Cell lineage in plant development.

Lineage analyses in several plant species demonstrate that meristematic cells proliferate in a predictable manner to form the differentiated tissues of the mature shoot system. These studies also demonstrate, however, that the fates of meristematic cells are not absolutely dependent on their lineage. This variability indicates that interactions between cells must play a role in morphogenesis.     

Cytological detection of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase

An attempt was made to demonstrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cytologically. In vitro incorporation from the nucleotide, [³H]NAD was detected in frozen sections of onion embryo and meristematic tissue by autoradiography. In meristematic tissue, there was a correlation between the number of cells displaying intensein vitro incorporation from [³H]NAD and cytological DNA polymerase activity. Performed enzymes effecting a distinct incorporation from [³H]NAd were localized in the nuclei of all tissues of the ungerminated seed except the endosperm. Evidence for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase has been obtained for the first time from higher plant cells and localized cytologically.     

Cytohistological Studies on the Tissue Culture of Olea europaea L. II. Histogenesis and Organogenesis

After the calli derived from Olea europaea stem tissue have been introduced to the subculture on the solid medium for differentiation, a periderm was partially formed from the wound cambium in the outer region of the callus. At the same time, some scattered tracheids and vascular bundles were differentiated in the inside of the callus. These vascular bundles did not form a vascular system and also had no rela- tion to the organogenesis. In addition, there were some embryonic cells induced at random from parenchymatous cells in the callus, and these embryonic cells were characterized as the meristematic cells. Two types of meristematic tissues, namely, meristematic cellular mass and meristematic nodule, were produced by different types of mitotic division respectively. The meristematic nodules formed a growth center without any differentiation, but later, they were differentiated tracheids in the inner surrounded by the cambium-like cells. With monopolarity the root primordia were produced from this type of nodules. But the adventitious buds were derived from the meristematic cellular masses. Therefore, realize that the process of differentiation and dedifferentiation all occurs in the callus tissue. The structural differences among the nodules with tracheids, and the origin of buds and root primordia are also briefly discussed.     

建兰类原球茎体生长、发育过程中扫描电镜观察

建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)类原球茎体(PLB)培养在含3％蔗糖和不含蔗糖的1/2 MS_0培养基中生长,比较连续光照、8h光照和黑暗条件下原球茎生长发育的动态进程。扫描电镜观察表明:原球茎表面布满密集的发育程度不同的分生区,随继代培养进程,形成分株更多的丛生形原球茎,连续光照促进分生区的增殖,黑暗不利于分生区的发育,在无糖源培养基中生长的PLB,分生区的细胞伸长,发育呈管状结构,这种结构丧失分生能力。在原球茎顶端分化叶原基,并可分化类似气孔的保卫细胞。     

Immunolocalization of beta-D-glucans,pectins, and arabinogalactan-proteins during intrusive growth and elongation of nonarticulated laticifers in Asclepias speciosa Torr

Nonarticulated laticifers are latex-containing cells that elongate indefinitely and grow intrusively between the walls of meristematic cells. To identify biochemical mechanisms involved in the growth of nonarticulated laticifers, we have analyzed the distribution of various polysaccharides and proteoglycans in walls of meristematic cells in contact with laticifers, nonadjacent to laticifers, and in laticifer walls. In the shoot apex of Asclepias speciosa, the levels of callose and a (1-->4)-beta-galactan epitope are lower in meristematic walls in contact with laticifers than in nonadjacent walls. In contrast, we did not detect a decline in xyloglucan, homogalacturonan, and arabinogalactan-protein epitopes upon contact of meristematic cells with laticifers. Laticifer elongation is also associated with the development of a homogalacturonan-rich middle lamella between laticifers and their neighboring cells. Furthermore, laticifers lay down walls that differ from those of their surrounding cells. This is particularly evident for epitopes in rhamnogalacturonan I. A (1-->5)-alpha-arabinan epitope in this pectin is more abundant in laticifers than meristematic cells, while the opposite is observed for a (1-->4)-beta-galactan epitope. Also, different cell wall components exhibit distinct distribution patterns within laticifer walls. The (1-->5)-alpha-arabinan epitope is distributed throughout the laticifer walls while certain homogalacturonan and arabinogalactan-protein epitopes are preferentially located in particular regions of laticifer walls. Taken together, our results indicate that laticifer penetration causes changes in the walls of meristematic cells and that there are differences in wall composition within laticifer walls and between laticifers and their surrounding cells.     

Direct Measurement of the G1 Phase In Meristematic Cells At Two Different Temperatures

Abstract. The duration of the G₁ period in meristematic cells has been measured directly at two different temperatures by using a synchronous cell population 'labelled' as binucleate by treatment with caffeine. By studying the uptake of a radioactive DNA-precursor, it proved possible to determine the duration of the G₁ period in relation to the total interphase duration, at two temperatures tested, and to demonstrate that the relationship remained constant.     

Immunolcocalization of actin in intact and DNA—and histone—depleted nuclei and chromosomes of allium cepa

The presence of actin in eukaryotic nuclei and chromosomes,and especially in higher plant nuclei and chromosomes,has not been well established.We detected actin in meristematic cells of Allium cepa with indirect immunofluorescence technique and observed bright fluorescence in the intact nuclei and chromosomes,indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of the higher plant.We labeld sections of the meristematic cells of A.cepa with immunogold technique,gold parti cles were concentrated in condensed chromatin and nucleoli,confirming the results of the immunofluoresence observations.We traeated the nuclei and chromosomes of A.cepa with DNase I and 2M NaCl and obtained DNA-and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes.Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA-and histonedepleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibodies.These results demonstrate that the anti-actin antibodies.These results demonstrate that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes,but also in DNA-and histone-depleted nuclei and chrmosomes of the plant.In addition,our immuno-fluorescence tests indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of A.cepa.     

Development of the intercalary meristem in Chorda filum (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) and other primitive Laminariales

Development of the intercalary meristem in the terete laminarialean species Chorda filum (L.) Stackhouse was studied in culture using light and transmission electron microscopy as well as by tracing elongation and cell divisions in various parts of the sporophyte. Growth of C. filum sporophytes could be classified into three developmental stages: (i) diffuse growth; (ii) basal meristematic growth; and (iii) intercalary meristematic growth. In the diffuse growth stage, elongation and cell division frequency were almost the same in each cell. In the basal meristematic growth stage, elongation and division of cells became localized in the tissues derived from the meristematic initial cell. Cells of the basal meristematic region contained smaller chloroplasts and many small opaque vesicles. In the intercalary meristematic growth stage, there was further elongation and differentiation of cells originating from the meristematic region, and this became more active in adjacent regions below the meristem than in regions above the meristem, causing the relative position of the intercalary meristem to shift towards the tip of the sporophyte. Meristematic cells of C. filum contained well-developed Golgi vesicles around the nucleus (perinuclear Golgi), many secretion vesicles and many small disk-shaped chloroplasts whose thylakoids were not well developed. Sporophytes of three other terete members of Laminariales, Chorda tomentosa Lyngbye, Pseudochorda nagaii (Tokida) Kawai et Kurogi, and Pseudochorda gracilis Kawai et Nabata, show diffuse growth and basal meristematic growth, but no intercalary meristematic growth. This suggests that the common ancestor of the Pseudochordaceae and Chordaceae had basal meristematic growth, and intercalary meristematic growth evolved more recently in C. filum.     

The Influence of Colchicine on Initiation and Early Development of Adventitious Roots

The first sign of adventitious root formation in the petiole of the primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris after treatment with IAA was the dedifferentiation of mature parenchyma cells next to strands of sieve elements and companion cells. Colchicine strongly inhibited this dedifferentiation. Treatment with colchicine 3 days after treatment with IAA, caused the groups of meristematic cells formed to grow by cell enlargement only. Groups of more than about 30 meristematic cells changed into recognizable root primordia during this growth. Groups with a smaller number of meristematic cells extended also in size but did not form a recognizable root primordium.     

根尖分生组织细胞核大小:一个可能用于植物入侵性评估的新指标(英文)

植物的入侵性与DNA C-值之间存在统计学上的负相关关系。在这种关系中,细胞和细胞核大小可能起关键作用,因此我们推测分生组织细胞核大小在评估植物或至少某些分类群的入侵性方面有潜在的应用价值。本研究以豌豆属(Vicia)5种入侵能力不同的植物为材料,观察了它们的分生组织染色体、细胞核和细胞大小以及有丝分裂速率,同时测定了种子产量、单位种子干重产生的幼苗生物量(近似于幼苗相对生长速率)和生活史的长短。结果显示根尖分生区细胞核较小的植物细胞较小,细胞分裂速率快,单位种子干重产生的幼苗生物量高,种子小而数量多,生活史短。这些结果表明5种豌豆属植物中分生组织细胞核较小的倾向于具有较高的入侵性,其原因主要是:(1)能够产生小而多的种子;(2)具有较高的有丝分裂速率、相对较快的幼苗生长速率和短的生活史。分生组织细胞核大小影响植物入侵性与DNA C-值的作用是一致的,在植物入侵性评估模型中,分生组织细胞核大小在评估植物入侵性方面可能具有潜在的应用价值,而且其测定方便、费用低廉。但是,这一指标的应用范围和条件需要进一步筛选。     

扁蓿豆冷诱导基因差异表达分析

以直立型扁蓿豆幼苗为试验材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析扁蓿豆在低温胁迫诱导下的基因表达差异.结果显示,利用筛选的64对引物组合,对0℃低温处理3～5叶期扁蓿豆幼苗的叶片cDNA进行扩增,共获得549条差异表达的转录衍生片段(TDFs).选取上调表达较好的43条片段进行克隆、测序、Blastx比对和功能分析,其中32个TDFs的蛋白序列与基础代谢、信号转导、转录因子、防御等功能有关,11个TDFs为假设蛋白、未知蛋白或没有找到一致序列.利用荧光定量PCR对3种不同上调表达差异片段进行验证,结果可从数值上更准确地显示差异片段在低温胁迫过程中的相对表达量.     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物根尖分生区和根冠细胞的侵染*

一般说来,从枝菌根（ＡＭ）真菌大多数是从植物根系根毛区（成熟区）侵入和扩展的,在显微镜下往往看不到根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞被ＡＭ真菌侵染的特征。这就很容易给人们造成一种假象,似乎ＡＭ真菌不能侵染根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞,即它们对ＡＭ真菌是免疫的。然而笔者多次于显微镜下看到ＡＭ真菌侵染根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞,并形成典型的泡囊、丛枝、菌丝等结构。这一现象导致作者在温室盆栽和大田条件下研究了玫瑰红巨孢囊霉（ Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ　ｒｏｓｅａ Ｎｉｃｏｌ　＆ Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ）、珠状巨孢囊霉（Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ　ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ　Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ　＆　Ｈａｌｌ）、根内球囊霉（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｏｍｔｒａｒａｄｉｃｅｓ　ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ　＆　Ｓｍｉｔｈ、摩西球囊霉（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ （Ｎｉｃｏｌ　＆ Ｇｅｒｄ．） Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ）、地表球囊霉（ Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ（ Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｃｈ）和弯丝硬囊霉（ Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ　ｓｉｎｕｏｓａ　Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆ Ｂａｋｈｉ）对棉花（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ　ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ　Ｌ．）、烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ　 ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）和白     

The effect of lead on Allium cepa L.

The effect of lead on Allium cepa L. at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ppm were studied. Analysis focused on root growth, frequency of mitosis in a meristematic zone, and chromosomal aberrations. It was observed that lead reduces root growth and the frequency of mitotic cells in meristematic zones, and increases the frequency of aberrant cells. The intensity of the effects is a function of lead concentration.     

低氧对小麦根端分生细胞核仁结构和功能的影响

为了探讨低氧对小麦根端分生细胞核仁结构和功能的影响,本实验以普通小麦为材料,用低氧水处理其根尖,按常规细胞制片、银染、电镜观察、间接免疫荧光染色和半定量PCR分析等手段开展研究.观察发现:(1)低氧水处理后小麦核仁结构发生膨胀、突出、进而凝集、内部出现空泡、细微结构消失、核仁通道结构异常、甚至解体等一系列变异现象.(2)间接免疫荧光染色技术观察看到,低氧水处理后小麦核仁内的核磷蛋白B23向核质甚至胞质扩散.(3)半定量PCR分析显示,低氧处理后rRNA基因的表达量较对照明显降低,而且C23的表达信号几乎检测不到,表明核糖体RNA和核仁蛋白C23基因的表达均显著下调,低氧严重抑制它们的转录.研究证明,低氧除了对小麦根端分生细胞核仁结构有破坏作用外,还严重抑制核仁的功能.     

Entry of a basic protein, lysozyme, through the region of elongation in roots of Iasione montana

Ultrastructural effects of a basic protein, lysozyme, on rootcells of Iasione montana have been related to cellular mechanismsof root growth inhibition. Lysozyme is found to disrupt cellwalls and to disintegrate cellular membranes of elongating cells,but not membranes of mature and meristematic cells. Lysozymeseems to penetrate roots only in the region of elongation anddoes not affect meristematic cells; meristematic cells of Iasionemontana possess very thick peripheral cell walls covered byan electronopaque layer. As the cells elongate, primary cellwalls become thinner, the microfibrillar network becomes looserand the dense layer breaks off. Elongating cells are more vulnerableto penetration by lysozyme; however, as the cells mature, thereis a barrier to lysozyme formed that consists of secondary cellwalls; these appear to be a tightly arranged network of macromolecules. ¹ Present address: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, U.S.A. (Received November 29, 1974; )     

Ultrastructure of Early Secondary Embryogenesis by Multicellular and Unicellular Pathways in Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.)

Early cellular events during secondary embryogenesis were studiedin a cork oak recurrent embryogenic system in which embryosarise either in a multicellular budding pathway from a compactmass of proliferation or from isolated single cells in friablecallus. The compact mass of proliferation originated from theepidermal cells at the hypocotyl whose growth and convolutionwas characterized by a decrease in the nucleus/cytoplasm ratioand a marked increase in storage products. The transition fromthe compact mass to meristematic primordia occurred at the peripheryand was accompanied by cell dedifferentiation and a drasticreduction of storage products. Meristematic primordia evolvedto globular embryos by the organization of a protodermis andtwo internal centres. Microscope analysis of friable callusshowed an hypothetical sequence from single cells to aggregatesof a few cells, meristematic cell clusters and globular embryos.Single cells showed typical features of embryogenic cells suchas rich cytoplasm and a large number of starch grains and lipidbodies. A progressive cell dedifferentiation and a drastic reductionof storage products was observed when aggregates of a few cellsand meristematic cell clusters were compared. Progressive bipolarizationin large meristematic cell clusters initiated globular embryoformation. The comparison of both embryogenic pathways at theultrastructural level showed that subcellular changes followa similar sequential pattern, especially with regard to thestorage products. The possible role of plastid extrusions andmultivesicular bodies in the changing pattern of starch metabolismduring embryogenesis is discussed. Copyright 2001 Annals ofBotany Company Quercus suber L, cork oak, somatic embryogenesis, multicellular budding, friable callus, ultrastructural studies     

Expression in different populations of cells of the root meristem is controlled by different domains of the rolB promoter

Selective gene expression in different populations of cells of the root apex of transgenic tobacco could be evidenced by means of GUS constructs with deletions of the rolB promoter and fusions with the CaMV 35S minimal promoter. Five regulatory regions have been broadly identified in the rolB 5 non-coding region. The presence of all five domains (A to E) directs gene expression in the root cap, in the protoderm and in the different tissues within the root meristematic region: the dermatocalyptrogen, the cortex and the vascular cylinder. Deletion of domain A (–623 to –471) selectively suppresses expression in non-meristematic cells, i.e. the root cap and the protoderm. Deletion of either domain B (–341 to –306) or E (80 bp around the TATA box) causes loss of expression in all cells of the root apex: constructs C+D+E, B+C+D, B+C are inactive. Domain D (70 bp around the CAAT box) is necessary for gene expression in the dermatogen and in meristematic cells of the cortex but not in the innermost meristematic layer: construct B+C+E is active only in vascular meristematic cells. Domain C (–216 to –158) seems to have a double regulatory role as construct B+E is no longer expressed in meristematic cells of the vascular cylinder but is very active in the protoderm. Constructs allowing gene expression in meristematic cells are also inducible by auxin in leaf protoplasts, while activation of the regulatory elements necessary for gene expression in the non-meristematic cells of the root apex do not seem to depend upon the hormone. The connection between auxin induction and meristematic expression is discussed.     

Immunocytolocalization of tryptophan decarboxylase in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots

We investigated the intracellular distribution of tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) (EC 4.1.1.28) in Catharanthus roseus hairy roots using immunofluorescence and immunogold techniques. TDC was detected by immunofluorescence localization in the cytosol and in the apoplastic region of the meristematic cells of the roots, with a slight enrichment in the epidermal cells of the root cap and in the meristematic region. In the enlargement zone, TDC was localized only in the first three layers of the cortex. In the maturation zone, the enzyme was not present. Immunogold studies confirmed that the enzyme was localized in the cytosol of the meristematic region, and intense gold labeling was found in the apoplastic zone. A protein fraction isolated from the apoplastic zone and assayed for TDC activity showed high activity.     

Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Heavy Metals in Vicia Faba

The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) by chloride and nitrate salts of nickel, cobalt, cadmium and zinc were studied in meristematic root cells of Vicia faba. Salts of nickel, cobalt and cadmium significantly increased the frequency of SCE, whereas chloride and nitrate salts of zinc did not increase the frequency of SCE significantly above the spontaneous level. The reported data demonstrate that the induction of SCE in Vicia faba may represent a valuable bioindicator for detecting the cytogenetic damage of heavy metals.