两例IgM抗体激活补体引起ABO血型不合的探讨

为保障输血的安全可靠性,研究两例因补体激活引起的ABO正反定型不合,探讨抗体、补体与红细胞(ABO)血型的关系,运用免疫血型血清学方法,排除补体对ABO正反定型的影响,定出该两例血型为“O”型。     

ABO blood groups in medieval remains (Ras,Novi Pazar,X-XII A.D.)

Bone samples from a medieval cemetery (Ras, Novi Pazar, Serbia, X-XII A.D.) were serologically examined in order to determine ABO blood groups. The frequency of the AB blood group was much higher in the inhabitants of the medieval Ras than in the inhabitants of the Ras region of the 20th century. On the other hand, the incidence of the O blood group was smaller in the Ras population of the early Middle Ages. It was assumed that migrations which took place in that part of the Balkan Peninsula and Serbia influenced the distribution of ABO blood groups.     

Population genetic analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using multilocus sequence typing

To study the population genetic structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we developed a multilocus sequence typing scheme. The sequences of internal fragments of seven housekeeping genes were obtained for 34 P. aeruginosa isolates from patients hospitalized in five different European cities. Twenty-six different allelic profiles were identified. The mean allelic diversity was 0.854 (range: 0.606-0.978), which was about six times greater than the results obtained with the multilocus enzyme electrophoresis method. Linkage disequilibrium was measured with the index of association. An index of 1.95+/-0.24 was calculated when all the strains were considered. This index was 1.76+/-0.27 when only one strain per sequence type was considered. Both results were different from 0, indicating linkage among loci, which means that the population structure of our set of P. aeruginosa isolates is clonal. The clonal structure of the population was also suggested by the congruence of the topology of the different trees obtained from the seven housekeeping genes. These results are in contrast to previous studies, finding a non clonal population structure. Since a small number of isolates was analyzed in this study, there might be a bias of selection which includes the possibility that they belong to widely disseminated epidemic clones. Another possibility is that recombination did not occurred homogeneously throughout the genome of P. aeruginosa, so that part of it has a clonal structure, while the remaining part of the genome is more frequently subject to recombination.     

Molecular characterization of the human ABO blood group orthologus system in pigs

The selection and use of animals with blood group 0 in the process of transplanting pig organs or tissues into humans can positively contribute to the control of acute immune rejection due to differences in blood groups. Exon-specific PCRs for the porcine blood group A transferase gene against genomic DNA from either blood group A or 0 animals resulted in the amplification failure of the A0 blood group gene exon 8 from blood group 0 animals. To characterize the genetic abnormality in the genome of blood group 0 animals, we screened bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones from a Korean native pig BAC library which had the blood group 0 allele, and carried out shotgun sequencing. The analysis showed that the 0 allele has a large deletion between exon 7 of the A0 blood group gene and the neighbouring SURF6. We also showed that the ABO blood group antigens in humans and the A0 blood group antigens in pigs are coded by mutations within the orthologous glycosyltransferase gene. In addition, we developed a multiplex genotyping method for the porcine A0 blood group gene.     

Brief communication. on the problem of immunological detection of antigens in skeletal remains.

A detailed investigation with affinity-chromatography-purified fractions of antihemoglobin serum from rabbit shows that the hemoglobin content of human bones dating back 15 to 3,000 years may be very small. Some of the previous results (Ascenzi et al., 1985) indicating a high hemoglobin titer were +vitiated because of an unexpected cross-reactivity of bone extracts with the hemoglobin-unreactive fraction of the antiserum.     

ABO血型综合实验基因分型技术简化及其群体遗传分析拓展

ABO血型是生活中最常见、运用最广泛的遗传性状之一。人类ABO血型由I ^A、I ^B和i 3个复等位基因决定,它们负责编码不同的糖基转移酶,进而决定3种血红细胞表面抗原。ABO血型涉及复等位基因、基因互作、单核苷酸多态(SNP)、基因演化等多个关键知识内容,是理想的遗传学教学案例。本文以ABO血型为研究对象,对遗传学实验进行了创新与整合。首先,在分子遗传学模块中建立了新颖的ABO血型基因分型方法：基于SNP位点设计特异性引物,通过实时定量PCR鉴定基因型; 其次,在群体遗传学模块中创新了基因演化的实验教学方法,开发群体遗传学软件,利用计算机模拟不同条件下ABO血型决定基因频率的演化趋势。这些教学改革举措旨在丰富遗传学实验内容,拓展教学手段,提高学习效率。     

ABO Genetic Variation in Neanderthals and Denisovans

Variation at the ABO locus was one of the earliest sources of data in the study of human population identity and history, and to this day remains widely genotyped due to its importance in blood and tissue transfusions. Here, we look at ABO blood type variants in our archaic relatives: Neanderthals and Denisovans. Our goal is to understand the genetic landscape of the ABO gene in archaic humans, and how it relates to modern human ABO variation. We found two Neanderthal variants of the O allele in the Siberian Neanderthals (O1 and O2), one of these variants is shared with an European Neanderthal, who is a heterozygote for this O1 variant and a rare cis-AB variant. The Denisovan individual is heterozygous for two variants of the O1 allele, functionally similar to variants found widely in modern humans. Perhaps more surprisingly, the O2 allele variant found in Siberian Neanderthals can be found at low frequencies in modern Europeans and Southeast Asians, and the O1 allele variant found in Siberian and European Neanderthal is also found at very low frequency in modern East Asians. Our genetic distance analyses suggest both alleles survive in modern humans due to inbreeding with Neanderthals. We find that the sequence backgrounds of the surviving Neanderthal-like O alleles in modern humans retain a higher sequence divergence than other surviving Neanderthal genome fragments, supporting a view of balancing selection operating in the Neanderthal ABO alleles by retaining highly diverse haplotypes compared with portions of the genome evolving neutrally.     

国产人ABO血型定型试剂稳定性观察

为了解国内人ＡＢＯ血型定型试剂的稳定性,随机对４个厂家生产的共２０批次的血型试剂置２－８℃条件下,定期进行稳定性观察,结果显示,所有试剂在其效期内,凝集效价均下降１－２个滴度,其中有二个批次的试剂在临近失效期时,效价已低于１：１２８,其余全部合格,合格率为９０％,说明目前国产人ＡＢＯ血型定型试剂的稳定性是良好的,同时提示该剂的稳定性还需进一步提高。     

Association of the ABO blood group with certain human diseases

Following the discovery of ABO blood group over 100 years ago, a variety of studies sought to determine whether different disease states are influenced by ABO inheritance. As oligosaccharide antigens, ABO blood group antigens are widely expressed on the membrane of red blood cells and tissue cells, as well as in the saliva and body fluid. It is by far the most important blood group system in human immunohematology and transfusion medicine. While, other than determining blood group phenotype, accumulating evidence indicates that ABO blood group is implicated in the development of a number of human diseases. This review mainly focuses on the association between ABO blood group and cardiovascular system risk, corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affective disorders, allergic diseases, as well as cancers.     

Serological and molecular analysis of ABO and Rh blood group chimeras

The serological examination, blood transfusion strategies and the molecular analysis to blood group chimera were conducted to demonstrate existent of chimera in blood group. The blood grouping of ABO or/and RhD, newborn red blood cells separated by capillary centrifugation. Aabsorption tests and DTT treated agglutination erythrocyte tests were implemented in four patients. Further molecular biological research was conducted on one patient''s sample. The results showed that for patient 1: ABO blood group was AB/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhCE chimera gene; Patient 2: Rh blood cells contained the RhD chimera gene; Patient 3: ABO blood group was AB/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhD chimera gene; Patient 4: ABO blood group was O/B chimera, Rh blood cells contained the RhCE chimera gene. The study suggests that the individuals categorized as chimeras are likely to be more common than existing literature reports. According to the serological tests, in the absence of a history of recent blood transfusion or disease to cause reduced antigen, the phenomena of hybrid aggregation of the ABO and Rh blood system were the main feature. In terms of transfusion strategy, the selection of ABO and Rh blood groups should be depended on the group of cells with more antigens.     

The incidence and features of serological ABO subgroups among one million blood donors in Beijing

This study aims to determine the incidence of serological ABO subgroups from a large-scale database, along with the features of blood samples with serological ABO discrepancies. The serological ABO results of one million individuals were randomly sampled from a blood donor database in Beijing between 2009 and 2010. All samples were diagnosed by serological reverse and forward ABO typing using an automatic analyzer. The proportions of the normal ABO types were 27.28%, 31.57%, 30.56%, and 10.16% for blood types A, B, O, and AB, respectively. In samples in which ABO discrepancies or obvious weak agglutinin were identified in the forward or reverse typing, further tests to analyze the ABO subgroup were conducted. The overall incidence of ABO subgroups was 0.047%, with 14 ABO subgroups observed: A2, A3, Ax, Am, Aint, Aend, B2, B3, Bx, Bm, Bel, B(A), cisAB, and AB^h. In conclusion, this study revealed the exact normal ABO and subgroup distributions in the general, healthy population of Beijing using samples from a blood donor database.     

Switched identity of two Przewalski's horse mares detected by blood typing

Accurate pedigrees are of prime importance to breeders of both domestic and captive animals. Blood typing is a tool utilized to verify accuracy of pedigrees in domestic animal breeding programs that may often be directly applied to related zoo species. We describe the application of blood typing techniques developed for domestic horses to detect a switch in the identity of two Przewalski's horse mares. Before the switch detection, one of the mares had been bred to a closely related stallion, a breeding which would not have been planned had the correct identity of the mare been known.     

Serological and genetic analysis of ABO ambiguous blood group samples

The accuracy of regular serum methods to detect ABO blood groups can be negatively affected by some factors, such as irregular antibodies, autoantibodies or effects of diseases leading to false or weak agglutination. This study aimed to accurately identify ambiguous ABO blood groups by serological and gene detection methods. The samples were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from December 2018 to December 2019. ABO genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) method in 20 samples, and ABO exons 6 and 7 or FUT1 and FUT2 genes were sequenced in 5 samples. The genes detected in the 21 specimens included 4 cases of A/B, 2 cases of A205/O01, 3 cases of A/O01, 3 cases of A/O02, 1 case of O01/O01, 1 case of O01/O02, 1 case of B/O01, 1 case of B/O02, 1 case of Bel/O01, 1 case of Cisab01/O01, 1 case of rare B/O04, 1 case of Bombay-like Bmh, 1 case of new gene showing c.261del G of exon 6, c.579 T>C of exon 7 and B new/O01. This study suggests that ABO blood group genotyping technology combined with serological typing can be used for accurately typing ambiguous blood groups.     

Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains

Chemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra-violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,500 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra-violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200–350 years. Values measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined.     

Association of ABO and Rh blood groups with breast cancer

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the association of “ABO” and “Rhesus” blood groups with incidence of breast cancer.MethodsIn this study, we identified 70 research documents from data based search engines including “PubMed”, “ISI-Web of Knowledge”, “Embase” and “Google Scholar”. The research papers were selected by using the primary key-terms including “ABO blood type”, “Rhesus” blood type and “breast cancer”. The research documents in which “ABO” and “Rhesus” blood types and breast cancer was debated were included. After screening, we reviewed 32 papers and finally we selected 25 research papers which met the inclusion criteria and remaining documents were excluded.ResultsBlood group “A” has high incidence of breast cancer (45.88%), blood group “O” has (31.69%); “B” (16.16%) and blood group “AB” has (6.27%) incidence of breast cancer. Blood group “A” has highest and blood group “AB” has least association with breast cancer. Furthermore, “Rhesus +ve” blood group has high incidence of breast cancer (88.31%) and “Rhesus –ve” blood group has least association with breast cancer (11.68%).ConclusionBlood group “A” and “Rhesus +ve” have high risk of breast cancer, while blood type “AB” and “Rhesus –ve” are at low peril of breast cancer. Physicians should carefully monitor the females with blood group “A” and “Rh +ve” as these females are more prone to develop breast cancer. To reduce breast cancer incidence and its burden, preventive and screening programs for breast cancer especially in young women are highly recommended.     

Variation of sex ratio and ABO blood group composition by month of birth of blood donors in Tokyo

Sex ratio of 17,273 blood donors born during the period between 1925 and 1935 was examined according to their month of birth and ABO blood groups in comparison with 5,810 healthy non-blood donors born in the 1900s to 1930s. The sex ratio of the blood donors and the non-blood donors varied similarly according to their month of birth with a prominent peak in summer births and a trough in winter births. This birth season with a high sex ratio was different from that of the general births during the period between 1921 and 1935, in which a maximum sex ratio was found in November. A possible explanation for the difference is the different rate of male and female infant deaths according to birth month. Variation of the sex ratio according to season of birth was not similar among the four ABO blood groups. Sex ratio of the donors with blood group B showed no elevation among the summer births. Non-blood donors with blood group B, on the contrary, showed a higher sex ratio than the others in the summer births. This difference can not be explained by infant or juvenile deaths. A possibility is that a tendency to become a blood donor is modified by the season of one's birth differently according to gender and ABO blood groups.     

Monoclonal antibodies and the transformation of blood typing

Today, when monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of therapeutic drugs, it is easy to forget how much they have transformed our healthcare in other ways. One of the first clinical areas, as this paper shows, where mAbs made their mark was in the field of blood typing. The adoption of mAbs for this purpose was done with little public fanfare or funding. Nonetheless, it radically transformed the accuracy and cost of blood typing and shifted the procedure away from a dependence on reagents made from human blood donated by volunteers. This paper argues that the development of mAbs as reagents for blood typing laid the foundation for the first large-scale production of mAbs thereby paving the way to the advent of mAb diagnostics and therapeutics.     

Monoclonal antibodies and the transformation of blood typing

Today, when monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of therapeutic drugs, it is easy to forget how much they have transformed our healthcare in other ways. One of the first clinical areas, as this paper shows, where mAbs made their mark was in the field of blood typing. The adoption of mAbs for this purpose was done with little public fanfare or funding. Nonetheless, it radically transformed the accuracy and cost of blood typing and shifted the procedure away from a dependence on reagents made from human blood donated by volunteers. This paper argues that the development of mAbs as reagents for blood typing laid the foundation for the first large-scale production of mAbs thereby paving the way to the advent of mAb diagnostics and therapeutics.     

Molecular characterization of ABO blood group frequencies in pre-Columbian Peruvian highlanders

The majority of Native Americans nearly exclusively belong to group O of the ABO blood group system. Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain this observation, primarily differing by the presumption that the observed patterns of ABO diversity are due to the processes of the initial peopling of the Americas or due to subsequent events, especially the demographic consequences in the wake of European contact. A promising strategy to reveal possible diachronic ABO frequency changes is the molecular genetic analysis of relevant genetic markers in precontact populations. A previous study by Halverson and Bolnick [Am J Phys Anthropol 137 (2008) 342‐347] already accomplished this for indigenous North American populations. Here we present the first study to analyze ABO blood types from pre‐Columbian individuals from South America using molecular genetic methods and comparing them to several extant South American, North American, and Siberian populations. We tried to determine ABO blood types for 59 individuals from the southern Peruvian highlands dating to ～650 to 1250 AD using a newly developed multiplex PCR/SBE assay coamplifying the fragments relevant for blood type determination and three highly discriminating autosomal STRs. Analysis was successful for 31 individuals and revealed that all are exclusively in the O group, predominantly carrying the O02 (01v) allele. No significant difference could be observed between the ancient and modern Native American populations, while all significantly differed from the extant Siberian populations, supporting the suggestion that low ABO diversity results from founder effects during the initial peopling of the Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:242–249, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.