抗氧化剂和6—BA对根系渗透胁迫的玉米叶片光合膜特性的影响

聚乙二醇溶液处理玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ｅｙｓ Ｌ．）幼苗根系,引起叶片电解质渗漏,丙二醛含量增加,叶绿素降解,水分耗失加快,光合速率、光合电子传递活性减少和暗呼吸速率增高。叶面喷施６－苄基氨基嘌呤及２,６－二丁基甲酚、没食子酸丙酯和抗坏血酸等抗氧化剂,可缓解渗透胁迫引起的膜损伤,具有一定的保护作用。     

玉米对渗透胁迫的反应和生理适应

利用不同渗透势的培养液模拟土壤干旱条件,研究了玉米杂交种“中单2号”在此条件下的生长和生理的变化。实验表明,各指标对于渗透胁迫的变化敏感性顺序为叶片延伸速率、叶水势、脯氨酸含量>净光合速率>相对透性。玉米幼苗在渗透胁迫下具有一定的生理适应能力,表现在一定的渗透胁迫范围内随胁迫时间的延长,生长、生理变化有趋于缓和或恢复的趋势。     

Comparative Studies of Leaf Tissue and Isolated Mesophyll Protoplasts: II. ION RELATIONS

Freshly isolated tobacco mesophyll protoplasts had contentsof K^$, Cl^– and Na^$ slightly higher (on a cell basis) thanthe original leaf tissue, and had a high K^$/Na^$ ratio similarto that of the leaf tissue. Influxes of these ions into theprotoplasts were of similar magnitudes to the correspondingfluxes in leaf tissue when compared on the basis of the respectiveplasmalemma surface areas. In both systems the K^$ influx wasstrongly inhibited by CN^– and by DNP. These results suggestthat the ion relations of the freshly isolated mesophyll protoplastswere similar to those of the original leaf tissue and that isolatedmesophyll protoplasts should be a useful system for the studyof ion transport processes in leaf cells.     

Comparative Studies of Leaf Tissue 3Antirrhinum majus L: II. ION RELATIONS

The ion relations of isolated mesophyll cells from Antirrhinumleaf tissue were compared with the corresponding propertiesof the freshly excised leaf tissue. Both systems showed activeinfluxes of K⁺ and Cl^–, and the permeabilities of thecells to K⁺ and to Cl^– were similar to those of the leaftissue. However, the contents of K⁺ and Cl^– in the isolatedcells were much less than in the leaf tissue, and the permeabilityof the cells to Na⁺ was much higher. The results suggested thatthe isolation procedure had some reversible effects on the transportproperties of the cells and also some irreversible effects.Comparison with other results suggested that the magnitudesof these effects depend on the species of plant being used.It was concluded that isolated mesophyll cells can be usefulin the study of the ion transport processes which occur in leaves,provided that certain precautions are taken in the isolationof the cells and in the conditions of their use.     

纳米硒对微囊藻毒素致小鼠肝氧化损伤的保护作用

The occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms has been re-ported in fresh water all over the world~[1].Cyanobacterial bloom in ponds and reservoirs are associated with adverse ef-fects on organisms.including acute toxicity in animals and cases of illness in humans when the toxins released into the aquatic environment after cyanobacterial cell lysis~[2].     

Comparative Studies of Leaf Tissue and Isolated Mesophyll Protoplasts: I. O2 EXCHANGE AND CO2 FIXATION

Rates of O₂ exchange and of C_O2 fixation by viable freshly isolatedmesophyll protoplasts were similar to those of the originalleaf tissue. Changes in pH and the addition of various uncouplersand inhibitors had similar effects on these processes in protoplastsand in leaf tissue. Prolonged incubation of the protoplastsand of the leaf tissue caused similar marked changes in theirrates of O₂ exchange. The results show that freshly isolatedmesophyll protoplasts should provide a suitable system for thequantitative study of many of the physiological and biochemicalprocesses of leaf cells.     

Real Time Studies of Carbon-11 Translocation in Moonflower: II. THE EFFECTS OF METABOLIC AND PHOTOSYNTHEIC ACTIVITY AND OF WATER STRESS

Naturally loaded carbon-11 was used to study in vivo the dynamicsof translocation. It was found that translocation displayedstrong short-term sensitivity to source chilling, source anoxia,disturbance of the osmotic balance of stem apoplast, and apexshading but that it seemed indifferent to metabolic inhibitorsand stem anoxia. Plant-wide water stress effected a long-termdisruption of translocation which was reversed only slowly whenthe stress was relieved. These experiments generally supporta mass flow theory, but indicate that there is a close couplingbetween translocation streams from different sources.     

Regulation of H Excretion : EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC SHOCK

Osmotic shock, a 15-minute plasmolysis followed by a 15-minute rehydration in the cold, is a nondestructive technique which inhibits fusicoccin-stimulated H⁺ excretion from oat mesophyll cells (Avena sativa L.). Osmotic shock also causes a loss of intracellular solutes and stimulates H⁺ uptake, but osmoregulation can still occur, and enhanced H⁺ uptake is observed only at low external pH. It is concluded that osmotic shock interferes directly with the excretion of H⁺ rather than affecting only H⁺ or counter ion uptake.     

盐分和水分胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４０ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－增加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％～８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％～９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约占ＣＯＰ的２％～５％。ＰＥＧ处理使有机溶质（氨基酸、糖、有机酸）含量明显增加,特别是氨基酸占ＣＯＰ的９％。不同处理的实测渗透势（ＭＯＰ）均小于ＣＯＰ,说明在这些条件下,还有其它的渗透剂参与盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节。结果还表明,盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节能力随外界盐浓度的增大而增加。     

水分胁迫和胁迫后复水对玉米叶片生长速率的影响

玉米叶片延伸速率(LER)对水分状况的变化很敏感。快速干旱处理,水分消耗迅速,LER从最大到零需5h,叶水势改变0.5～0.6 MPa,缓慢干旱处理,水分消耗较慢,LER从最大到零需20h,叶水势改变1 MPa。缓慢干旱植株叶片成熟部位的渗透势,在任何LER下,均比快速干旱叶片更负。LER为零时,快速干旱叶渗透势为-1.3 MPa,缓慢干旱为一1.6MPa左右。短时间水分胁迫后复水,LER迅速增加,有部分补偿前期胁迫减少的生长量能力;长时间水分胁迫后复水,LER在6 h内不可能恢复到正常水平。     

The Hypersensitive Reaction in Tobacco Leaf Tissue infiltrated with Pseudomonas pisi 4. Scanning Electron Microscope Studies on fractured Leaf Tissue

Leaves of tobacco infiltrated with Pseudomonas pisi were fractured at various times during the course of the hypersensitive reaction to expose cell surfaces within the tissue and mesophyll cell contents. Scanning electron microscopy of cross-fractured mesophyll cells did not reveal any gross change in internal structure during the reaction induction period (0—2 h), but breakdown of tonoplast and collapse of chloroplasts commenced at about 5 h, during the latent period. Death of the mesophyll cells was followed by condensation of cell contents, and pronounced stretching of cell walls, due to desiccation and shrinkage.Between 0—6 h after infiltration, bacteria were largely confined to cell junctions, frequently within droplets. With collapse of the host cells and release of cell fluid, numbers of bacteria increased considerably (many dividing cells), and there was a shift of bacterial distribution to the whole mesophyll cell surface. The progressive desiccation that occurred between 10—20 h prevented further bacterial increase, but numbers of bacteria remained stable. Death of bacteria commenced at about 15 h, and was accompanied by the formation of numerous surface protrusions, which detached and deposited over the whole mesophyll surface.     

Real Time Studies of Carbon- 11 Translocation in Moonflower: III. FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF A NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE, WATER STRESS, AND CHILLING; AND A QUALITATIVE THEORY OF STEM TRANSLOCATION

Translocation of naturally loaded carbon- 11 is studied in themoonflower Ipomoea alba L. and data are presented to show that:(i) source leaf export is momentarily inhibited by a suddenlyapplied water stress; (ii) pathway translocation appears toproceed by a MÜnch-like mechanism, but in a porous mediumrather than in an array of parallel, only slightly leaky pipes;and (iii) sink unloading seems to proceed normally in a nitrogenatmosphere. A qualitative model which incorporates these findingsis presented.     

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELF-EMF ENHANCED STRESS RESPONSE: NEW INSIGHTS AND NEW QUESTIONS

The effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on gene expression and early development has been investigated in two different transgenic animals, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, respectively. ELF-EMF enhanced biological reactions considerably in the presence of a second stressor (mild heat shock). In C. elegans, this effect could be demonstrated at the level of heat shock protein (hsp) gene expression by means of a lacZ reporter gene controlled by an hsp 16 or hsp 70 promoter. In Drosophila, the same experimental strategy led to ELF-EMF induced developmental defects, as well as to a considerable retardation of development. The findings are discussed with respect to possi- ble molecular mechanisms that might explain the observed synergistic ELF-EMF induced enhancement of the stress response. An experimental approach is suggested which may help to unravel the involved signal transduction pathways.     

THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : III. A UNIT OF MEASURE OF ACTIVITY FOR RADIUM EMANATION.

In this communication we have introduced a unit to express activity or power of a given preparation of radium emanation. We have named this unit the curie-power and defined it as the activity of 1 curie of radium emanation and its radioactive products in equilibrium with it. We suggest the introduction of this unit in order that we may make a more comprehensive statement of our experimental observation. In the radiochemical reaction effected by the radiations (beta and gamma) from radium emanation in which enzymes are inactivated the chemical change in a given system is a function of the product of two variables; namely, the average activity of the radium emanation, P_a, expressed in terms of the unit millicurie-power, and time, t, expressed in hours. This product has the dimensions of energy and is identical with W which is measured in terms of the energy unit, millicurie-power hours.