花蜜微生物及其生态功能研究进展

花蜜是虫媒植物提供给传粉者最有效的报酬,对花蜜特征介导的植物-传粉者相互关系的研究已成为当今传粉生物学研究中最活跃的领域之一。开花植物分泌的原始花蜜是无菌的,不过一些微生物可经由空气传播至花蜜或(和)通过与传粉者的喙接触而聚集于花蜜中,并利用花蜜中的营养物质进行快速繁殖。花蜜的高渗透压环境导致花蜜中微生物(酵母菌,细菌)的物种多样性相对较低。此外,某些生物(传粉者组成,微生物间的竞争)与非生物因素(渗透压,糖组成,次生代谢物质,抗菌化合物,可利用氮源,温度,pH)也可影响花蜜中微生物群落的形成。花蜜中微生物的代谢活动能够改变花蜜物理(温度,粘度)与化学(pH,H_2O_2含量,糖组成和浓度,氨基酸组分和浓度,以及气味)特性,进而影响传粉者的访花行为与植物的繁殖适合度。因而,对花蜜中微生物及其生态功能的研究近年来颇受传粉生物学家的关注。在总结已发表研究成果的基础上,提出今后的研究有必要结合分子生物学与化学分析技术,以进一步揭示影响花蜜中微生物群落的潜在因素的作用机制,同时对花蜜微生物改变花蜜的物理、化学特性及植物-传粉者之间相互作用的可能原因进行更详尽的阐释,特别是对花蜜微生物在生态系统中所发挥的生态功能进行进一步的研究与认识。     

花蜜微生物与传粉者的相互作用：现状与展望

传粉者是花蜜微生物的重要传播载体,驱动了花蜜微生物群落结构和功能的变化。微生物在花蜜中定殖后,能够改变花蜜质量和花信号,间接影响传粉者觅食决策和适合度,也能通过直接作用影响传粉者健康。本文总结了传粉者对花蜜微生物群落结构和功能的影响,以及花蜜微生物对传粉者觅食行为和适合度的改变,最后阐述了相关领域的未来研究方向,旨在为花蜜微生物和传粉者资源的保护和利用提供参考资料。     

大和切叶蜂对其蜜源植物披针叶黄华的盗蜜行为

【目的】调查和观测内蒙古毛乌素沙地大和切叶蜂Megachile (Xanthosaurus) japonica Alfken对其蜜源植物披针叶黄华Thermopsis lupinoides (L.)的盗蜜行为。【方法】在披针叶黄华花期内, 设置样方观测披针叶黄华的主要访花昆虫。采用目测, 拍照等方法对大和切叶蜂盗蜜行为进行观测, 记录和统计花被盗蜜后留下的盗蜜孔的数量和在花上的位置。【结果】大和切叶蜂在披针叶黄华传粉蜂中数量上占有绝对的优势。作为初级盗蜜者时, 用上颚在花基部切割出一个纵向裂口, 将口器伸入孔内吸取花蜜。作为次级盗蜜者时, 利用已有的孔洞来吸蜜。在盗蜜时没有表现出寻找已经存在的盗蜜孔来吸蜜的现象, 同时其个体在盗蜜时表现出“偏好”花基部一侧的行为。在13个样地, 已开放花朵被盗蜜率最低为95.4%, 最高达到100%, 而未开放花朵的被盗蜜率最高则达到64.7%。【结论】在毛乌素沙地大和切叶蜂既是披针叶黄华的主要传粉者, 也是其初级盗蜜者和次级盗蜜者。     

Instructions for Authors

Efficient shoot regeneration of Vanda coerulea was achieved using thin shoot tip sections and thidiazuron. Protocorm-like bodies or proliferating shoot buds was observed when thin shoot tip sections were cultured on Vacin and Went's (VW) (1949) basal medium supplemented with 11.35 µM thidiazuron. The highest percentage of protocorm-like bodies (95%) survived and ultimately produced healthy shoots with 2 – 3 leaves when subjected to a 4 week thidiazuron treatment. A culture period longer than 8 weeks with thidiazuron resulted in the formation of fasciated or distorted shoots. Shoots produced roots when cultured on half strength VW basal medium supplemented with 11.42 µM IAA. The well rooted shoots were transferred to pots containing charcoal chips, coconut husk and broken tiles (2:2:1) and a 98% survival rate was achieved.     

熊蜂盗蜜的花色偏好及对长距忍冬繁殖适合度的影响

植物开花过程中花色的变化作为一种指示信号会引导传粉者偏好访问变色前的花, 那么花色的变化能否影响昆虫盗蜜, 目前还不清楚。为了探究盗蜜者是否偏好变色前的花以及盗蜜对植物繁殖适合度的作用, 我们以忍冬属长距忍冬(Lonicera calcarata)为研究对象, 其花期3天, 花色从白变为黄, 再变为橘红, 野外记录访花昆虫的访问行为, 计算合法访问和盗蜜的频率; 统计不同居群3种颜色花的盗蜜率, 测量它们正常和盗蜜花朵的形态特征, 测量开花中正常和盗蜜花朵的花蜜现存量和糖浓度, 统计正常和盗蜜的花苞中花粉和胚珠总数, 进行不同人工授粉处理统计结实率。长距忍冬的访花者有尺蛾、蝶和熊蜂, 其中熊蜂可以合法地访花和对不同颜色的花盗蜜, 总的盗蜜频率高于合法访花频率; 橘红色和黄色花的盗蜜率、盗洞大小显著高于白色花; 盗蜜花的形态特征(尤其是唇瓣和花药)整体上小于正常花, 盗蜜减少单花的花蜜分泌量, 但不影响其糖浓度; 盗蜜不影响花苞中的花粉总数、胚珠数和植株的结实率。该研究表明盗蜜者熊蜂没有偏好访问变色前的花, 盗蜜会减少花蜜分泌量, 没有直接显著影响植物的雌雄适合度。植物花色变化对访花昆虫行为的影响需要更深入和持续的研究。     

Effects of nectar robbing on pollinator behavior and plant reproductive success of Pitcairnia angustifolia (Bromeliaceae)

Nectar robbers may have direct and indirect effects on plant reproductive success but the presence of nectar robbing is not proof of negative fitness effects. We combined census data and field experiments to disentangle the complex effects of nectar robbing on nectar production rates, pollinator behavior, pollen export, and female reproductive success of Pitcairnia angustifolia. Under natural conditions flowers were visited by four different animal species including a robber‐like pollinator and a secondary robber. Natural levels of nectar robbing ranged from 40 to 100%. Natural variation in nectar robbing was not associated with fruit set in any year whereas seed set was weakly positively associated for 1 year only. Artificial nectar robbing did not increase nectar production or concentration, did not affect the behavior of long‐billed hummingbirds, and when faced with artificially robbed flowers, these visitors behaved as secondary nectar robbers. The number of stigmas within a patch that received pollen dye analogs and the average distance traveled by these analogs were not significantly different between robbing treatments (robbed flowers versus unrobbed flowers), but the maximum distance traveled by these pollen analogs was higher when nectar robbing was not prevented. Overall, the proportion of robbed flowers on an inflorescence had a neutral effect to a weak positive effect on the reproduction of individual plants (i.e. positive association between nectar robbing and fruit set in 2002) even when it clearly changed the behavior of its most efficient pollinator potentially increasing the frequency of nectar robbing within a plant.     

Rewardlessness in orchids: how frequent and how rewardless?

About one‐third of orchid species are thought to offer no floral reward and therefore attract pollinators through deception. Statements of this idea are common in the botanical literature, but the empirical basis of the estimate is rarely mentioned. We traced citation pathways for the one‐third estimate in a sample of the literature and found that the paths lead to empirical foundations that are surprisingly narrow. Moreover, recent measurements have detected minute quantities of sugar available to insect visitors in some orchids thought to be rewardless, raising the possibility of a pollination strategy that is largely deceitful but different to absolute rewardlessness. The orchids are a well‐studied group and there is no doubt that rewardlessness is common in the family. However, greater empirical effort is needed to verify rewardlessness in orchids and to explore geographic and environmental variation in the proportion of rewardless species.     

Pollinator limitaton in a deceptive orchid, Pogonia japonica, on a floating peat mat

Deceptive orchid species that offer no floral rewards to pollinators often experience pollinator limitation because they. The breeding system and fruit set were investigated in order to examine pollinator limitation for a population of a deceptive orchid, Pogonia japonica , on a floating peat mat in Mizorogaike Pond, western Japan. Fruit sets for outcross-pollinated, self-pollinated and pollinator-excluded flowers were 75%, 80%, and 0%, respectively. Thus, this species was self-compatible but neither autogamous nor apogamous. The fruit set for open-pollinated flowers was 22.9% and 17.4% in 1994 and 1995, suggesting that pollinator limitation did occur in the field. Larger flowers were more likely to develop into fruit than smaller ones in open pollination (36% vs 8%). Thus, flower size seems to affect fruiting of this species. No effective visits by major pollinators such as bees, which could carry pollinia, were observed during 16.5 h of observation during daytime. Instead, thrips were often found moving on gynostemium or pollinia and circumstantial evidence that suggests thrips may partly transfer pollen in pieces out of a granular pollinium of P. japonica was obtained. Pogonia japonica should come to use thrips as a pollinator to supplement low fruit set under limited flower visitation by major pollinators.     

栽培细叶百合的传粉生态

对栽培的细叶百合进行传粉生态学的初步观察结果显示：细叶百合2:30～3:00开始开花,5:30～7:00完全开放;单花开放时间3～4 d,群体花期为12 d。花蜜分泌在开花当日,分泌高峰在9:00～11:00,花蜜分泌与昆虫访花谐调一致。花蜜成分主要为葡萄糖、阿拉伯糖和β－D吡喃果糖,花朵挥发物的成分是软脂酸、软脂酸甲酯、肉豆蔻酸、月桂酸、3－叔戊基戊酮、十三烷和1－甲基,2异丙烯基环丁基乙醇。访花昆虫主要是蝶类、蜂类和蝇类;传粉昆虫为绿豹蛱蝶、大红蛱蝶、绢粉蝶及单齿切叶蜂、小齿淡脉隧蜂,其中小齿淡脉隧蜂的传粉活动最为活跃。晴天时小齿淡脉隧蜂访花频率的日变化与光照的日变化呈极显著的正相关,与温度的日变化呈显著的正相关,与湿度的日变化呈显著的负相关;阴天时与空气温度相关极显著,与空气湿度相关显著。细叶百合以异花虫媒传粉为主,部分自交可育。     

两种生境对四川黄龙沟少花鹤顶兰有性繁殖成功的影响

四川黄龙沟森林和钙化滩流地两种生境中分布着大量的少花鹤顶兰,而且生长在这两种生境中的少花鹤顶兰有性繁殖成功存在着差异,目前尚不清楚这种差异是否是由生境差异所致,及其影响有性繁殖成功的机制。通过对黄龙沟少花鹤顶兰两种生境主要环境因子的调查和两种生境中的花部特征和传粉情况的测量,结果表明森林生境中林木盖度、土壤厚度、土壤含水量、土壤有机质、土壤全氮以及空气相对湿度比钙化滩流地中的高,而灌木盖度、草本盖度、苔藓盖度、空气温度、相对光照强度、土壤温度、全钙以及pH则是钙化滩流地中更高。而两种生境中少花鹤顶兰的形态特征和有性繁殖成功之间也存在明显的差异。在森林生境中的个体与钙化滩流地中的个体相比,最大叶长和最大叶宽更大,花朵数更多,距长也更长,单花和花序寿命更长。但花粉移走率和结实率却是钙化滩流地中的更高。两种生境中温度和光照的差异可能是导致两种生境中少花鹤顶兰花粉移走率和结实率差异的重要原因。