贯叶连翘愈伤组织中分泌细胞群的发生与金丝桃素类物质的积累

贯叶连翘(Hypericum perforatum L．)是一种传统草药,在欧洲被广泛用于治疗抑郁症。其重要的活性成分,金丝桃素类物质储存在茎、叶和花瓣的分泌细胞团中。本文应用组织化学及电子显微镜技术,研究体外培养的贯叶连翘叶肉细胞脱分化产生愈伤组织以及细胞发育过程中金丝桃素类物质的积累、运输的情况,进一步探讨细胞的生长发育与次生代谢产物的关系。发现金丝桃素类物质产生于愈伤组织培养后期,在愈伤组织表面所形成的分泌细胞群中,最初在细胞质中形成,之后运输至液泡中积累,内质网参与了金丝桃素类物质的合成过程。这些结果为利用组织培养技术提高金丝桃素类物质含量提供了理论基础和依据。     

不同氮源及氮浓度对真眼点藻纲微藻生长及油脂积累的影响

以真眼点藻纲8株微藻(类波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos cf. polyphem)、大真眼点藻(Eustigmatos magnus)、波氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos polyphem)、魏氏真眼点藻(Eustigmatos vischeri)、斧形魏氏藻(Vischeria helvetica)、点状魏氏藻(Vischeria punctata)、星形魏氏藻(Vischeria stellata)和眼点拟微绿球藻(Nan-nochloropsis oculata))为研究材料, 用3种氮源(硝酸钠、碳酸氢铵或尿素)和4种氮浓度(18、9、6和3 mmol) 在改良的BG-11培养基中对藻细胞进行培养。比较分析这8株微藻在不同培养条件下的藻液pH、生物量、油脂含量、脂肪酸组成的差异, 从而筛选出适合该类微藻生长和油脂积累的最适氮源与最佳氮浓度。结果表明, 这8株微藻均能在3种氮源中生长, 但是随着培养时间延长, 以碳酸氢铵和尿素为氮源时藻液pH逐渐降低, 其变化范围为5.0—6.0, 而以硝酸钠为氮源时藻液pH保持在7.0—8.0, 变化不大。当以尿素为氮源培养时, 能获得较高的生物量, 但是不同藻株在不同尿素浓度时达到最高生物量。最高生物量是波氏真眼点藻(E. polyphem)在9 mmol时达到, 为10.96 g/L。总脂含量分析发现, 在低氮浓度下均能促进8株微藻油脂的积累, 真眼点藻属中的魏氏真眼点藻(E. vischeri)在8株藻中获得最高油脂含量, 达到59.24%。进一步对脂肪酸分析发现, 8株微藻总脂肪酸含量为细胞干重的50%—58%, 主要脂肪酸组成为豆蔻酸(C14鲶0)、棕榈酸(C16鲶0)、棕榈油酸(C16鲶1)、油酸(C18鲶1)和二十碳五烯酸(C20鲶5), 其中拟微绿球藻(N. oculata)细胞中棕榈酸的含量最高占总脂肪酸50%左右; 其他7株微藻细胞中棕榈油酸的含量较高, 其占总脂肪酸含量范围在40%—60%。8株微藻均表现出较高的生物量与油脂积累能力, 以尿素为氮源, 氮浓度为6 mmol时更有利于该类微藻生物量和油脂的积累。总体来说, 真眼点藻纲的微藻是一类极具潜力适合于微藻生物燃料生产的微藻, 而真眼点藻属藻株表现更为明显的优势。     

ACCUMULATION OF SALT AND PERMEABILITY IN PLANT CELLS

1. Comparisons are made of concentrations of K and Br in exudates of barley roots and in expressed sap from roots, under conditions favorable for aerobic metabolism. Both methods lead to the same general viewpoint concerning metabolically governed transport of solutes by living plant cells. 2. Cyanide in low concentration prevented salt accumulation by barley roots. Methylene blue, without decrease of CO₂ production by roots, destroyed power of salt accumulation. 3. K and Br ions entered roots to only a slight extent under an anaerobic condition, even with an inward gradient of ionic concentration. 4. Lactate or alcohol, under aerobic conditions, did not prevent rapid accumulation of salt by root cells. 5. Experiments on fluids obtained by suction from tomato roots gave evidence of loss of salt-accumulating power under the influence of N₂ gas or CO₂ gas, together with probable effects on cell permeability. 6. Several experiments on Nitella cells in which radioactive isotopes were used are reported. Bromide gradually moved into vacuolar sap until the concentration appeared to exceed that of the protoplasm, on the basis of the results of the several types of experiments. Accumulation of salt in the vacuole did not occur anaerobically. 7. Some views of interrelations of permeability, salt accumulation, and metabolism are suggested for further discussion.     

柔红霉素在人敏感和抗三尖杉酯碱的HL－60细胞中分布和积聚变化

应用激光扫描共焦显微镜和流式细胞术,研究柔红霉素在人敏感和抗三尖杉酯碱的ＨＬ－６０细胞中分布和积聚变化。柔红霉素１０μｇ／ｍｌ处理细胞１小时,激光扫描共焦显微镜观察到：在敏感ＨＬ－６０细胞中,柔红霉素主要分布于细胞核中;而在抗性细胞中,主要分布于细胞一侧。逆转抗药性的药物维拉帕米不改变柔红霉素在抗性细胞中的核质分布。流式细胞术显示：三尖杉酯碱和蛋白激酶Ｃ激活剂佛波脂处理细胞,使柔红霉素在抗性细胞内积聚降低;而粉防己碱和维拉帕米处理细胞１小时,柔红霉素在抗性细胞内积聚明显增加,但维拉帕米处理２４小时,反而使积聚降低。结果表明：抗三尖杉酯碱的ＨＬ－６０细胞改变桑红霉素的胞内分布,降低细胞内的积聚是抗药性的机制之一。     

REVERSAL BY ADENINE OF THE ETHIONINE-INDUCED LIPID ACCUMULATION IN THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF THE RAT LIVER : A Preliminary Report

Within 3.5 to 4 hours after thionine administration, numerous small osmiophilic bodies, liposomes, appear in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cells. By fusion, the liposomes lead to the formation of larger collections of fat, giant liposomes. Adenine administration to ethionine-treated rats removes the liposomes from the hepatocytes and causes the transitory appearance of osmiophilic droplets in the sinusoidal space of Disse. The characteristic disaggregation of hepatic polysomes seen in the liver after ethionine administration is corrected by the injection of adenine.     

ACCUMULATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE IN THE SAP OF LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA IN THE PRESENCE OF NH3

When the living cells of Nitella are placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue containing NH₄Cl, the rate of accumulation of the dye in the sap is found to be lower than when the cells are placed in a solution of dye containing no NH₄Cl and this may occur without any increase in the pH value of the cell sap. This decrease is found to be primarily due to the presence of NH₃ in the sap and seems not to exist where NH₃ is present only in the external solution at the concentration used.     

芦荟叶内芦荟素细胞的发育和蒽醌类物质的积累

应用石蜡切片、半薄切片、组织化学和荧光显微镜观察相结合的方法研究了木立芦荟叶内芦荟素细胞的发生、发育以及其蒽醌类物质的积累过程。结果表明,在叶内原形成层束分化成维管束初期,原形成层束外侧的一层细胞发育成维管束鞘。原生韧皮部筛管产生时,其外方尚保留1-2层原形成层细胞,当后生韧皮部和木质部开始分化时,此层细胞分裂。在后生韧皮部和木质部发育成熟过程中,这些细胞体积逐渐增大,并液泡化,发育成为大型薄壁细胞(芦荟素细胞),位于筛管外侧。据此,芦荟叶维管束内的大型薄壁细胞的来源与韧皮部相同,属于特化的韧皮部薄壁组织细胞。用醋酸铅处理过的上述材料的切片观察表明,芦荟素细胞在细胞体积增大,并液泡化时,在液泡内出现蒽醌类物质沉淀物,在成熟细胞的大液泡中充满沉淀物,此时,在荧光显微镜下芦荟素细胞发出桔黄色荧光。可见,此种芦荟素细胞是芦荟叶内蒽醌类物质的主要储存场所。     

枸杞花药发育过程中脂滴和淀粉粒的分布特征

宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarurn L．)花药发育过程中,淀粉粒和脂滴两种营养物质的积累和分布具有一定的特点：在造孢细胞时期,药隔薄壁细胞,表皮和药室内壁细胞中开始积累淀粉粒,而造孢细胞、绒毡层细胞和中层细胞中则没有淀粉粒。在四分体时期,绒毡层细胞开始积累脂滴并且数量逐渐增加。到小孢子晚期,绒毡层细胞降解,内含脂滴流入药室中。在小孢子发育过程中既没有淀粉粒也没有脂滴积累,直到二胞花粉的大液泡消失后花粉粒中才开始积累脂滴,然后又开始出现淀粉粒。枸杞成熟花粉中的营养储存物是脂滴和淀粉粒。     

THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES : VIII. THE ACCUMULATION OF KCl IN MODELS

Models are described in which KCl enters until its chemical potential becomes much greater inside than outside. The energy needed to accomplish this comes from the chemical reactions occurring in the system and the continual supply of certain materials. An important factor is the maintenance of a lower pH value inside by means of CO₂. This may be analogous to what happens in some living cells. The concentration of K⁺ becomes higher inside, as happens in many living cells, but the concentration of Cl^- does not and in this respect the model differs from many living cells. As in Valonia, potassium tends to go out as KCl when the ionic activity product (K)(Cl) is greater inside but at the same time it tends to enter as KOH since the activity product (K)(OH) is greater outside. The net result is entrance of potassium presumably because the latter process is the more rapid.     

IPOMEAMARONE ACCUMULATION AND LIPID METABOLISM IN SWEET POTATO INFECTED BY THE BLACK ROT FUNGUS II. ACCUMULATION MECHANISM OF IPOMEAMARONE IN THE INFECTED REGION WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO CONTRIBUTION OF THE NON-INFECTED TISSUE

Tracer studies with the use of 2-¹⁴C-acetate revealed that theinfected tissue of diseased sweet potato roots with black rotwas incapable of synthesizing ipomeamarone from acetate, butwas capable of synthesizing it from some intermediate(s) whichwas produced from acetate by the non-infected tissue in a shortperiod. It is very likely that migration of the intermediate(s)from the non-infected tissue to the infected region occurs duringinfection process. Significance of the intermediate(s) in ipomeamaroneaccumulation was discussed. ¹This paper constitutes Part 41 of Phytopathological Chemistryof Sweet Potato with Black Rot.     

中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺R和F细胞及其脂类储存的电镜研究

电镜下研究了中华绒螯蟹不同生长发育时期（９月份卵巢处于快速发育阶段，１２月成熟阶段，胚胎发育４－１４天和卵孵出以后）肝胰腺Ｒ和Ｆ细胞的结构及其脂类储存。肝胰腺的脂类主苛以脂肪滴（Ｌ）的形式存在于Ｒ细胞中。Ｒ细胞在不同阶段Ｌ的存在形式和脂类的储存量不同，细胞数量也有所不同，显示Ｒ细胞对不同生长时期的敏感性。Ｆ细胞的结构特征是胞质中的发达的粗面内质网系统。细胞中几乎没有脂肪滴的储存。     

四种抗脂肪肝物质降低草鱼肝胰脏脂质积累的替代关系

采用１１种添加不同水平的蛋氨酸（Ｍｅｔ）,胆碱（Ｃｈ）甜菜碱（Ｂｅｔ）和大豆卵磷脂（Ｌｅｃ）的饲料饲养初始体重约１５ｇ的草鱼,研究了它们降低草鱼肝胰脏脂质积累的相互替代关系,１１种饲料中这四种物质的含量分别为（％）：（１）１．１Ｍｅｔ０．０８Ｃｈ,（２）１．１Ｍｅｔ０．３３Ｃｈ,（３）１．３Ｍｅｔ０．２３Ｃｈ,（４）１．５Ｍｅｔ０．１３Ｃｈ,（５）１．３Ｍｅｔ０．１３Ｃｈ,（６）１．３Ｍｅｔ０．１     

维生素E对家蝇寿命及肠上皮细胞内脂褐素堆积的影响

正常家蝇,对照组喂常规饲料,实验组在饲料中补充维生素E(V. E.)。计算各组平均寿命,并按期取近肠,超薄切片,电镜观察。结果证明,补充V. E.组在5批实验中平均寿命分别比同批对照延长13.7％,6.4％,6.3％,21.6％,51.4％(p<0.05至<0.001)。透射电镜下发现,实验组近肠上皮细胞内脂褐素虽亦随日龄增加,但总少于同龄对照,分布较散,电子密度也较低,颗粒内质网似比对照发达。以上表明V. E.可能抑制了脂褐素堆积,并有促进合成,延长平均寿命的功效。