Phytostabilization of a Pb-contaminated mine tailing by various tree species in pot and field trial experiments

The potential of 6 tree species (Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia mangium, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Lagerstroemia floribunda, Eucalyptus camaldulensis) for phytoremediation of Pb in sand tailings (total Pb >9850 mg kg(-1)) from KEMCO Pb mine in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand, were investigated employing a pot experiment (3 months) and field trial experiment (12 months). In pot study E. camaldulensis treated with Osmocote fertilizer attained the highest total biomass (15.3 g plant(-1)) followed by P. pterocarpum (12.6 g plant(-1)) and A. mangium (10.8 g plant(-1)) both treated with cow manure. Cow manure application resulted in the highest root Pb accumulation (>10000 mg kg(-1)) in L. floribunda and P. macrocarpus. These two species also exhibited the highest Pb uptake (85-88 mg plant(-1)). Results from field trial also showed that Osmocote promoted the best growth performance in E. camaldulensis (biomass 385.7 g plant(-1), height 141.7 cm) followed by A. mangium (biomass 215.9 g plant(-1), height 102.7 cm), and they also exhibited the highest Pb uptake (600-800 microg plant(-1)). A. mangium with the addition of organic fertilizer was the best option for phytostabilization of Pb-contaminated mine tailing because it retained higher Pb concentration in the roots.     

保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应

保护性耕作(conservationtillage)能够减少水土流失、提高耕地产量,是一类具有生态保护意义的持续性农业耕作形式。2002年至2004年在定西旱地农业地区进行了保护性耕作条件下旱地农田春小麦豌豆双序列轮作土壤水分动态及产量效应的试验研究,结果表明:保护性耕作能够显著改善0～200cm土层土壤贮水量及含水量,随着降水量的增多土壤对降水的保蓄能力增强。在降水较少年份免耕秸秆覆盖的这种作用表现突出,而在降水充沛的年份免耕地膜覆盖则更具优势。耕层土壤水分因受降水等因素的影响而变化剧烈,耕层以下土壤水分变幅相对较小。播种期、五叶期及收获期土壤具有较高含水量,而开花期土壤含水量则较低。在两种轮作体系中,播种期春小麦和豌豆免耕秸秆覆盖处理0～50cm土层含水量分别较常规耕作增加28%、26%和11%、23%,降水生产效率较常规耕作提高了17.79%～26.81%。在春小麦豌豆轮作体系中免耕秸秆覆盖处理的作物产量(春小麦 豌豆)及水分利用效率分别为3420kghm2和8.11kg(hm2·mm),较常规耕作分别提高26.81%和25.39%。     

Field trials and tribulations--making sense of the regulations for experimental field trials of transgenic crops in Europe

Transgenic plants that are being developed for commercial cultivation must be tested under field conditions to monitor their effects on surrounding wildlife and conventional crops. Developers also use this opportunity to evaluate the performance of transgenic crops in a typical environment, although this is a matter of commercial necessity rather than regulatory compliance. Most countries have adapted existing regulations or developed new ones to deal specifically with transgenic crops and their commodities. The European Union (EU) is renowned, or perhaps notorious, for having the broadest and most stringent regulations governing such field trials in the world. This reflects its nominal adherence to the precautionary approach, which assumes all transgenic crops carry an inherent risk. Therefore, field trials in the EU need to demonstrate that the risk associated with deploying a transgenic crop has been reduced to the level where it is regarded as acceptable within the narrowly defined limits of the regulations developed and enforced (albeit inconsistently) by national and regional governments, that is, that there is no greater risk than growing an equivalent conventional crop. The involvement of national and regional competent authorities in the decision-making process can add multiple layers of bureaucracy to an already-intricate process. In this review, we use country-based case studies to show how the EU, national and regional regulations are implemented, and we propose strategies that could increase the efficiency of regulation without burdening developers with further unnecessary bureaucracy.     

冷浸田水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响

通过连续2年4茬的田间试验,研究了冷浸田由单季稻改制为水旱轮作对作物生产及土壤特性的影响.结果表明:油菜-水稻(R-R)、春玉米-水稻(C-R)、紫云英-水稻(M-R)、蚕豆-水稻(B-R)4种轮作模式两年的水稻平均产量较水稻-冬闲模式(CK)提高5.3％～26.7％,其中C-R和R-R模式与CK差异显著.除M-R模式外,各轮作模式的年均经济效益较CK增加79.0％ ～ 392.4％,总产投比增加0.06～ 0.72个单位,均以C-R模式最高.水旱轮作模式均提高了水稻分蘖盛期叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和净光合速率.轮作下水稻收获期的土壤锈纹锈斑丰度明显,尤其是R-R、C-R、B-R模式;各轮作模式下的耕层土壤水稳性大团聚体(＞2mm)数量均较CK有不同程度降低,而中团聚体(0.25～2 mm)数量(除M-R模式外)和微团聚体(＜0.25 mm)数量则相反;各轮作模式的土壤活性还原性物质含量逐渐下降,而速效养分含量呈上升趋势.与CK相比,C-R和B-R模式的土壤细菌数分别提高285.7％ ～ 403.0％,B-R的真菌数提高221.7％,R-R、C-R、B-R的纤维素菌提高64.6％ ～ 92.2％,B-R的固氮菌提高162.2％,差异均显著.冷浸田由冬闲-单季稻改制为C-R、R-R、B-R轮作模式,对提高作物总产量和经济效益有较好的效果,土壤理化生化性状得到改善,表现出脱潜特征.     

发酵肥与秸杆还田对土壤微生物区系与作物产量的影响

土壤中施入不发酵新鲜粪肥时土壤细菌与放线菌数量明显增加,当施入发酵肥时对土壤微生物活性影响较小;在施发酵肥基础上再进行秸杆还田,土壤微生物活性明显提高,作物获得持续丰产。单一秸杆还田也能提高土壤微生物活性,但当年无增产效果,在秸杆还田时喷雾接种木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉ）４５６—２与固氮菌（Ａｚ．ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ）２３０,当年获得增产效果。     

Control of plant-parasitic nematodes by Paecilomyces lilacinus and Monacrosporium lysipagum in pot trials

The common soil inhabiting nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson and the nematode trapping fungus Monacrosporium lysipagum (Drechsler) Subram were assayed for their ability to reduce the populations of three economically important plant-parasitic nematodes in pot trials. The fungi were tested individually and in combination against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood, cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae Wollenweber, or burrowing nematode Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne on tomato, barley and tissue cultured banana plants, respectively. In all cases, nematode populations were controlled substantially by both individual and combined applications of the fungi. Combined application of P. lilacinus and M. lysipagum reduced 62% of galls and 94% of M.␣javanica juveniles on tomato when compared to the experiment with no fungi added. Sixty five percent of H. avenae cysts were reduced on barley by combined application of fungi. Control of R. similis on banana, both in the roots and in the soil, was greatest when M. lysipagum was applied alone (86%) or in combination with P. lilacinus (96%), using a strategy where the fungi were inoculated twice in 18 weeks growth period. Overall, combined application of P. lilacinus and M. lysipagum was the most effective treatment in controlling nematode populations, although in some cases M. lysipagum alone was as effective as the combined application of fungi, particularly against M. javanica.     

不同耕作方式对内蒙古旱作农田土壤性状及作物产量的影响

2005—2008年在内蒙古清水河县进行了定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式下土壤微生物量及土壤营养指标、作物产量的年际变化。结果表明:免耕有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤微生物量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作;免耕有利于提高土壤有机质和土壤养分含量,2007和2008年不同耕作方式0～10cm土层土壤有机质和养分含量均表现为免耕留高茬覆盖>免耕留低茬覆盖>免耕留高茬>免耕留低茬>传统耕作,实施免耕的前3年,玉米产量不稳定,甚至造成玉米减产,第4年免耕增产效应有所显现;不同保护性方式下土壤指标与玉米产量之间的相关度较好,通径分析得知土壤全氮、全磷、速效磷及微生物量碳对玉米产量起直接作用,其中尤以土壤微生物量碳的作用最大;免耕有利于改善内蒙古农田旱作区的土壤生态环境,提高土壤肥力。     

黄土旱塬区土壤水分状况与作物生长、降水的关系

土壤水分研究是统筹农业生产和生态环境建设的关键环节.本研究结合4年田间定位试验,通过对黄土高原南部长武旱塬冬小麦和春玉米2012—2015年土壤水分状况的研究,分析农田土壤干层形成情况、土壤水分对作物生长的影响、降水对土壤水库的影响以及作物对土壤水分状况的影响.结果表明: 降水年型是冬小麦地土壤干层形成的主导因素,年内降水分布不均是春玉米地土壤干层形成的主导因素.长武旱塬区冬小麦和春玉米一年一季的种植制度不会导致永久性干层的产生;相较于春玉米,冬小麦根系生长习性更符合黄土旱塬区土壤水分循环特征,黄土旱塬区土壤水分有效性可保证作物产量稳定;降水作用下,冬小麦土壤水库充、放水过程呈现收获期、休闲期和苗期连续充水、缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期连续失水相互交替的特点.0～300和300～600 cm土层土壤水库不一致性现象明显,以最大根深作为野外监测试验中土壤含水量的取样深度时,由于深层土壤水库负反馈作用,不同降水年型下,休闲期和苗期的蒸散均会被高估,缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期的蒸散均会被低估.冬小麦田间过渡层存在的范围为140～360 cm;作物生长的时间跨度影响土壤水库效应的发挥,土壤水库对冬小麦供水表现为年际间的调节作用,土壤水库对春玉米供水表现为季节间的调节作用.     

Assessment of a rapid method,using soil cores,for estimating the amount and distribution of crop roots in the field

Summary A study was made of the relationship between the number of roots (N_r) observed on unit area of the freshly exposed, horizontal faces of soil cores, and the amounts of roots (per unit volume) present in the same cores. Soil cores, 7 cm diameter, were extracted to depths of 1 m from cereal crops in 1976 at three field sites located on clay soils. Sampling was either at the start of stem elongation, or at anthesis. Estimates of root length per unit soil volume (L) were derived from N_r by assuming random orientation of roots in the soil.Values of L were found to be highly correlated with the measured lengths of both the main roots (root axes) and the total roots (axes and laterals) washed from the soil at a given growth stage, for each of the soils. On average, L was 3.3 times the length of root axes washed from the soil, and was 0.42 times the length of total roots, but there was appreciable variation between different growth stages and field sites. Possible factors giving rise to differences between L and the measured lengths of roots are discussed. Estimates of root length from observation of soil cores may nonetheless provide a suitable basis for rapidly comparing therelative distribution of roots down the soil profile under field conditions.     

Impact of oxygation on soil respiration,yield and water use efficiency of three crop species

Aims Oxygation refers to irrigation of crops with aerated water, through air injection using the venturi principle or the supply of hydrogen peroxide in the root zone, both using subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system. Oxygation improves water use efficiency (WUE), producing more yield and, and therefore, optimizes the use of drip and SDI. But the efficiency of oxygation is quite possibly dependent on a number of factors. The primary objective of this study was, therefore, to quantify the effects of oxygation, emitter depths and soil type on crop root zone oxygen content, soil respiration, plant physiological response, biomass yield, quality and WUE of three crop species.Methods This study investigated the potential of oxygation to enhance soil respiration, plant growth, yield and water use efficiencies (WUE) of cotton and wheat in experiments in enclosed heavy-duty concrete troughs (tubs) and pineapple and cotton in field experiments. Experimental treatments in tubs for wheat included comparisons between two soil types (vertisol and ferrosol) and superimposed were two oxygation methods (Mazzei air injector and Seair Diffusion System) compared to a control, and for cotton, emitters at two depths using Mazzei air injectors were compared to a control. The field experiments compared Mazzei air injectors and a control for cotton in Emerald and pineapple in Yeppoon, both in central Queensland, Australia.Important findings In all experiments, soil oxygen content and soil respiration markedly increased in response to the oxygation treatments. The O 2 concentration in the crop root zone increased by 2.4–32.6%, for oxygation compared to control at the same depth. The soil respiration increased by 42–100%. The number of wheat ears, leaf dry weight and total dry matter were significantly greater in Mazzei and Seair oxygation compared to the control. Fresh biomass of wheat increased by 11 and 8%, and dry weight of wheat increased by 8 and 3% in Mazzei and Seair oxygation treatments compared to the control, respectively. Likewise, the irrigation water use efficiency increased with oxygation compared to the control in wheat. The yield, WUE and number of other physiological parameters in wheat were enhanced in vertisol compared to ferrosol. The seed cotton yield in the tub experiment increased with oxygation by 14%, and significant differences for fresh biomass, dry matter and yield were also noted between oxygation and the control in the field. Lint yield and WUE both increased by 7% using Mazzei in the cotton field trial during 2008–09. There were significant effects of oxygation on pineapple fresh biomass, and dry matter weight, industry yield and a number of quality parameters were significantly improved. The total fruit yield and marketable increased by 17 and 4% and marketable WUE increased by 3% using Mazzei. Our data suggest that the benefits of oxygation are notable not only for dicotyledonous cotton but also for monocotyledonous wheat and pineapple representing different rooting morphologies and CO₂ fixation pathways.     

黄土高原小麦田土壤呼吸对强降雨的响应

全球气候变化的可能后果之一是干旱频繁,强降雨增多。土壤呼吸是全球碳循环的关键组成部分,探讨强降雨对土壤呼吸的影响,有助于预知在全球变化背景下,土壤CO2排放的可能反馈机制。然而,由于测定技术限制,目前在降雨前后,对土壤呼吸进行原位、全天候、高频率测定的研究尚不够深入。研究选取黄土高原半干旱区小麦田土壤为研究对象,采用全自动多通量箱系统,对降雨前后的土壤呼吸及环境因子在原位置进行了全天候连续监测,分析了3次强降雨前后的土壤呼吸变化。结果表明,（1）强降雨对土壤呼吸促进还是抑制取决于雨前、雨中、以及雨后的土壤水分状态。土壤水分相对亏缺条件下的强降雨促进土壤呼吸,降雨结束后土壤呼吸的平均水平是降雨发生前的1．5—2倍;湿季的强降雨整体上抑制土壤呼吸,降雨过程中观测到呼吸波谷,雨中及雨后土壤呼吸分别下降了约33％和15％。（2）土壤呼吸与土壤水分之间存在二次曲线关系,此关系同时受土壤水分状况和温度的影响。当土壤由干旱和水分相对亏缺状态过渡到湿润时,上述二次曲线关系可靠;当土壤水分充裕时,该二次曲线关系减弱。在于湿交替情况下,二次曲线拐点是土壤呼吸因土壤水分增加而受到抑制的临界点,并且当温度升高时,该临界点相应升高。（3）温度和水分共同影响土壤呼吸。在土壤水分相对亏缺时,水分的增加是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,温度对土壤呼吸的影响处于相对次要的位置;在水分充裕时,温度是影响土壤呼吸的关键因子,水分的增加会抑制土壤呼吸,但其对土壤呼吸变化的影响相对弱化。     

Nitrogen use efficiencies of spring barley grown under varying nitrogen conditions in the field and growth chamber

Background and Aims

Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of cereals needs to be improved by nitrogen (N) management, traditional plant breeding methods and/or biotechnology, while maintaining or, optimally, increasing crop yields. The aims of this study were to compare spring-barley genotypes grown on different nitrogen levels in field and growth-chamber conditions to determine the effects on N uptake (NUpE) and N utilization efficiency (NUtE) and ultimately, NUE.

Methods

Morphological characteristics, seed yield and metabolite levels of 12 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) genotypes were compared when grown at high and low nitrogen levels in field conditions during the 2007 and 2008 Canadian growing seasons, and in potted and hydroponic growth-chamber conditions. Genotypic NUpE, NUtE and NUE were calculated and compared between field and growth-chamber environments.

Key Results

Growth chamber and field tests generally showed consistent NUE characteristics. In the field, Vivar, Excel and Ponoka, showed high NUE phenotypes across years and N levels. Vivar also had high NUE in growth-chamber trials, showing NUE across complex to simplistic growth environments. With the high NUE genotypes grown at low N in the field, NUtE predominates over NUpE. N metabolism-associated amino acid levels were different between roots (elevated glutamine) and shoots (elevated glutamate and alanine) of hydroponically grown genotypes. In field trials, metabolite levels were different between Kasota grown at high N (elevated glutamine) and Kasota at low N plus Vivar at either N condition.

Conclusions

Determining which trait(s) or gene(s) to target to improve barley NUE is important and can be facilitated using simplified growth approaches to help determine the NUE phenotype of various genotypes. The genotypes studied showed similar growth and NUE characteristics across field and growth-chamber tests demonstrating that simplified, low-variable growth environments can help pinpoint genetic targets for improving spring barley NUE.     

Effect of temperature on composition of the methanotrophic community in rice field and forest soil

Temperature change affects methane consumption in soil. However, there is no information on possible temperature control of methanotrophic bacterial populations. Therefore, we studied CH(4) consumption and populations of methanotrophs in an upland forest soil and a rice field soil incubated at different temperatures between 5 and 45 degrees C for up to 40 days. Potential methane consumption was measured at 4% CH(4). The temporal progress of CH(4) consumption indicated growth of methanotrophs. Both soils showed maximum CH(4) consumption at 25-35 degrees C, but no activity at >40 degrees C. In forest soil CH(4) was also consumed at 5 degrees C, but in rice soil only at 15 degrees C. Methanotroph populations were assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) targeting particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) genes. Eight T-RFs with relative abundance >1% were retrieved from both forest and rice soil. The individual T-RFs were tentatively assigned to different methanotrophic populations (e.g. Methylococcus/Methylocaldum, Methylomicrobium, Methylobacter, Methylocystis/Methylosinus) according to published sequence data. Two T-RFs were assigned to ammonium monooxygenase (amoA) gene sequences. Statistical tests showed that temperature affected the relative abundance of most T-RFs. Furthermore, the relative abundance of individual T-RFs differed between the two soils, and also exhibited different temperature dependence. We conclude that temperature can be an important factor regulating the community composition of methanotrophs in soil.     

土壤表面电场对黑土团聚体破碎和侵蚀的影响

通过定量调控土粒表面电场强度,采用湿筛法和模拟降雨试验,研究了土壤表面电场对东北黑土团聚体稳定性和土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明: 1)随着土壤本体溶液电解质浓度的降低,土壤颗粒表面电位绝对值和电场强度均不断增加,宾县黑土和克山黑土表面电场强度均可达10⁸ V·m^-1数量级;2)随着土粒表面电场增强,土壤团聚体的破碎程度增大,平均重量直径表现为先急剧减小而后保持不变;3)通过人工模拟降雨试验可知,随本体溶液电解质浓度降低,颗粒表面电场增强,土壤流失强度增大。当电解质浓度＜0.01 mol·L^-1,对应宾县黑土和克山黑土的表面电位绝对值分别大于210和209 mV时,土壤累积流失量随时间的分布曲线较为接近,表明0.01 mol·L^-1是影响土壤侵蚀强度的电解质临界浓度值;4)土壤累积流失量与团聚体平均重量直径之间表现出良好的线性关系。综上,当雨水进入土壤,土粒表面电场增强,引发土壤团聚体破碎并释放大量细颗粒,最后在雨水冲刷作用下发生侵蚀。该研究结果可为深入理解东北黑土区土壤水蚀机理提供新的思路。     

西北黄土高原半干旱区全膜覆土穴播对土壤水热环境和小麦产量的影响

全膜覆土穴播是西北黄土高原旱作区大面积应用于密植作物栽培的关键增产技术,可显著提高降水利用率和作物生产力,但目前对其增产机制和环境效应缺乏系统研究分析。在2011—2013年以春小麦陇春27号为试验材料,设全膜覆土穴播(FMS)、地膜覆盖穴播(FM)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,研究半干旱旱作区全膜覆土穴播的土壤水热效应及其对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,小麦苗期FMS在0—25 cm土层的平均地温比CK提高1.4—3.5℃,但孕穗到灌浆期正午地表地温比FM和CK分别降低5.3—6.4℃和3.1—4.3℃。FMS和FM使小麦拔节前0—200 cm土层土壤贮水量分别增加33.1和29.3 mm,且可促进小麦对深层水分(100—200 cm)的利用,FMS成熟期100—200 cm土层土壤贮水量比播前下降44.4—69.6 mm,较CK高8.4—145.5%,但FMS在休闲期补充土壤水分77—127 mm,分别较FM和CK增加4.5%—40.9%和12.8%—109.5%;FMS的休闲效率为30.5%—52.6%,比CK高12.8%—109.5%,比FM高4.5%—40.9%。基于对土壤水热环境和作物耗水的影响,FMS的产量达1750—3180 kg/hm2,水分利用效率为5.5—11.5 kg hm-2mm-1,分别比CK增加40%—220%和27%—239%,而且干旱年份的增加幅度更高。因此,FMS改善了小麦生长前期的土壤水热条件,调节作物不同生育期的耗水强度,显著提高作物水分利用效率和产量,并提高降水休闲效率,使小麦生育期耗散的土壤水分在休闲期得到有效补充。     

不同施肥对水稻土作物碳同化与土壤碳固定的影响——以太湖地区黄泥土肥料长期试验为例

肥料施用对农田土壤生产力及土壤碳循环的影响是农业与陆地生态系统碳循环及全球变化研究的重要科学问题。以太湖地区黄泥土的长期肥料定位试验为例,研究不同施肥处理对水稻土-作物系统作物碳同化及土壤碳固定的影响。所研究的肥料施用处理包括不施肥(NF)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥与秸秆配施(CFS)以及化肥与猪粪配施(CFM) 4个处理,始于1987年,一直实行稻-油轮作,实行少耕。连续观测水稻和油菜的产量,并于2004年和2005年分别采集了土壤剖面样品和耕作层（0～5cm和5～15cm）土壤,测定土壤总有机碳含量。研究表明,不同施肥处理对水稻产量有显著影响,尤其以配施有机无机肥处理水稻产量显著最高且最为稳定,而对油菜产量的影响不明显。施肥显著提高了耕层土壤碳密度,而对全土碳密度没有显著影响。施肥处理的固碳速率介于0.1～0.4t/(hm^２•a), 配施有机肥处理显著高于单施化肥处理。相关分析表明,土壤固碳速率与作物根茬+有机肥源碳的总碳输入量呈显著的对数关系。这提示土壤有机碳积累主要与作物产量有关,而并非依变于有机肥源碳输入。因此,与作物产量直接关联的作物碳输入的增加是土壤中碳固定提高的重要途径。施入N素对水稻碳同化和土壤碳固定的效应均为化肥配施有机肥处理显著高于单施化肥处理,这揭示化肥配施有机肥是提高与稳定稻田生产力和促进土壤固碳和温室气体减排的双赢措施。当然,不同施肥下上述效应的差异可能与土壤-作物系统中碳分配和土壤生物碳利用的差异有关。     

不同施肥对水稻土作物碳同化与土壤碳固定的影响——以太湖地区黄泥土肥料长期试验为例

肥料施用对农田土壤生产力及土壤碳循环的影响是农业与陆地生态系统碳循环及全球变化研究的重要科学问题。以太湖地区黄泥土的长期肥料定位试验为例,研究不同施肥处理对水稻土-作物系统作物碳同化及土壤碳固定的影响。所研究的肥料施用处理包括不施肥(NF)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥与秸秆配施(CFS)以及化肥与猪粪配施(CFM)4个处理,始于1987年,一直实行稻-油轮作,实行少耕。连续观测水稻和油菜的产量,并于2004年和2005年分别采集了土壤剖面样品和耕作层(0~5cm和5~15cm)土壤,测定土壤总有机碳含量。研究表明,不同施肥处理对水稻产量有显著影响,尤其以配施有机无机肥处理水稻产量显著最高且最为稳定,而对油菜产量的影响不明显。施肥显著提高了耕层土壤碳密度,而对全土碳密度没有显著影响。施肥处理的固碳速率介于0.1~0.4t/(hm2.a),配施有机肥处理显著高于单施化肥处理。相关分析表明,土壤固碳速率与作物根茬 有机肥源碳的总碳输入量呈显著的对数关系。这提示土壤有机碳积累主要与作物产量有关,而并非依变于有机肥源碳输入。因此,与作物产量直接关联的作物碳输入的增加是土壤中碳固定提高的重要途径。施入N素对水稻碳同化和土壤碳固定的效应均为化肥配施有机肥处理显著高于单施化肥处理,这揭示化肥配施有机肥是提高与稳定稻田生产力和促进土壤固碳和温室气体减排的双赢措施。当然,不同施肥下上述效应的差异可能与土壤-作物系统中碳分配和土壤生物碳利用的差异有关。     

The effect of field margins on the yield of sugar beet and cereal crops

The effect of field margins on the yield of sugar beet, wheat and barley was studied on commercial farms and in a series of field experiments from 1992–1997. There was always a trend of increasing yield from the edge of the field to the centre, with a marked reduction around the ‘tramlines’ and the area where machinery turns. In the studies on commercial farms, headland yield loss varied widely. In sugar beet the headlands yielded 19–41% less than the centre, with a mean reduction of 26%. In cereals the range was 3–19%, with a mean loss of 7%. Headland yield reductions were generally smaller in the field experiments than those found on commercial farms. These headland effects did not move towards the centre of the field when grass margins were planted at the edge of the field; there was no significant effect on the yield of the adjacent crop. The presence of boundary trees had the greatest effect on yield: in the outer 9 m of the field, the area shaded by trees produced 4.4 t ha^-1 of wheat, and the area that was not shaded 8.1 t ha^-1. Turning of machinery also significantly reduced yield, while grazing by rabbits and hares surprisingly had no effect. Following the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in 1992, the main effect of which was to change from a price support policy to direct payments to producers, farmers in the European Union who produce more than a specified tonnage of ‘eligible crops’ per year, are required to fallow a given percentage of their land (currently 5%), to qualify for Arable Area Payments. Growers can elect to fallow fields on a rotational basis, or permanently. Headland set-aside is a term used to describe strips of set-aside, a minimum of 20 m wide around the edges of fields. In these experiments, the headland effect did not extend beyond 20 m from the field edge. Therefore, particularly in fields with boundary hedges or trees, headland set-aside could effectively remove the poor-yielding area at the field margin.