineralization through glucose-induced increase in RAGE expression.     

TWEAK/Fn14 interaction regulates RANTES production, BMP-2-induced differentiation, and RANKL expression in mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a member of the TNF family, is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, migration, and survival principally through a TWEAK receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14). However, its physiological roles in bone are largely unknown. We herein report various effects of TWEAK on mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells expressed Fn14 and produced RANTES (regulated upon activation, healthy T cell expressed and secreted) upon TWEAK stimulation through PI3K-Akt, but not nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), pathway. In addition, TWEAK inhibited bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced expression of osteoblast differentiation markers such as alkaline phosphatase through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Erk pathway. Furthermore, TWEAK upregulated RANKL (receptor activation of NF-kappaB ligand) expression through MAPK Erk pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. All these effects of TWEAK on MC3T3-E1 cells were abolished by mouse Fn14-Fc chimera. We also found significant TWEAK mRNA or protein expression in osteoblast- and osteoclast-lineage cell lines or the mouse bone tissue, respectively. Finally, we showed that human osteoblasts expressed Fn14 and induced RANTES and RANKL upon TWEAK stimulation. Collectively, TWEAK/Fn14 interaction regulates RANTES production, BMP-2-induced differentiation, and RANKL expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. TWEAK may thus be a novel cytokine that regulates several aspects of osteoblast function.