洞庭湖区社鼠脏器重量的比较

对洞庭湖区社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)野外自然种群脏器的重量指标进行了测定,并比较了其在年龄组、性别、季节及生境间的差异。结果表明,社鼠内脏(心、肺、肝、脾、肾脏)随着年龄组的增加,重量有明显的增加,其重量与体重有极其显著的相关性。两性间的脏器重量指标没有显著性差异。脏器季节变化的共同特征是夏季脏器重量较低,四季间比较,仅有心脏重量有显著的季节变化。生境间心脏和肾脏重量的变化相对较大,达显著水平。参与繁殖与未参与繁殖的雌鼠相比,心、肺、肝、肾脏的各项指标均较高,脾脏则相反,但均未有显著性差异。总的来看,洞庭湖社鼠种群的脏器指标相对稳定,尽管重量指标随着年龄组而增加,受性别、季节、生境及繁殖行为的影响相对较小。     

Organ weights and organ:body weight ratios of the African white-tailed rat (Mystromys albicaudatus).

Fifty-three adult female and 51 adult male white-tailed rats (Mystromys albicaudatus) were killed with ether and weighed; the spleen, kidneys, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, brain and gonads were dissected free of adhering tissue and weighted. The mean absolute organ weight and organ:body weight ratios by sex and organ were calculated and compared. The male rats were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) heavier. The mean weight of the males was 110.0 +/- 23.8 g versus 82.9 +/- 16.1 g for the females. The absolute weights of the heart, liver and kidneys were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) greater for the males. The organ:body weight ratios, except for heart and brain (excluding ovary and testicle), were unaffected by sex. The heart to body weight ratio and the brain to body weight ratio were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) larger in female rats.     

封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量与体重的相关性分析

目的测定封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器重量和脏器系数,对脏器重量与体重的相关性进行分析,并计算出相应的直线回归方程和多元回归方程。方法实验选用6-10月龄普通级封闭群五指山小型猪30头（其中♂16头、♀14头）,分别测定体重和7个主要脏器重量,计算脏器系数,通过SAS软件进行脏器系数的性别间比较和各脏器重与体重间的相关与回归分析。结果性别间比较,小型猪仅有心脏的脏器系数差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。除公猪的胃脏和母猪的肺脏外,所测脏器重量与体重间均有明显的正相关线性关系;多因素分析显示公猪的肝脏和肾脏,母猪的心脏、肝脏和肾脏对各自体重有影响。结论封闭群五指山小型猪主要脏器系数性别间差异较小,其体重与某些脏器重量存在一定的线性关系。     

Diffusion-related differences in elimination of inert gases from the lung

Partial pressures of intravenously infused acetylene, Freon 22, and isoflurane (gases with similar solubilities in blood but differing molecular weights) were compared in arterial and mixed venous blood and mixed expired gas of 13 anesthetized mongrel dogs to determine whether gas molecular weight influenced gas exchange. Analysis of covariance was used to account for the variables of ventilation-perfusion ratio, partition coefficient, and experimental run before individual gas effects were sought. A gas effect difference was observed such that the arterial fractional retention of isoflurane (mol wt 184.5) would be 12% higher than that of acetylene (mol wt 26) if the two gases had identical partition coefficients. This effect was neither significantly increased by positive end-expiratory pressure nor decreased by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. To test whether the individual gas effect was greater with gases with disparate erythrocyte and plasma partition coefficients, the exchange of ethyl iodide (erythrocyte-to-plasma solubility ratio 8.1) and diethyl ether (solubility ratio 0.95) was compared in five dogs. A larger difference between the elimination of the two gases was observed than predicted from the differences in molecular weight. The observed individual gas effect appears to be diffusion related, influenced both by the molecular weight of a gas and its erythrocyte-plasma partition coefficient ratio.     

Effect of mammalian growth hormone and prolactin on the growth of hypophysectomized chickens

Body weight gain and shank-toe growth during a 26-day treatment period following hypophysectomy were 55 and 46%, respectively, of control values, but the body weight gain was unaffected and bone growth only slightly reduced when the hypophysectomized chickens were fed a low dose of corticosterone (5 ppm). Bovine growth hormone (0.5 mg GH/kg body wt/day for 18 days) enhanced body weight gain and shank-toe length increase (an estimate of bone growth) by 46 and 33%, respectively, compared to the growth of hypophysectomized chickens receiving only corticosterone. These same endpoints were increased approximately 24% after ovine growth hormone treatment in hypophysectomized chickens not receiving corticosterone. Body weight gain during 18 days of treatment with bovine prolactin (0.5 mg PRL/kg/day) was 27% greater than the value for corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, but bone growth was unaffected. The mammalian GH preparations increased heart weight of the hypophysectomized chickens (25-29%), but pectoralis muscle weight was unaffected. GH treatment enhanced thymal weights by 71% in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, and by 93% in hypophysectomized animals not receiving corticosterone. GH had no significant effect on bursal weights, and PRL had no effect on either of these lymphoid organ weights in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens. GH increased liver and adipose tissue weights considerably more than the large increases that followed treatment of hypophysectomized chickens with corticosterone alone (69 and 126% greater, respectively), but had no effect on these endpoints in hypophysectomized chickens not receiving corticosterone. PRL also greatly increased liver and adipose tissue weights in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens (79 and 75%, respectively). These results provide evidence that mammalian GH enhances body weight gain, bone growth, and the growth of several organs in the hypophysectomized chicken. Mammalian PRL increased body weight gain, liver weight, and adipose tissue weight in corticosterone-treated hypophysectomized chickens, but did not influence bone growth or the weights of the heart, pectoralis, thymi, or bursa.     

The relationship between organ weights and body weights, facial dimensions, and dental dimensions in a population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)

Questions concerned with the relationship between organ weights and body weight on an intraspecific level are best answered by using a sample of animals collected in the wild from a single locale during a single season. The organ weights and body weights for this study were obtained from the necropsy reports prepared in the field (Athi Plain, Kenya) by H. C. McGill, Jr. on 36 adult animals (18 males and 18 females). Dental and facial measurements were taken by M.I. Siegel. In order to avoid erroneous results produced by statistical treatment of combined sex samples of sexually dimorphic species, data on the sexes were analyzed separately. Means and standard deviations are reported for selected organ weights and body dimensions (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, brain, and pancreas weights, crown–rump length, crown–heel length, head circumference, chest circumference, and body weight). All of the above measures were significantly (p<0.05) different between the sexes. Logarithms of these measures were significantly correlated with the logarithm of body weight in males for heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal weights, crown–heel length, and head and chest circumference, and in females for crown–heel length, heart, liver, and kidney weights. Partial correlational analysis, removing the effects of body size (weight), showed mostly negative correlational relationships between dental and visceral dimensions. Most of the correlations between facial and visceral dimensions were negative. Allometric equations were calculated for the dental, facial, and visceral dimensions versus body weight, and are compared with prior published results.     

The effect of a desert climate on the lactation and on the fertility of the nursing rat

Forty white rats were raised and mated in a controlled environment at 22°C. Twelve hours after parturition they were mated and separated into two equal groups. One group (control) remained at 22°C whilst the second group(desert) was kept in an open shed during July (daily temperature range: 18 to 37°C). The rats were sacrificed at 18 days post partum. Control rats ate 25% more food than desert rats; water consumption was the same in both groups. Body weights were initially similar, but from 12 days post partum onwards, the control rats increased their body weight at a significantly higher rate than did the desert rats. Milk production, assessed by litter weight gains, was higher in control group rats. Body composition and organ weights were similar except for the gut of the control group which was heavier. The number of CORPORA LUTEA was significantly lower in the desert group as were conception rates and embryo numbers; the weight of individual embryos and the weight of embryo per dam were, however, significantly higher in the desert group. It was postulated that during early pregnancy, maternal weight and mammary tissue may have preference over the uterus for nutritional sources, whilst in later pregnancy the embryos may have preference.     

Fmr1基因敲除小鼠脏器重量和脏器系数的比较分析

目的通过对Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雌雄两性和FVB小鼠的脏器重量和脏器系数进行比较分析,了解其脏器重量的差异,探讨Fmr1基因对动物生长发育等方面的影响。方法分别测定Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雌雄两性和FVB小鼠内脏器官的绝对重量和脏器系数,并进行统计学处理和分析。结果相同年龄的Fmr1基因敲除小鼠雄性的体重、心、肺、肝和肾的绝对重量均极显著的大于雌性（P〈0.01）。雌雄间脏器系数除肾脏（P〈0.05）和脑（P〈0.01）外,其余无显著差异。与FVB小鼠比较,Fmr1基因敲除小鼠心脏较轻（P〈0.01）,肾脏（P〈0.01）、体重和脑较重（P〈0.05）。脏器系数肾脏较大（P〈0.01）,心脏（P〈0.01）、脑和脾（P〈0.05）较小。结论Fmr1基因可影响动物的某些脏器重量和脏器系数。     

Birth weight and birth rate of heavy calves conceived by transfer of in vitro or in vivo produced bovine embryos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in birth weight and gestation length between Japanese Black calves obtained from transfer of bovine embryos produced in vitro (IVP) and those developed in vivo (IVD). An additional objective was to clarify the sire effect on birth weight and gestation length and to examine the birth rate of heavier calves. Two Japanese Black bulls breed at our experimental station were used as a semen source for production of IVP and IVD embryos. Thirty-eight Japanese Black heifers and cows of various genetic backgrounds were used as embryo donors for IVD embryos. Ovaries for IVP embryos were collected at random at a local slaughterhouse from Japanese Black cattle of various genetic backgrounds. IVP embryos were produced using co-culturing with cumulus cells in 5% CS+TCM 199. Both the IVD and IVP embryos were transferred non-surgically to Holstein recipients on day 7+/-1 of estrous cycle. In this study, the birth weights and gestation lengths of half-sib single calves for bull A and B were analyzed.The numbers of single calves born by transfer of IVP and IVD embryos for bull A and B were 133 and 121, 243 and 465, respectively. The birth weight of the IVP calves was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the IVD (bull A: 31.0+/-0.4 kg versus 27.2+/-0.4 kg and bull B: 29.9+/-0.6 kg versus 26.6+/-0.2 kg). Gestation length of the IVP calves for bull A was significantly longer (P<0.01) than that of the IVD (291.9+/-0.9 days versus 283.6+/-0.5 days). However, for bull B, there were no differences in gestation length between the IVP and IVD calves (285.9+/-0.7 days versus 286.2+/-0.3 days). These results clearly indicated that IVP calves had heavier birth weights than IVD calves but that the average gestation length of IVP calves was not always longer than that of IVD calves. Furthermore, the birth rate of heavier calves and the incidence of stillbirth and perinatal mortality up to 48 h post partum in IVP calves (bull A: 11.3%, bull B: 7.8%) were greater (P<0.05) than those in IVD calves from both bulls (bull A: 4.1%, bull B: 3.7%).     

Physiological significance of catalase and glutathione peroxidases,and in vivo peroxidation,in selected tissues of the toadDiscoglossus pictus (Amphibia) during acclimation to normobaric hyperoxia

1. Various parameters related to oxidative stress were measured in adult Discoglossus pictus acclimated for 15 days to either normoxia or hyperoxia (PO2 = 710 mmHg). 2. Total weight of the toads and total and relative wet weight of liver, kidneys, lungs and heart were not changed by hyperoxic acclimation. 3. In vivo tissue peroxidation increased in lung, decreased in skeletal muscle, and was not changed in liver, kidney, heart and skin after hyperoxic exposure. 4. Hyperoxic acclimation increased catalase activities in the lung, liver, kidney and heart but not in skeletal muscle and skin. 5. Liver showed higher GSH-peroxidase activity with cumene-OOH than with H2O2 as substrate, whereas lung, skeletal muscle and skin presented similar GSH-peroxidase activities with both substrates. 6. GSH-peroxidase activities did not change between hyperoxic and normoxic animals in liver, lung, skeletal muscle and skin. 7. These results show that catalase, not GSH-peroxidase, is the principal H2O2 detoxifying enzyme involved in the adaptation of D. pictus to hyperoxia.     

Induction of cytochrome P-450 RNA by porphyrogenic agents: on the nature of the coordinate induction with delta-aminolevulinate synthase in tissues of the chicken embryo.

1. We determined by cDNA-RNA solution hybridization analyses that in ovo administration of allylisopropylacetamide in combination with diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate increased the concentrations of cytochrome P-450 RNA in liver, kidney, and intestine of 18-day-old chicken embryos. 2. Similarly, the administration of testosterone to embryos caused elevations in the cytochrome P-450 RNA levels in liver and kidney. 3. The increases in cytochrome P-450 RNA concentrations occurred only in those tissues where elevations in delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase activity and mRNA content were measured (liver, kidney and intestine) but not in tissues where the activity and RNA levels of ALA synthase did not change (heart, brain, lung). 4. The increases in the concentrations of the cytochrome P-450 RNA were not affected by loading embryos with ALA and FeCl3 at the time of administration of the inducers.     

Maturing patterns of organ weights in mice selected for rapid postweaning gain

Summary Correlated responses to selection for increased 3–6 week postweaning gain in male mice were estimated for seven internal organs (testes, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, small intestine (S intest) and stomach) weighed at specific degrees of maturity in body weight (37.5, 50.0, 62.5, 75.0, 87.5 and 100%). Correlated responses in organ weights were generally large, but the magnitude and direction of response depended upon whether 1) comparisons were made at the same age, degree of maturity or body weight and 2) absolute or proportional organ weights were used. The selected line (M16) weighed more and had larger organ weights than controls (ICR) when compared at either the same degree of maturity or the same age, indicating positive genetic correlations between body weight and the respective organ weights. Positive correlated responses were found in spleen weight/body weight at all degrees of maturity and in liver and S intest weights as a proportion of body weight at some degrees of maturity. Testes, kidneys, heart and stomach weights as a proportion of body weight had negative correlated responses, though this was consistent only for kidneys across all degrees of maturity. Correlated responses in organ weights adjusted for body weight by covariance analysis were positive for spleen, S intest and stomach and negative for testes and kidneys. Based on the constrained quadratic model, degree of maturity in organ weight relative to degree of maturity in body weight responded positively for testes, kidneys and S intest and negatively for spleen and liver. Selection for increased growth caused negative correlated responses in allometric growth of testes, kidneys, S intest and stomach.Paper No. 10,545 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, 27695-7601. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned     

SD大鼠主要脏器间的相关性分析

目的测定成年SD大鼠体重与各脏器重量,并对不同脏器之间及体重与各脏器重量的相关性进行分析。方法选用三月龄SD大鼠雄性共24只,进行人道处死,解剖后分别测定心、肝、肺、肾等脏器重量,并作相关性分析。结果 SD大鼠的心、肝、肺、脾、肾与胃空体的相关性分析中,SD大鼠的心脏及肝脏重量之间不相关(P>0.05),且分别与其他各脏器及胃空体之间也无明显相关(P>0.05);而脾脏的重量与肾脏重量之间则相关极为显著(P<0.01);胃空体与肺、脾呈现极显著相关(P<0.01),与肾脏呈显著相关(P<0.05)。结论通过解剖比较SD大鼠各脏器之间的关系,对动物体内各脏器的大小及相互关系有了初步的认知,为今后进行的动物相关实验研究打下基础。     

Aberrant fetal growth and development after in vitro culture of sheep zygotes.

The effects of in vitro culture systems for sheep zygotes on subsequent fetal growth and development to day 61 and day 125 of gestation were studied. Zygotes recovered from superovulated Scottish Blackface ewes approximately 36 h after intrauterine insemination using semen from a single Suffolk sire were cultured for 5 days in (a) a granulosa cell co-culture system (co-culture); (b) synthetic oviductal fluid medium without serum (SOF-); and (c) synthetic oviductal fluid medium supplemented with human serum (SOF+). Control embryos were recovered from superovulated donor ewes at day 6 after oestrus. Embryos were transferred at day 6 to synchronous Scottish Blackface recipient ewes. In total, 146 gravid uteri were recovered, comprising 97 at day 61 (20 co-culture, 27 SOF-, 25 SOF+ and 25 control) and 49 at day 125 (13 co-culture, 8 SOF-, 6 SOF+ and 22 control) of gestation. Fetuses derived from co-cultured embryos were 14% heavier (P < 0.01) by day 61 of gestation than those derived from control embryos. Growth coefficients derived from the linear allometric equation logey = logea + b logex (where y = organ mass; x = fetal mass) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) for liver, heart, kidneys and plantaris muscle in fetuses derived from co-cultured embryos, and for liver in fetuses derived from SOF+ embryos than those for control fetuses. Fetuses derived from co-cultured embryos were 34% heavier (P < 0.001) and fetuses derived from SOF+ embryos were 18% heavier (P < 0.01) by day 125 of gestation than those derived from control embryos. Growth coefficients for liver and heart for fetuses derived from co-culture and SOF+ embryos were also significantly greater (P < 0.05) at this stage of gestation than those for control group fetuses. In contrast, allometric coefficients for these organs in fetuses derived from embryos cultured in SOF without serum supplementation were not different from those for controls. Excessive volumes of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) were observed in 23% of conceptuses derived from co-cultured embryos. In vitro embryo culture can significantly influence fetal growth and this study provides quantitative evidence of major shifts in the patterns of organ and tissue development.     

Effects of dexamethasone on lipid metabolism in rat organs

Injecting of dexamethasone (10 mg/kg body weight) for 8 days to rats decreased the body weight and feed intake by 29 and 50%, respectively. The increase in weights of liver, heart, kidneys and testes per 100 g body weight was 55, 37, 33 and 13%, respectively. Though, in general, the triglyceride content increased in all the organs, maximum increase (9-fold) was observed in the liver. The plasma showed elevated levels of triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids. In hepatic mitochondrial membranes, the content of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol decreased/g tissue. The percent 14C distribution, as a part of total incorporation in nonpolar lipids, of [14C]acetate into triglycerides of liver, kidneys and testes increased significantly. The increased turnover of phospholipids in liver and heart was mainly due to increased turnover of phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in liver and PC in heart. Turnover of phospholipids of testes was not affected.     

Relationship between carcass weight and organ weight of cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The relationship between carcass weight and organ weight of rainbow trout was investigated in 2 replicates using a total of 300 trout of a Danish population. Within replicates, the trout were of approximately the same age. Absolute organ weights increased with increasing carcass weight while their weights as a proportion of carcass weight decreased. Heart and liver weight were highly correlated with carcass weight (.61-.81 and .86-.87, respectively), while the correlation between spleen and carcass weight was moderate (.29-.54). The coefficients of regression for organ weights on carcass weight were consistent between the two replicates. The regression of liver weight on carcass weight of 20 mg/g was about 10-times larger than that for spleen weight and 20-times larger than the regression of heart weight on carcass weight. In a separate multiple regression analysis it was estimated that 70% to 84% of the variance in carcass weight could be explained by variance of organ weights with the main effect (86 %-99%) due to variances in liver weight. Correlation and regression coefficients between relative organ weights and carcass weight were quite variable. The impact of autocorrelation regarding these results is discussed.     

Asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of lungs weight in fetal ontogeny.

1079 male fetuses and 727 female fetuses at the age of 20 to 41 weeks were investigated for the process of asymmetry and sexual dimorphism of lungs weight formation as well as developmental correlation between the weight of the lungs and the size of the heart. Statistical analysis of the results was applied. It was ascertained, among others, that asymmetry of lungs weight occurs in the investigated developmental period--the right lung is heavier than the left one about 20 to 30%. Between the increase in the weight of the lungs and the size of the heart positive correlation occurs, but it is not of directed character. A substantial, intersexual differentiation of lungs weight was not ascertained.     

Amelioration of some metabolic effects produced by hyperthyroidism in late pregnant rats and their fetuses. Effects on lipids and proteins.

We have studied the effect of 40-45 days administration of 1 mg/kg thyroxine on protein and lipid metabolism in liver, heart, lungs, kidneys and adrenal glands of virgin and 21-day pregnant rats and their fetuses and placentae. The chronic administration of thyroid hormone produced significant increases in serum T3 and T4 in both groups as well as in organ weights and protein concentrations in virgin rats, but much smaller modifications in pregnant ones. Hyperthyroidism decreased the weight of fetal livers and increased that of placentae; protein content was increased in all fetal organs. Hyperthyroidism induced increases in phospholipid concentrations in all the organs and in total lipids only in liver and heart of adult rats, which were not counteracted by pregnancy. Pregnant rats had increases in total lipids in liver and kidneys and in adrenal phospholipids. In hyperthyroid fetuses there was an increase in hepatic total lipids and no changes in phospholipids. Hepatic lipogenesis (measured by in vivo incorporation of 3H2O into lipids) was increased by hyperthyroidism in virgin and pregnant rats, but the increase was significantly smaller in the pregnant hyperthyroid rats compared with the virgin ones. Fetal lipogenesis in liver and lung was not changed. In addition, an increase was observed in lipogenic enzyme (fatty acid synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) activities in hyperthyroid virgin rats which was prevented by pregnancy. In fetuses only pulmonary glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased when expressed in terms of tissue weight. Our results indicate that the metabolic effect of hyperthyroidism is attenuated in pregnant rats and their fetuses, when compared with adult virgin rats, in most of the parameters studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lack of effect of exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on chick embryo growth rate

Direct evidence that IGF-I has any significant effect on embryo growth is lacking. We therefore studied the effect of administration of IGF-I on the chick embryo in ovo. Five hundred ng pure IGF-I (purified from human plasma) were given to chick embryos on 2 occasions (7 and 14 d) by injection directly into the allantoic sac. Treated and control (saline injected) chicks hatched on the same day and were killed. IGF-I appeared to reach the tissues as the [35S]-sulphate uptake of treated sternal cartilage was significantly greater than that of control (P less than 0.02). However, there were no significant effects of treatment on total body weight, bone length measurements, organ (lung, liver, heart) weights, muscle DNA, RNA or protein levels. From these results we conclude that administration of exogenous IGF-I to the chick embryo at 7 and 14 d does not stimulate further growth of the chick embryo.     

黄毛鼠内脏器官重量和含水量的测定

对黄毛鼠部分内脏器官的重量,相对重量（脏器指数）及含水量进行了测定。结果表明,心,肝,肺,肾脏的重量与体重存在正相关关系,相对重量与体重存在负相关关系;心,肺,肾脏相对重量存在年龄和性别差异,成年鼠的脾脏含水量高于未成年鼠。