家蝇幼虫血淋巴中凝集素的研究

家蝇幼虫血淋巴中凝集素不但能凝集兔、羊、鸡、豚鼠、小鼠和大鼠的红细胞,而且能凝集任何血型人的红细胞,其凝集活性能被D-半乳糖和乳糖所抑制。比较了不同诱导源诱导后血凝活性的动力学变化,发现体壁损伤后凝集素应答较快,活性高、消退快;~(60)Coγ射线诱导后凝集素应答较慢、活性低、消退较慢;超声波和紫外线几乎无诱导作用。还发现化蛹后24小时的血淋巴其凝集活性也较正常的高。     

家蝇幼虫营养成分的分析及利用

本文以多种分析手段,对家蝇幼虫与其他几种饲料的营养成分做了对比分析。新鲜幼虫和幼虫干粉的粗蛋白分别为15.62％和60.88％,略高于鲜鱼、鱼粉及肉骨粉,并含有多种微量元素。对氨基酸组成进行了比值计算:E％=44.09％、E/N=0.79、E/T=2.94。其中必需氨基酸总量是鱼粉的2.3倍,MET(蛋氨酸)是2.7倍,LYS(赖氨酸)是2.6倍,均明显高于鱼粉。     

家蝇幼虫血淋巴粗提物抑菌活性初步研究

以4种细菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌)为供试菌,测定了家蝇幼虫血淋巴粗提物的抑菌活性。结果显示,家蝇幼虫血淋巴各浓度粗提物对4种供试细菌均有一定的抑菌活性,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率最大,其他依次为大肠杆菌>枯草芽胞杆菌>巨大芽孢杆菌,在0.8mg/mL时的抑菌率分别为51.09%、48.66%、43.27%和40.62%;在各浓度下不同菌种之间的抑菌率差异不显著,抑菌活性随着血淋巴粗提物浓度的增加而增强。在0.8mg/mL时对各细菌的抑菌圈直径分别为12.00mm、12.22mm、9.11mm和10.33mm,均显著大于对照,但低于头孢霉素。     

家蝇幼虫血细胞类型及免疫功能的初步研究

目的用不同方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞的形态,并对血细胞进行分类和免疫功能研究,为昆虫血细胞形态、分类及免疫研究提供实验依据。方法 (1)应用姬氏染色结合相差显微镜及荧光染色方法观察家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞形态,并对家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞进行分类;(2)观察家蝇3龄幼虫感染大肠杆菌后不同时间血细胞总数(THC)、各类血细胞数量(DHC)及形态的变化;(3)应用倒置显微镜观察家蝇3龄幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后的形态变化;(4)采用酶细胞化学技术测定感染前后家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞中ACP、POD活性的变化。结果 (1)家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞可分为原血胞、浆血胞、粒血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞5类,其中浆血胞又分为大核浆血胞和小核浆血胞两种;(2)感染后各时间组血细胞总数、浆血胞和粒血胞数量均显著升高,且浆血胞和粒血胞聚集成堆,出现细胞变形、空泡等形态变化;感染后16h、24h组的珠血胞数显著升高;原血胞和类绛血胞数量和形态无明显变化;(3)家蝇幼虫离体血细胞感染大肠杆菌后粒血胞周围见大量细菌聚集,浆血胞、粒血胞聚集成团将细菌包裹形成包囊,未见原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞形态的变化;(4)感染后浆血胞和粒血胞中ACP、POD的活性增强,感染前后原血胞、珠血胞、类绛血胞中均未见ACP、POD的阳性反应物。结论通过3种方法能很好地将家蝇3龄幼虫血细胞分为5类,其中浆血胞和粒血胞是家蝇幼虫参与免疫反应的主要细胞类型,珠血胞不参与感染后的早期细胞免疫反应。     

家蝇幼虫开发生态工程系统动力学仿真的研究

家蝇（Ｍｕｓｃａｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃａ）幼虫以营养成分全、蛋白质含量高而逐渐引起人们重视,具有很高的开发利用价值和广阔的前景。系统动力学的发展为研究复杂系统提供了有效途径［１,２］。本文试用系统动力学方法建立家蝇幼虫开发生态工程仿真模型,以期解决这一研究...     

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法尹华宝王奎仁（中国科学技术大学地球与空间科学系,合肥２３００２６）徐汝梅（北京师范大学生物系,１００８７５）ＡＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｆＲｅａｒｉｎｇＨｏｕｓｅ－ｆｌｙＬａｒｖａｗｉｔｈＬｉｑｕｉｄＦｅｅｄ．ＹｉｎｇＨｕａｂａｏ,Ｗａ...     

大肠杆菌感染后家蝇幼虫的细胞免疫反应

目的探讨家蝇3龄幼虫被大肠杆菌感染后的细胞免疫反应.方法 (1)观察家蝇3龄幼虫感染大肠杆菌后不同时间血淋巴细胞总数(THC)、各类血细胞比例及形态的变化.(2)用比色法分别测定感染后不同时间家蝇3龄幼虫血清中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化.(3)用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定感染后不同时间家蝇3龄幼虫血清中二酚氧化酶(DPO)活性的变化.结果 (1)感染后4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h THC均有显著增加(P<0.01),(2)感染后4 h、8 h、16 h组的浆血胞和粒血胞的比例明显增加(P<0.01),而珠血胞在感染后各时间组的比例均明显减少(P<0.01),各时间组原血胞和类绛血胞的比例均无明显变化(P>0.05).(3)浆血胞出现细胞变形、空泡等形态变化.(4)大肠杆菌感染后各时间组血清中ACP及CAT活性显著高于对照组(P<0.01),活性分别在感染后8 h、16 h达高峰后逐渐下降.(5)家蝇幼虫血清中二酚氧化酶(DPO)活性在感染后4 h上升,16 h达高峰后下降.结论家蝇幼虫感染大肠杆菌后诱发体内细胞免疫反应,不仅出现血淋巴细胞形态和数量的变化,而且还有血细胞合成、释放多种参与微生物杀灭、清除的酶.     

家蝇幼虫同工酶研究

本通过聚丙烯酰凝胶电泳法对家蝇幼虫体内的过氧化物酶、乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶、酯酶和超氧化物歧化酶,以及对超氧化物歧化酶的特性进行了研究。实验结果为家蝇幼虫资源开发利用提供了理论依据。     

家蝇幼虫提取物清除氧自由基的作用

探讨了家蝇Musca domesticaL.幼虫提取物对氧自由基的清除作用。采用脱氧核糖-铁体系和邻苯三酚自氧化体系分别测定了不同浓度的提取物对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率,同时采用H2O2氧化体系测定了提取物的抗氧化值。结果显示家蝇幼虫提取物对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50分别为1.93 mg/mL和3.26 mg/mL;浓度为0.5%的提取物的抗氧化值为9.01 mg/g,为同浓度维生素C抗氧化值的1.29倍。     

不同来源家蝇幼虫蛋白粉的水解与抗氧化性

本研究比较不同来源、不同酶解物浓度的家蝇幼虫蛋白及其抗氧化活性。以来自猪粪源和鸡粪源家蝇幼虫为原料制备蛋白粉,用胰蛋白酶水解蛋白粉制备水解产物,以·OH和O_2~-·清除率为指标评价两种蛋白酶解物的抗氧化活性。结果显示,家蝇幼虫蛋白水解物在4 h达水解度最高值,其水解物的·OH清除率在5 h达到最大为59.02%,其水解物的O_2~-·清除率在4 h达到最大为73.24%;随着两种水解物浓度增加,其抗氧化效果越强,当猪粪源和鸡粪源家蝇幼虫酶解物浓度为10 mg/mL时,两者O_2~-·清除率达到最大分别为70%和80%;·OH清除率分别为45%和52%。由此可见,家蝇幼虫酶水解物对超氧阴离子、羟自由基均有清除能力,鸡粪源家蝇幼虫酶解物优于猪粪源。     

应用Wyatt-White方法计算寄生物种群γ_m的研究(英文)

本文是关于应用Wyatt-White方法计算寄生物种群内禀增长率的研究。研究表明:r_m的精确值与ln(M_d)/d或ln(M_(d/ 2))/d之间存在着线性关系,这种关系可表达如下:(1)r_m=0.845ln(M_d)/d;(2)r_m=0.880ln(M_(d/2)/d。这里d为生殖前期;M_d为生殖起d天内每个原始雌虫产下的平均雌性后代数;M_(d/2)为生殖起初d/2天内每个原始雌虫产下的平均雌性后代数。运用23组生殖力表资料,研究表明公式1—2可以给出r_m的精确估计值,公式2的估计效果更好。这种方法不要求组建生殖力表。该方法是否适用于其它寄生物种群或其它生物类群有待进一步研究。     

Assessment of Sublethal Effects of Clofentezine on Life-table Parameters in Hawthorn Spider Mite (Tetranychus viennensis)

A leaf disc bioassay was employed in the laboratory to assess the population responses of Tetranychus viennensis Zacher to clofentezine at three concentrations (LC₁₀, LC₂₅ and LC₅₀) in three successive generations. Life-table parameters were calculated in each acaricide exposure regime and compared by jackknife procedures. Clofentezine treatments in the juvenile stages significantly delayed development of the mites, and this delay increased with increasing dose but decreased as the mites developed. Exposure to clofentezine reduced the net reproduction rate (R₀) in a concentration-dependent manner. The LC₅₀ treatment had strong effects on the hatchability of eggs produced by surviving females. Hatch rate dropped from 0.83 in the untreated control to 0.51 in the third generation. When exposed to constant concentrations of clofentezine in three successive generations, the intrinsic rate of increase and R₀ of the mites decreased significantly, but they increased significantly when exposed to decreasing concentrations. Unexposed offspring of the exposed mother also displayed increases in R₀ and the jackknife procedures indicated no significant differences in R₀ between LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ offspring and their mothers vs. the control, while R₀ in unexposed LC₅₀ offspring was significantly higher than their mother’s, but lower than that in the control. These changing patterns of r_m reveal that acaricide effects at the population level strongly depend on the life-history characteristics of T. viennensis and the chemical mode of action.     

Deep-sea fishes in Canada’s Atlantic: population declines and predicted recovery times

Because of their slow growth rates, late maturity, low fecundity and long potential lifespans, deep-sea fishes are vulnerable to and theoretically slow to recover from overexploitation and bycatch. As industrial fishing moved into the deep sea, population declines were predicted and five species were shown to meet The World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria for endangered species in Atlantic Canadian waters and two other deep-living species were listed as threatened by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. We used data from scientific surveys to determine population trends in a 17-year time series for an additional 32 deep-sea fishes from the same geographic region. Eight species exhibited significant population declines, five increased, two were data deficient, and 17 showed no significant trends. Thus approximately 38% of the deep-sea bottom-living fishes in that well-investigated region could be at-risk, but definitive assignment to an IUCN category for most species is hampered by a lack of basic biological information, especially species specific generation times. Lack of biological information also limits efforts to determine possible recovery times, especially with respect to calculating intrinsic rates of population growth (r). For two Atlantic grenadiers (where r could be estimated using life-history parameters and standard life table techniques), the time to recovery with no fishing mortality could range from over a decade to over a century. This broad range results from the general uncertainty on life-history characteristics of these deep-sea species. Given the documented declines, the lack of basic data on life-history parameters, and the conservative assumption that recovery rates are likely to be prolonged, we argue that it is imperative to conduct additional studies pertaining to life history characteristics of deep-sea fishes and implement conservation measures in the deep sea immediately.     

rm及与其有关参数的评释

种群自然内禀增长率r_m和种群增长力r_c是两个描述种群增长的综合指标,但目前对于这两个参数在概念及使用上存在着一些混乱.本文就r_m和r_c及与其有关参数的含意、使用范围、各种计算公式的优劣以及它们之间的关系进行了详细的评述,并提出了一些新的见解.     

r_m及与其有关参数的评释

种群自然内禀增长率r_m和种群增长力r_c是两个描述种群增长的综合指标,但目前对于这两个参数在概念及使用上存在着一些混乱。本文就r_m和r_c及与其有关参数的含意、使用范围、各种计算公式的优劣以及它们之间的关系进行了详细的评述,并提出了一些新的见解。     

一种确定rm的简单方法的验证与分析

本文对一种测定蚜虫和螨的内禀增长率(rm)的简单方法进行了验证与分析。这种方法不要求详细的生殖力表资料,计算rm的公式如下:rm=0.74 ln(Md)/d。式中,d表示生殖前期,即从出生到第一次生殖之间的天数;Md表示在2d期间每个雌虫繁殖的平均雌性后代数。这种方法是Wyatt和White提出的。我们的研究表明:当Md小于1,这种方法不宜采用;当Md大于1和2d期间的繁殖贡献接近或大于70％时,可以用这种方法计算rm;不过,所有蚜虫和螨种群在2d期间对rm的繁殖贡献是否能够达到70％或70％以上还有待研究。研究繁殖分布特征对于这种简单方法的实际应用有重要意义。     

Effect of leaf nitrogen content of tomato plants on preference and performance of a leafmining fly

Summary In a study on intraspecific host plant acceptability, Liriomyza trifolii females that had previously been exposed to plants of high nitrogen content, showed a feeding and oviposition preference for plants of high nitrogen (Minkenberg and Fredrix 1989). Females showed a preference to feed and oviposit on the high middle leaves within plants. It was hypothesized that the preference between plants was related to a better performance of females and offspring on high nitrogen plants compared to low nitrogen plants. Different nitrogen dosages were applied to tomato plants, resulting in plants containing 3.4, 3.9, 4.6 or 4.9% leaf nitrogen. L. trifolii females responded to increased leaf nitrogen with significantly increased feeding and fecundity, longer oviposition periods, and higher feeding and oviposition rates. Their offspring on the same plants showed reduced developmental time, lower mortality and increased pupal size. Consequently, intrinsic rate of increase was positively linearly related to leaf nitrogen. Size of L. trifolii females appeared to be independent of fecundity, longevity and developmental time. Pupal length of males increased with increasing developmental time. These results indicate that L. trifolii is well adapted in its intraspecific host plant selection, because the ability to distinguish between plants with differences in leaf nitrogen content will directly lead to an increase in their fecundity, longevity and overall fitness. The implications of leaf nitrogen as a significant factor in the behavior and population dynamics of L. trifolii are discussed.