不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤微生物多样性研究

为探究华重楼生长发育与土壤微生物群落结构变化的关系,该研究利用Illumina高通量测序技术对3年生、5年生、7年生、9年生等4个不同生长年限的华重楼根际土壤细菌16S rRNA和真菌18S序列进行测序分析。结果表明：(1)不同生长年限根际土壤中主要优势细菌均为变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门和绿弯菌门;优势真菌为子囊菌门、担子菌门与毛霉门。(2)不同生长年限华重楼根际土壤中细菌物种较真菌物种更丰富,多样化程度更高。细菌多样性随着华重楼生长年限的增加呈降低、升高、再降低的“И”型规律,最低点在第5年,最高点在第7年;真菌多样性则随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,最高点在第7年。细菌群落丰富度随着生长年限的增加呈先升高后下降的“Λ”型规律,第7年时丰富度最高;而真菌丰富度随着生长年限增长变化不大。(3)UPGMA聚类分析显示,随着生长年限的推进根际土壤微生物群落结构演变明显,细菌群落演变比较剧烈的时期是在定植后第7年,而真菌群落则在定植后第5年。(4)Spearman相关性分析发现,速效钾和全氮是影响华重楼根际土壤细菌组成的主要因子,全钾是影响真菌组成的主要因子。综上认为,不同...     

Microbial contamination of vegetable crop and soil profile in arid regions under controlled application of domestic wastewater

Increasing lack of potable water in arid countries leads to the use of treated wastewater for crop production. However, the use of inappropriate irrigation practices could result in a serious contamination risk to plants, soils, and groundwater with sewage water. This research was initiated in view to the increasing danger of vegetable crops and groundwater contamination with pathogenic bacteria due to wastewater land application. The research was designed to study: (1) the effect of treated wastewater irrigation on the yield and microbial contamination of the radish plant under field conditions; (2) contamination of the agricultural soil profile with fecal coliform bacteria. Effluent from a domestic wastewater treatment plant (100%) in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia, was diluted to 80% and 40% with the groundwater of the experimental site constituting three different water qualities plus groundwater as control. Radish plant was grown in two consecutive seasons under two drip irrigation systems and four irrigation water qualities. Upon harvesting, plant weight per ha, total bacterial, fecal coliform, fecal streptococci were detected per 100 g of dry matter and compared with the control. The soil profile was also sampled at an equal distance of 3 cm from soil surface for fecal coliform detection. The results indicated that the yield increased significantly under the subsurface irrigation system and the control water quality compared to surface irrigation system and other water qualities. There was a considerable drop in the count of all bacteria species under the subsurface irrigation system compared to surface irrigation. The bacterial count/g of the plant shoot system increased as the percentage of wastewater in the irrigation water increased. Most of the fecal coliform bacteria were deposited in the first few centimeters below the column inlet and the profile exponentially decreased with increasing depth.     

Metaproteogenomic analysis of microbial communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of rice

The above- and below-ground parts of rice plants create specific habitats for various microorganisms. In this study, we characterized the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbiota of rice cultivars using a metaproteogenomic approach to get insight into the physiology of the bacteria and archaea that live in association with rice. The metaproteomic datasets gave rise to a total of about 4600 identified proteins and indicated the presence of one-carbon conversion processes in the rhizosphere as well as in the phyllosphere. Proteins involved in methanogenesis and methanotrophy were found in the rhizosphere, whereas methanol-based methylotrophy linked to the genus Methylobacterium dominated within the protein repertoire of the phyllosphere microbiota. Further, physiological traits of differential importance in phyllosphere versus rhizosphere bacteria included transport processes and stress responses, which were more conspicuous in the phyllosphere samples. In contrast, dinitrogenase reductase was exclusively identified in the rhizosphere, despite the presence of nifH genes also in diverse phyllosphere bacteria.     

阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤微生物多样性研究

为了解野生和栽培阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤微生物多样性的差异,该研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对野生和栽培阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤微生物的群落组成和多样性进行探究。结果表明:(1)野生阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤的真菌多样性显著高于栽培阿尔泰银莲花(P<0.05),而细菌多样性差异不显著(P>0.05); NMDS分析结果显示,野生和栽培阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤真菌群落结构差异更显著。(2)细菌9 566个可操作分类单元(OTUs)涉及39门127纲315目500科886属,真菌2 670个OTUs涉及15门57纲138目293科597属。在门水平上,细菌群落中的变形菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门及真菌群落中的担子菌门、子囊菌门、被孢霉门均为野生和栽培阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤优势菌门,但其相对丰度在不同生长方式下存在差异。(3)环境因子关联分析(RDA)结果显示,土壤有机质是影响土壤细菌群落的主要因子(P<0.05),土壤pH、碱解氮和有效磷是影响真菌群落的主要因子(P<0.05)。综上认为,野生和栽培下的阿尔泰银莲花根际土壤微生物群落组成和多样性存在显著差异,这种差异可能与不同生长条件下的土壤理化性质存在密切的联系,该研究结果对阿尔泰银莲花科学种植以及土壤改良具有一定意义。     

Tylenchulus semipenetrans Alters the Microbial Community in the Citrus Rhizosphere

Infection of citrus seedlings by Tylenchulus semipenetrans was shown to reduce subsequent infection of roots by Phytophthora nicotianae and to increase plant growth compared to plants infected by only the fungus. Hypothetical mechanisms by which the nematode suppresses fungal development include nutrient competition, direct antibiosis, or alteration of the microbial community in the rhizosphere to favor microorganisms antagonistic to P. nicotianae. A test of the last hypothesis was conducted via surveys of five sites in each of three citrus orchards infested with both organisms. A total of 180 2-cm-long fibrous root segments, half with a female T. semipenetrans egg mass on the root surface and half without, were obtained from each orchard site. The samples were macerated in water, and fungi and bacteria in the suspensions were isolated, quantified, and identified. No differences were detected in the numbers of microorganism species isolated from nematode-infected and uninfected root segments. However, nematode-infected root segments had significantly more propagules of bacteria at all orchard sites. Bacillus megaterium and Burkholderia cepacia were the dominant bacterial species recovered. Bacteria belonging to the genera Arthrobacter and Stenotrophomonas were encountered less frequently. The fungus community was dominated by Fusarium solani, but Trichoderma, Verticillum, Phythophthora, and Penicillium spp. also were recovered. All isolated bacteria equally inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae in vitro. Experiments using selected bacteria, T. semipenetrans, and P. nicotianae, alone or in combination, were conducted in both the laboratory and greenhouse. Root and stem fresh weights of P. nicotianae-infected plants treated with T. semipenetrans, B. cepacia, or B. megaterium were greater than for plants treated only with the fungus. Phytophthora nicotianae protein in roots of fungus-infected plants was reduced by nematodes (P ≤ 0.001), either alone or in combination with either bacterium. However, treatment with bacteria did not affect P. nicotianae development in roots. The results suggest different mechanisms by which T. semipenetrans, B. cepacia, and B. megaterium may mitigate virulence of P. nicotianae.     

石油污染土壤修复植物的根-土界面微生物特征

选取沈抚灌区的主要修复植物蓖麻为实验材料,分析了蓖麻根区土壤、根际土壤、根面、根内4个层面上细菌和真菌的数量,优势菌种的生理生化特征,及细菌菌株生长营养类型,揭示了根-土界面微生物区系特征与石油污染土壤生物修复的关系.结果发现：修复植物根-土界面上,细菌数量为根际>根面>根内,真菌数量为根内>根面>根际,根面细菌与真菌数量均处于根际与根内区域微生物数量之间;修复植物蓖麻根面区域优势细菌种类最多,根内区域优势真菌种类最多;根际与根内的优势细菌具有较强的降解大分子物质的能力;根面细菌在营养需求分类上可归为氨基酸需求菌群.     

Breakdown of low-level total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in contaminated soil using grasses and willows

A phytoremediation study targeting low-level total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) was conducted using cool- and warm-season grasses and willows (Salix species) grown in pots filled with contaminated sandy soil from the New Haven Rail Yard, CT. Efficiencies of the TPH degradation were assessed in a 90-day experiment using 20–8.7–16.6 N-P-K water-soluble fertilizer and fertilizer with molasses amendments to enhance phytoremediation. Plant biomass, TPH concentrations, and indigenous microbes quantified with colony-forming units (CFU), were assessed at the end of the study. Switchgrass grown with soil amendments produced the highest aboveground biomass. Bacterial CFU's were in orders of magnitude significantly higher in willows with soil amendments compared to vegetated treatments with no amendments. The greatest reduction in TPH occurred in all vegetated treatments with fertilizer (66–75%) and fertilizer/molasses (65–74%), followed sequentially by vegetated treatments without amendments, unvegetated treatments with amendments, and unvegetated treatments with no amendment. Phytoremediation of low-level TPH contamination was most efficient where fertilization was in combination with plant species. The same level of remediation was achievable through the addition of grasses and/or willow combinations without amendment, or by fertilization of sandy soil.     

Impact of soil heat on reassembly of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere microbiome and plant disease suppression

The rhizosphere microbiome offers a range of ecosystem services to the plant, including nutrient acquisition and tolerance to (a)biotic stress. Here, analysing the data by Mendes et al. (2011), we show that short heat disturbances (50 or 80 °C, 1 h) of a soil suppressive to the root pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani caused significant increase in alpha diversity of the rhizobacterial community and led to partial or complete loss of disease protection. A reassembly model is proposed where bacterial families that are heat tolerant and have high growth rates significantly increase in relative abundance after heat disturbance, while temperature‐sensitive and slow‐growing bacteria have a disadvantage. The results also pointed to a potential role of slow‐growing, heat‐tolerant bacterial families from Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla in plant disease protection. In conclusion, short heat disturbance of soil results in rearrangement of rhizobacterial communities and this is correlated with changes in the ecosystem service disease suppression.     

Cuticular wax composition of Salix varieties in relation to biomass productivity

The leaf cuticular waxes of six Salix clones (one Salix miyabeana, one Salix dasyclados, one Salix eriocephala, two Salix purpurea, and one interspecific hybrid of Salix eriocephala x interior) with different biomass productivities were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total wax content ranged from 6.3 to 16.8 microg cm(-2), and two distinct patterns of wax were measured. The wax from leaves of S. dasyclados 'SV1' differed from all other clones and was dominated by fatty acids (42%), high concentrations of n-alkanes (25%) and n-alcohols (28%), with low n-aldehyde content (4%). All other clones produced cuticular wax dominated by n-alcohols (32-51%), particularly 1-hexacosanol, with fatty acids (14-37%) and n-aldehydes (19-26%) present in lower abundances. Clones of Salix grown under identical environmental conditions produce noticeably different amounts of cuticular wax. In contrast to previous studies of Salix, total wax content was independent of biomass productivity, measured as basal area, suggesting that wax production is not directly linked with woody biomass production by shrub willows under these site conditions.     

不同耕作方式对当归根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

该研究以甘肃省中部渭源县大豆—当归轮作地、连作3年的当归地和荒地植物根际土为材料,采用PCR-RFLP法研究不同耕作方式下根际土壤细菌的群落多样性。应用CTAB-SDS法提取土壤微生物总DNA,建立土壤菌群16S rRNA基因克隆文库。用HaeⅢ,HhaⅠ和HinfⅠ对阳性克隆子进行酶切指纹图谱分析,测序并绘制系统进化树。经过初步分析,荒地、轮作地和连作地三者之间根际土壤细菌群落在种群数量和多样性上无显著差异,但在组成结构上存在明显差异,尤其是轮作和连作地。结果表明:轮作地和荒地的优势种群均为变形菌门,连作地的优势种群是拟杆菌门。进一步分析发现,对农作物有利的鞘脂单胞菌属(属于变形菌门)仅在轮作和荒地中出现,而在其他作物连作障碍中出现的无色杆菌属(属于拟杆菌门)仅在当归连作地中出现。因此,不同耕作方式对土壤细菌的群落组成结构影响较明显,土壤细菌群落组成结构的变化可能是当地当归连作障碍的重要原因之一;而轮作可有效提高根际土壤中细菌群落组成的多样性,并使有益细菌种群增加,改善土壤微生态环境,有效防止当归根腐病的发生。     

普通鹿蹄草品质与根际和非根际土壤的关系

以野外调查和室内分析相结合,采用相关分析、主成分分析、回归分析、通径分析等多种分析方法,对秦岭太白山区不同生境下野生普通鹿蹄草有效成分(总黄酮、单宁、金丝桃苷、槲皮素和抗氧化活性(DPPHIC50)与其根际和非根际土壤性质的关系做了研究。结论如下:(1)根际土壤速效钾、pH和脲酶与单个有效成分含量之间呈现出显著或极显著作用,而非根际土壤速效钾与5种有效成分均达到显著或极显著正相关。(2)根际土壤速效钾、pH、转化酶和脲酶是影响普通鹿蹄草有效成分含量的主导因子,而非根际土壤有效氮、速效钾、pH和转化酶是综合影响其含量的主导因子。(3)根际土壤速效钾是影响普通鹿蹄草有效成分含量的主要决策因素,而pH、转化酶和脲酶是其主要限制因素;非根际土壤有效氮和速效钾是影响普通鹿蹄草有效成分含量的主要决策因素,而pH和转化酶是其主要限制因素。由此得出,普通鹿蹄草有效成分含量受根际和非根际多种土壤因子的综合影响,且土壤速效钾含量、pH、转化酶是影响其含量的共同因子。     

洮河上游不同海拔紫果云杉根际与非根际土壤细菌多样性及影响因子

【背景】紫果云杉天然林在维护洮河上游生态环境安全方面发挥着重要作用,不同海拔梯度如何影响紫果云杉根际与非根际细菌多样性、土壤养分因子及三者之间的相关性尚不清楚。【目的】深入探索紫果云杉根际与非根际土壤细菌群落结构组成及受控因子。【方法】采用Illumina Miseq平台对洮河上游不同海拔紫果云杉天然林根际与非根际土壤细菌进行测序分析,分析土壤理化因子与细菌多样性随海拔的变化趋势,并通过相关性与冗余分析探究环境因子对细菌群落的影响。【结果】土壤养分因子随海拔升高呈先增加后降低趋势;根际土养分因子组间差异显著(P<0.05),非根际组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随海拔升高根际微生物物种多样性指数(H)、均匀度指数(E)、丰富度指数(Chao1/ACE)和OTU数目呈单峰型变化趋势;非根际多样性指数随海拔升高呈双峰型变化趋势。土壤细菌多样性与养分因子密切相关,其中有机质、全氮和碱解氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而土壤pH和有效磷与细菌多样性呈负相关但不显著(P>0.05)。不同海拔梯度下紫果云杉天然林细菌群落结构一致性较高,从30个样本中获得7 159个细菌OTU,注释到37个门;细菌优势类群为放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门。不同细菌门对土壤养分因子的响应各不相同,有机质、全氮和碱解氮与变形菌门呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】土壤理化因子能够显著影响紫果云杉根际与非根际细菌多样性和组成,海拔和水热条件等环境因子对植物和土壤的驱动影响是细菌群落结构稳定组成的重要原因。本研究有助于深入理解紫果云杉天然林土壤细菌多样性的变化和驱动机制,为洮河上游天然林恢复与生态恢复提供借鉴。     

Quantitative imaging of rhizosphere pH and CO2 dynamics with planar optodes

Background and Aims

Live imaging methods have become extremely important for the exploration of biological processes. In particular, non-invasive measurement techniques are key to unravelling organism–environment interactions in close-to-natural set-ups, e.g. in the highly heterogeneous and difficult-to-probe environment of plant roots: the rhizosphere. pH and CO₂ concentration are the main drivers of rhizosphere processes. Being able to monitor these parameters at high spatio-temporal resolution is of utmost importance for relevant interpretation of the underlying processes, especially in the complex environment of non-sterile plant–soil systems. This study introduces the application of easy-to-use planar optode systems in different set-ups to quantify plant root–soil interactions.

Methods

pH- and recently developed CO₂-sensors were applied to rhizobox systems to investigate roots with different functional traits, highlighting the potential of these tools. Continuous and highly resolved real-time measurements were made of the pH dynamics around Triticum turgidum durum (durum wheat) roots, Cicer arietinum (chickpea) roots and nodules, and CO₂ dynamics in the rhizosphere of Viminaria juncea.

Key Results

Wheat root tips acidified slightly, while their root hair zone alkalized their rhizosphere by more than 1 pH unit and the effect of irrigation on soil pH could be visualized as well. Chickpea roots and nodules acidified the surrounding soil during N₂ fixation and showed diurnal changes in acidification activity. A growing root of V. juncea exhibited a large zone of influence (mm) on soil CO₂ content and therefore on its biogeochemical surrounding, all contributing to the extreme complexity of the root–soil interactions.

Conclusions

This technique provides a unique tool for future root research applications and overcomes limitations of previous systems by creating quantitative maps without, for example, interpolation and time delays between single data points.     

Plant induced alteration in the rhizosphere and the utilisation of soil heterogeneity

Plant-soil interactions result in a special rhizosphere soil chemistry, differing from that of the bulk soil found only a few mm from the root. The aim of this study was to investigate adaptation mechanisms of herbs growing in acid soils through studying their rhizosphere chemistry in a greenhouse experiment and in a field study. Ten herbs were grown in acid soil (pH 4.2 in the soil solution) in the greenhouse. The concentrations of NO₃ ^-, SO₄ ^2-, phosphates, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and pH were analysed in soil solutions obtained by centrifugation. The general pattern found was a depletion of nutrients in the rhizosphere compared with their concentrations in the bulk soil. The pH increase (up to 0.7 units) in the rhizosphere soil appeared to be caused by plant uptake of NO₃ ^- (r²=0.88). The ion concentrations in the soil solution of the rhizosphere were dependent on plant species and biomass increase. Although species with a larger biomass and higher growth rates showed a higher degree of ion depletion (except for Na⁺, SO₄ ^2-) in the rhizosphere, there were also species specific responses. A field study of five herbs at five oak forest sites in Southern Sweden (Scania) was also carried out. In addition to the soil solution concentrations, the loss on ignition (LOI) and the concentrations of 0.1 M BaCl₂ extractable K⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Al ions were measured. The amount of soil solution Al was determined as free ionic (quickly reacting) Al. For all species and sites, the LOI and the concentrations of exchangeable cations were higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, apparently due to the roots preferably growing at organic-rich microsites. The concentrations of the ions as measured in the centrifuged soil solution, were either higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil or were the same in both, except for NO₃ ^- and quickly reacting Al. The lower concentrations of quickly reacting Al in the rhizosphere, compared with the bulk soil could indicate the uptake of Al by the plant or the exudation of complexing substances. The pH differences were only small and mostly non-significant. Plant-soil interactions and the ability of plants to utilise heterogeneity of the soil appear to be more important for plant growth in acid soils than recognised heretofore. Rhizosphere studies provide an important means of understanding plant strategies in acid soils. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Foliar aphid feeding recruits rhizosphere bacteria and primes plant immunity against pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in pepper

Background and Aims

Plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to different biotic stresses. The present study evaluated the effect of a phloem-sucking aphid on plant defence mechanisms in pepper (Capsicum annuum) during subsequent pathogen attacks on leaves and rhizosphere bacteria on roots.

Methods

Plants were pretreated with aphids and/or the chemical trigger benzothiadiazol (BTH) 7 d before being challenged with two pathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria (Xav) as a compatible pathogen and X. axonopodis pv. glycines (Xag) as an incompatible (non-host) pathogen.

Key Results

Disease severity was noticeably lower in aphid- and BTH + aphid-treated plants than in controls. Although treatment with BTH or aphids alone did not affect the hypersensitive response (HR) against Xag strain 8ra, the combination treatment had a synergistic effect on the HR. The aphid population was reduced by BTH pretreatment and by combination treatment with BTH and bacterial pathogens in a synergistic manner. Analysis of the expression of the defence-related genes Capsicum annum pathogenesis-related gene 9 (CaPR9), chitinase 2 (CaCHI2), SAR8·2 and Lipoxygenase1 (CaLOX1) revealed that aphid infestation resulted in the priming of the systemic defence responses against compatible and incompatible pathogens. Conversely, pre-challenge with the compatible pathogen Xav on pepper leaves significantly reduced aphid numbers. Aphid infestation increased the population of the beneficial Bacillus subtilis GB03 but reduced that of the pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum SL1931. The expression of defence-related genes in the root and leaf after aphid feeding indicated that the above-ground aphid infestation elicited salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling throughout the whole plant.

Conclusions

The findings of this study show that aphid feeding elicits plant resistance responses and attracts beneficial bacterial populations to help the plant cope with subsequent pathogen attacks.     

持续干旱对樱桃根际土壤细菌数量及结构多样性影响

以1年生吉塞拉实生容器苗为试材,采用绿色荧光蛋白基因标记技术,研究了干旱胁迫(连续干旱0、7、14、21、28 d和35 d)对樱桃根际促生细菌YT3的标记菌YT3-gfp数量的影响,同时结合平板计数法和末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术,研究了干旱对樱桃土壤中的微生物数量及细菌群落结构多样性影响。结果表明:樱桃根际土壤中的YT3-gfp数量是非根际土壤中的8.75—28.77倍,随着持续干旱强度的增加,YT3-gfp的数量先增加后减小。干旱对根际土壤中YT3-gfp数量的影响大于对非根际土壤的影响,分别在持续干旱至第21天和28天时,YT3-gfp的数量达到最大值。随着持续干旱强度的增加,根际土壤中细菌和放线菌数量先增加后减小,而真菌的数量一直减少。此外,持续干旱至第21天或28天时,樱桃根际土壤具有最高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和最低的优势度指数。基于T-RFLP的主成分分析结果显示持续干旱14—35 d时,其细菌群落结构成为一个相对独立的群,群落结构趋于多样性;而持续干旱7 d和42 d构成另外两个相对独立的群,群落结构趋于简单。以上分析可知,干旱对土壤微生物影响显著,一定强度的干旱可提高细菌和放线菌数量,提高细菌群落结构多样性,适当干旱对维持根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性是有益的。     

克隆整合对异质性光照环境下紫竹根际土壤氮素有效性的影响

以根状茎克隆植物紫竹为对象,研究克隆整合对遭受异质性光照胁迫分株根际土壤有机碳(SOC)、总氮(TN)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)以及微生物群落组成的影响。所取紫竹克隆片段由一个母本分株和一个子代分株组成,母本分株置于全光照下,而子代分株置于80%遮阴环境中,同时母本分株与子代分株间的根茎保持连接或割断处理。结果表明:与切断处理相比,紫竹遮荫子代分株根际土壤的SOC、TN、DOC、NH_4~+-N在保持根状茎连接时显著更高,这表明异质性光照环境下克隆整合可能改善紫竹连接遮荫子代分株根际土壤的氮素有效性。克隆整合提高了连接遮阴状态下紫竹子代分株根际土壤中的放线菌、真菌和革阴细菌的PLFAs浓度。通过对遮阴子代分株根际土壤微生物群落PLFAs主成分分析得出克隆整合导致遮阴子代分株根际土壤微生物群落结构发生显著变化。该研究结果暗示了紫竹可能通过克隆整合作用降低土壤中某些对氮利用有效性影响较低的细菌数量,而增加对土壤氮利用起重要作用的放线菌和真菌的数量,进而改善紫竹对土壤中氮利用的有效性,这有利于增强克隆植物对时空异质性生境的适应能力。     

药用植物凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)根际土壤细菌群落16S rRNA基因的ARDRA分析

凤丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)为芍药科多年生植物,是一种重要的传统中药资源。在其生长发育的周期中与土壤微生物尤其是根际土壤微生物有密切的关系。通过构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库及文库的限制性片段长度多态性分析(ARDRA),对中国药用植物凤丹5大主要分布区域的根际土壤细菌群落多样性进行了研究。采用限制性内切酶HinfI和Csp6I对克隆文库中随机挑选的1000个白色克隆子进行了酶切分型,根据酶切图谱的不同,将其分为324个OTUs,并对38个优势OTUs进行了测序和系统发育分析。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果表明,凤丹根际土壤细菌种群主要包括:变形菌门(包括alpha、beta、gamma、detla亚门)、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门及厚壁菌门等11类细菌,此外还包含了3个未归类的细菌。变形菌门和酸杆菌门为文库中的主要菌群,分别占克隆总数的47.34%和14.36%,其中Pseudomonas sp.、Burkholderia sp.和Arthrobacter sp.为优势菌属。研究结果表明,我国药用植物凤丹5大主要分布区域的根际土壤细菌种群不仅具有丰富的多样性,还存在丰富的潜在新菌种。     

Degradation of crude oil in the rhizosphere of Sorghum bicolor

Dissipation of petroleum contaminants in the rhizosphere is likely the result of enhanced microbial degradation. Plant roots may encourage rhizosphere microbial activity through exudation of nutrients and by providing channels for increased water flow and gas diffusion. Phytoremediation of crude oil in soil was examined in this study using carefully selected plant species monitored over specific plant growth stages. Four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) genotypes with differing root characteristics and levels of exudation were established in a sandy loam soil contaminated with 2700 mg crude oil/kg soil. Soils were sampled at three stages of plant growth: five leaf, flowering, and maturity. All vegetated treatments were associated with higher remediation efficiency, resulting in significantly lower total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations than unvegetated controls. A relationship between root exudation and bioremediation efficiency was not apparent for these genotypes, although the presence of all sorghum genotypes resulted in significant removal of crude oil from the impacted soil.     

Roots affect the response of heterotrophic soil respiration to temperature in tussock grass microcosms

Aims and Background

While the temperature response of soil respiration (R_S) has been well studied, the partitioning of heterotrophic respiration (R_H) by soil microbes from autotrophic respiration (R_A) by roots, known to have distinct temperature sensitivities, has been problematic. Further complexity stems from the presence of roots affecting R_H, the rhizosphere priming effect. In this study the short-term temperature responses of R_A and R_H in relation to rhizosphere priming are investigated.

Methods

Temperature responses of R_A, R_H and rhizosphere priming were assessed in microcosms of Poa cita using a natural abundance δ¹³C discrimination approach.

Results

The temperature response of R_S was found to be regulated primarily by R_A, which accounted for 70 % of total soil respiration. Heterotrophic respiration was less sensitive to temperature in the presence of plant roots, resulting in negative priming effects with increasing temperature.

Conclusions

The results emphasize the importance of roots in regulating the temperature response of R_S, and a framework is presented for further investigation into temperature effects on heterotrophic respiration and rhizosphere priming, which could be applied to other soil and vegetation types to improve models of soil carbon turnover.