Binding studies with mutants of Zif268. Contribution of individual side chains to binding affinity and specificity in the Zif268 zinc finger-DNA complex.

The Zif268 zinc finger-DNA complex has served as a model system for understanding how Cys2His2 type zinc fingers recognize DNA. Structural studies of the Zif268-DNA complex revealed that residues at four positions in the alpha helix of each zinc finger play key roles in recognition, but there has been no information about the precise contributions of individual residues. Here we report the results of binding studies involving five mutants of Zif268 that have changes in the base-contacting residues of finger one. These studies let us evaluate the contributions that Arg18 (position -1 of the alpha helix), Asp20 (position 2), Glu21 (position 3), and Arg24 (position 6) make to the overall energy of DNA binding. Our results confirm the important role played by these arginines. By comparing the affinities of the wild type and mutant peptides for various sites, we also prove that Asp20 and Glu21 play important roles in determining binding site specificity.     

转录因子GATA-2在脊椎动物发育过程中的作用

GATA-2是对外胚层和中胚层发育至关重要的转录因子,它属于具有保守锌指结构的GATA转录因子家族.GATA家族包括6个成员:分别命名为GATA-1～GATA-6.最新研究表明,GATA-2不仅存在于胚胎器官,还对成体造血细胞系、神经系统、垂体和泌尿生殖系统中细胞的功能和维持都必不可少.本文旨在通过对GATA-2的功能研究进展进行综述,探讨GATA-2在生殖系统中的作用机制,以期更广泛地了解GATA-2基因在生物发育过程中的作用及对相关基因的调控机制,从而为攻克人类相关疾病提供理论依据.     

Rearrangement of side-chains in a Zif268 mutant highlights the complexities of zinc finger-DNA recognition.

Structural and biochemical studies of Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger proteins initially led several groups to propose a "recognition code" involving a simple set of rules relating key amino acid residues in the zinc finger protein to bases in its DNA site. One recent study from our group, involving geometric analysis of protein-DNA interactions, has discussed limitations of this idea and has shown how the spatial relationship between the polypeptide backbone and the DNA helps to determine what contacts are possible at any given position in a protein-DNA complex. Here we report a study of a zinc finger variant that highlights yet another source of complexity inherent in protein-DNA recognition. In particular, we find that mutations can cause key side-chains to rearrange at the protein-DNA interface without fundamental changes in the spatial relationship between the polypeptide backbone and the DNA. This is clear from a simple analysis of the binding site preferences and co-crystal structures for the Asp20-->Ala point mutant of Zif268. This point mutation in finger one changes the specificity of the protein from GCG TGG GCG to GCG TGG GC(G/T), and we have solved crystal structures of the D20A mutant bound to both types of sites. The structure of the D20A mutant bound to the GCG site reveals that contacts from key residues in the recognition helix are coupled in complex ways. The structure of the complex with the GCT site also shows an important new water molecule at the protein-DNA interface. These side-chain/side-chain interactions, and resultant changes in hydration at the interface, affect binding specificity in ways that cannot be predicted either from a simple recognition code or from analysis of spatial relationships at the protein-DNA interface. Accurate computer modeling of protein-DNA interfaces remains a challenging problem and will require systematic strategies for modeling side-chain rearrangements and change in hydration.     

Role of STAT3 Transcription Factor in Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma

Biochemistry (Moscow) - Bronchial asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease of airways. The studies of molecular and cellular mechanisms of bronchial asthma have established that a...     

Instrumental Learning in Neodecorticate Rabbits

ALTHOUGH subtotal neocortical lesions seem not to impair an animal's ability to acquire a new habit in classical (Pav-lovian) conditioning procedures^1,2, instrumental learning is retarded by this surgical, procedure in proportion to the mass of tissue removed^3–6. Little is known, however, about an animal's ability to benefit from formal training procedures if the entire neocortex is removed. Earlier experiments have shown that a decorticate can acquire simple salivary^7,8, leg-flexion⁹, or diffuse^10,11 Pavlovian conditional responses and Bromiley¹² has reported a restrained, decorticate dog which produced leg flexions to avoid shock, although only in favourable conditions. A more recent study¹³, involving rats with 90% ablations of neocortex, showed that Pavlovian autonomic conditioning was little affected by cortical lesions which abolished instrumental learning of the same responses. I have investigated the possibility of establishing the instrumental response of lever pressing for food in freely moving, totally neodecorticated rabbits in conditions of prolonged training.     

A Role for Transcription Factor STAT3 Signaling in Oncogene Smoothened-driven Carcinogenesis

Activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is known to drive development of basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastomas and to associate with many other types of cancer, but the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenesis process remain elusive. We discovered that skin tumors derived from epidermal expression of oncogenic Smo, SmoM2, have elevated levels of IL-11, IL-11Rα, and STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr⁷⁰⁵. The relevance of our data to human conditions was reflected by the fact that all human basal cell carcinomas examined have detectable STAT3 phosphorylation, mostly in keratinocytes. The functional relevance of STAT3 in Smo-mediated carcinogenesis was revealed by epidermal specific knockout of STAT3. We showed that removal of STAT3 from mouse epidermis dramatically reduced SmoM2-mediated cell proliferation, leading to a significant decrease in epidermal thickness and tumor development. We also observed a significant reduction of epidermal stem/progenitor cell population and cyclin D1 expression in mice with epidermis-specific knockout of STAT3. Our evidence indicates that STAT3 signaling activation may be mediated by the IL-11/IL-11Rα signaling axis. We showed that tumor development was reduced after induced expression of SmoM2 in IL-11Rα null mice. Similarly, neutralizing antibodies for IL-11 reduced the tumor size. In two Hh-responsive cell lines, ES14 and C3H10T1/2, we found that addition of Smo agonist purmorphamine is sufficient to induce STAT3 phosphorylation at Tyr⁷⁰⁵, but this effect was abolished after IL-11Rα down-regulation by shRNAs. Taken together, our results support an important role of the IL-11Rα/STAT3 signaling axis for Hh signaling-mediated signaling and carcinogenesis.