非小细胞肺癌患者血中DNA片段的检测、定量及临床意义的研究

目的探讨非小细胞肺癌患者血中游离DNA片段在临床上早期诊断、分期、预后方面的意义。方法随机采集2004年10月至12月大连医科大学附属二院经病理确诊的初治Ⅲ、Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者的血标本15份,门诊健康体检者血标本15份,通过酚/氯仿提取法定量检测两组的血浆DNA片段,进行对照比较,分析非小细胞肺癌组内各因素(包括与诊断相关的肿瘤标记物,与预后相关的年龄、性别、一般状况及病理类型、疾病分期、免疫指标、是否转移等)与血浆游离DNA片段水平的相关性。结果非小细胞肺癌组血浆游离DNA片段水平高于正常健康对照组,其血浆游离DNA片段的均值分别为:(384.8±99.36)μg/ml与(13.9±3.60)μg/ml,差异有显著性,Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期非小细胞肺癌患者的血浆游离DNA片段差异有显著性,均值分别为:(290.4±91.82)μg/ml与(481.2±196.44)μg/ml,且非小细胞肺癌患者的血浆游离DNA片段与肿瘤标记物CA199、CYFRA21-1、ALP呈正相关性;在预后因素分析中,显示非小细胞肺癌患者的血浆游离DNA片段水平与一般状态、免疫状态、病理类型及是否存在远处转移等因素有明显相关性,其中与一般状态、免疫状态呈负相关,与远处转移呈正相关,与性别、年龄、治疗疗效等因素无相关性。结论非小细胞肺癌患者血中的游离DNA片段水平较健康人高,且不同病期有一定差异,可能与患者自身状态、病理分型、疾病状态有关;游离DNA片段可以作为检测非小细胞肺癌的特异性指标,还可以替代一般状态、免疫状态、病理类型、是否存在远处转移等指标评价远期预后,并有取材方便、检测时间短、可以定量分析的优点,对临床有一定的指导意义和应用价值。     

降钙素原与大肠癌肝转移的关系研究

目的:探讨大肠癌患者血清降钙素原(Procalcitonin,PCT)水平与肝转移的关系。方法:回顾性分析我院2013年01月-2015年12月收治的大肠癌患者101例,按照远处转移情况分为三组:无远处转移组(A组)55例、仅肝转移组(B组)27例以及除肝脏以外其他远处转移组(C组)19例,采集相关临床、PCT、生化以及肿瘤指标等资料。结果:三组间PCT水平分别为0.16(0.07-0.28)ηg/m L、1.20(0.32-2.89)ηg/m L以及0.67(0.12-1.23)ηg/m L。B组PCT水平明显高于A组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05)。PCT与大肠癌肝转移呈正相关关系,β=0.577,p=0.002。ROC曲线显示PCT诊断大肠癌肝转移的最佳切点是0.56ηg/m L,敏感性66.7%,特异性92.7%。结论:大肠癌患者PCT升高与大肠癌肝转移密切相关,可作为诊断大肠癌肝转移的一个有效指标。     

I、Ⅱ型糖尿病和透析患者的肠道内环境与生化指标的比较研究

对Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病及透析患者的肠道内环境和血液指标进行了比较观察.肠内细菌群的检测采用光冈复合式法;氨和硫化物的测定,采用Terada的方法;吲哚及臭素等的测定方法采用同吉原方法.临床主要生化指标观察方法,采用美国康宁644电解质分析仪和美国RA-1000全自动生化分析仪.随机选取住院的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型糖尿病以及透析患者各10名对肠道内环境以及血离子、肾功能进行检测分析.结果表明(1)肠内细菌群变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.73±0.44(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.84±0.75)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.14±0.37.Ⅱ型糖尿病患者,双歧杆菌数为7.88±0.34(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(2.40±3.18)‰.腐败菌数亦为7.99±1.15.透析患者,双歧杆菌数为7.76±0.42(log CFU/g),占肠内总菌数的百分率为(0.78±0.92)‰.腐败菌数亦为8.33±0.50.并检测到绿脓杆菌,其检出率为40%.(2)腐败物质的变化Ⅰ型糖尿病患者粪便中氨为823±67.2(μg/g);硫化物为50.7±16.0;粪便中苯、甲酚、吲哚、粪臭素等的变化,吲哚、粪臭素分别为57.1±12.1、53.5±11.2(μg/g).Ⅱ糖尿病患者粪便中氨为759.9±62.9(μg/g);硫化物为30±8.3.吲哚、粪臭素分别为40.1±9.9、36.5±9.1(μg/g).透析患者粪便中的氨为1 006.6±164.9(μg/g);硫化物为80±9.9.吲哚、粪臭素分别为78.7±9.7、77.9±10.1(μg/g).(3)血清无机离子的检测结果Ⅱ型糖尿病人的肾功、尿素、肌酐,尿素、肌酐、尿酸结果在正常范围内,肾脏无实质性损伤,但结果为正常值的上限,尿素5.24±2.11(mmol/L),肌酐93.8±6.15(μmol/L),尿酸0.27±0.04(mmol/L),有肾损伤的可能.Ⅰ型糖尿病人的肾脏已有轻度的实质性损害,尿素7.75±2.29(mmol/L),肌酐120.1±62.91(μmol/L),尿酸0.29±0.04(mmol/L).透析病人的肾脏已严重实质性损伤,尿素44.2±10.50(mmol/L),肌酐702.32±164.98(μmol/L),尿酸0.43±0.13(mmol/L).     

CEA mRNA在大肠癌患者微转移早期预测中的意义

目的:大肠癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,血行转移是大肠癌根治性手术失败的原因之一,在根治性切除肿瘤患者中,有大部分患者死于肿瘤的复发和转移,因此早期发现大肠癌微转移,对于延长患者预后指导下一步治疗具有重要意义。本研究已检测大肠癌患者外周血和引流静脉血中CEA mRNA的表达,以探索手术操作和微转移的关系,以及引流静脉血中微转移的发生与临床病理因素的关系,探讨早期发现大肠癌血循环微转移的意义。方法:应用逆转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法检测大肠癌患者手术前,手术后外周血及引流静脉血液中的CEA mRNA水平。结果:(1)大肠癌患者术前外周血CEA mRNA阳性率26.7%(16/60),引流静脉血阳性率48.3%(29/60),引流静脉血明显高于外周静脉血(P0.05)。(2)大肠癌引流静脉血中CEA mRNA在肿瘤大于5厘米者、Dukes C期、中低分化程度、有淋巴转移者、浸及浆膜者比外周静脉血更有统计学上的意义。(3)手术前后引流静脉血CEAm RNA阳性率具有显著差异(P0.05),外周血CEA mRNA阳性率无显著差异。结论:大肠癌引流静脉血微转移是大肠癌肝转移的发生的早期阶段,引流静脉血CEA mRNA的表达能更早期反映出大肠癌患者微转移的发生,引流静脉微转移发生率与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移相关,是反映大肠癌生物学行为的指标之一,手术对大肠癌血循环微转移有促进作用。     

绝经前后细菌性阴道病厌氧菌群及耐药性分析

目的了解绝经前后细菌性阴道病患者标本中优势厌氧菌群,检测厌氧菌分离株对5-硝基咪唑类和林可霉素类抗生素的耐药性。方法采集165例未绝经和125例绝经阴道病患者以及84例未绝经和68例绝经正常妇女的阴道分泌物,测定其pH。采用选择性厌氧培养基分离类杆菌、梭杆菌、乳杆菌、优杆菌、消化链球菌和消化球菌,将分离的厌氧菌株鉴定至种。同时采用二倍平皿稀释法,测定塞克硝唑、替硝唑、甲硝唑、林可霉素和克林霉素对760株厌氧菌的最低抑菌浓度。结果100%细菌性阴道病患者、97.6%未绝经和98.5%绝经正常妇女的阴道分泌物中分离出厌氧菌。阴道炎患者标本中,类杆菌属、普氏菌属和紫质单胞菌属厌氧菌分离率高于相应对照组(P<0.05;P<0.01),其中以多毛类杆菌、腐败类杆菌、脆弱类杆菌、产黑普氏菌、不解糖紫质单胞菌为优势菌群;梭杆菌属、优杆菌属、消化球菌属和消化链球菌属厌氧菌分离率与相应对照组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);乳杆菌属分离率明显低于相应对照组(P<0.01)。未绝经正常妇女和患者及绝经正常妇女和患者阴道分泌物pH分别为4.5±0.2、5.5±0.8、6.5±0.3和6.5±1.0。塞克硝唑、替硝唑和甲硝唑对355株革兰阴性厌氧菌M IC90值为1~8μg/m l,林可霉素和克林霉素则为4~16μg/m l;塞克硝唑、替硝唑和甲硝唑对405株革兰阳性厌氧菌M IC90值为8~32μg/m l,林可霉素和克林霉素则为4~16μg/m l。     

类核沉降法对三个着色性干皮病(XP)家系成员DNA修复能力的测定及杂合子的检出

应用类核沉降法,分析了三个着色性干皮病家系中35名成员外周血淋巴细胞在紫外线(2.5μJ/mm~2)照射和MNNG(2μg/mI)损伤后DNA修复能力。结果表明,6名XP患者和9名杂合子DNA损伤后20小时尚不能完成修复,他们11小时DNA修复率均值分别为UV,0.61±0.13,0.59±0.15和MNNG,0.44±0.15,0.46±0.16,与家系中10名非血缘亲属正常人DNA修复率均值为UV,0.96±0.07,MNNG,0.71±0.07相比,差异非常显著(Ρ<0.01),而XP患者和杂合子DNA修复率则无显著性差异(Γ>0.05)。提示,类核沉降技术可能为XP家系中杂合子成员检出提供一种有希望的方法。     

DNA oxidation and superoxide dismutase in the kidney of diabetic animals: effects of pioglitazone and repaglinide

In the present study, DNA oxidative damage was elevated and superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) metabolism was disturbed in the kidney of alloxan-induced diabetic animals. The effects of pioglitazone and repaglinide, new oral antidiabetics, on 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and Cu,Zn-SOD were studied. Diabetic versus control levels (mean ± SE) of 8-OHdG were 24.9 ± 0.2 vs. 21.8 ± 0.1 and 21.5 ± 0.2 vs 20.1 ± 0.2 pmol/μg DNA after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. At p<0.05, pioglitazone diminished this parameter in diabetic animals (22.0 ± 0.2 and 20.1 ± 0.3 pmol/μg DNA). The level was not affected in diabetic groups receiving repaglinide (24.9 ± 0.2 and 21.5 ± 0.3 pmol/μg DNA). In diabetic kidney, Cu,Zn-SOD mRNA was diminished relative to control animals and was modulated by pioglitazone and repaglinide treatments. Simultaneously, Cu,Zn-SOD activity was also diminished (1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 2.8 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.1 vs 2.9 ± 0.3 U/mg protein after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively) and partly changed after pioglitazone (2.1 ± 0.4 and 2.3 ± 0.3 U/mg protein) and repaglinide (2.0 ± 0.1 and 2.4 ± 0.2 U/mg protein). These results suggest that a reduction in oxidative stress in diabetic kidney can be achieved with the administration of pioglitazone and to some extent using repaglinide treatment.     

野生猕猴应激与抗应激的研究

本文以野生猕猴为实验对象 ,以血清皮质醇含量为指标 ,研究了野生猕猴被捕获与给予氯丙嗪、Vc 等药物后上述指标的变化。结果表明 :(1)野生猕猴在被捕获后的 1～ 2周内 ,血清皮质醇一直维持在一个高水平状态 (2 4 78± 0 2 0 μg/dl,2 4 88± 0 5 8μg/dl) ;(2 )氯丙嗪可使动物行为处于一种安静状态 ,但并不降低血清皮质醇水平 (2 8 73± 6 16 μg/dl) ,(3)Vc 可改善动物的精神状态 ,使血清皮质醇略低 (2 1 0 0± 2 90 μg/dl) (P >0 0 5 ) ,(4)氯丙嗪和Vc 合用后 ,血清皮质醇与单独使用氯丙嗪无明显差异 (2 8 0 7± 4 45 μg/dl)。     

人工雌核发育草鱼染色体倍性的鉴定

运用经典的红细胞及细胞核体积大小测量方法以及流式细胞仪,检测了人工诱导雌核发育草鱼染色体倍性与DNA含量.雌核发育草鱼红细胞体积为(333.5±41.94)μm3,细胞核体积为(20.7±2.378)μm3;与所测普通草鱼红细胞体积(343.8±50.1)μm3,细胞核体积(21.2±1.98)μm3,没有显著差异.雌核发育草鱼DNA含量(2C)平均为2.23pg,普通草鱼DNA含量(2C)2.20pg,两者无显著差异.研究结果表明,人工雌核发育草鱼与普通草鱼具有相同的染色体倍性.     

黄鳝清除氧自由基作用的研究

采用化学发光法建立四个活性氧体外模型分析黄鳝粘液、血液、粗多糖清除氧自由基和抑制脂质过氧化作用。结果表明:黄鳝粘液、血液和粗多糖具有清除超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)、羟自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢(H2O2)和抑制脂质过氧化(LPO)作用。清除O2·的IC50分别为5.10±2.68μg/mL、3.62±1.56μg/mL、7.19±1.19μg/mL;清除·OH的IC50分别为5.86±1.54μg/mL、3.36±1.36μg/mL、7.93±0.50μg/mL;清除H2O2的IC50分别为6.91±1.29μg/mL、5.92±0.39μg/mL、8.21±0.61μg/mL;抑制LPO的IC50分别为8.11±0.83μg/mL、6.90±0.51μg/mL、7.62±1.01μg/mL。提示黄鳝血液清除氧自由基作用最明显,粘液次之,最弱为粗多糖。     

Apoptosis pathways in cancer and cancer therapy

Activation of apoptosis pathways is a key mechanism by which cytotoxic drugs kill tumor cells. Also immunotherapy of tumors requires an apoptosis sensitive phenotype of target cells. Defects in apoptosis signalling contribute to resistance of tumors. Activation of apoptosis signalling following treatment with cytotoxic drugs has been shown to lead to activation of the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis. In addition, signalling through the death receptor (extrinsic) pathways, contributes to sensitivity of tumor cells towards cytotoxic treatment. Both pathways converge finally at the level of activation of caspases, the effector molecules in most forms of cell death. In addition to classical apoptosis, non-apoptotic modes of cell death have recently been identified. Mechanisms to overcome apoptosis resistance include direct targeting of antiapoptotic molecules expressed in tumors as well as re-sensitization of previously resistant tumor cells by re-expression of caspases and counteracting apoptotis inhibitory molecules such as Bcl-2 and molecules of the IAP family of endogenous caspase inhibitors. Molecular insights into regulation of apoptosis and defects in apoptosis signalling in tumor cells will provide novel approaches to define sensitivity or resistance of tumor cells towards antitumor therapy and provide new targets for rational therapeutic interventions for future therapeutic strategies.This work was presented at the first Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Summer School, 8–13 September 2003, Ionian Village, Bartholomeio, Peloponnese, Greece.     

Aging, cancer, and cancer vaccines

ABSTRACT: World population has experienced continuous growth since 1400 A.D. Current projections show a continued increase - but a steady decline in the population growth rate - with the number expected to reach between 8 and 10.5 billion people within 40 years. The elderly population is rapidly rising: in 1950 there were 205 million people aged 60 or older, while in 2000 there were 606 million. By 2050, the global population aged 60 or over is projected to expand by more than three times, reaching nearly 2 billion people 1. Most cancers are age-related diseases: in the US, 50% of all malignancies occur in people aged 65-95. 60% of all cancers are expected to be diagnosed in elderly patients by 2020 2. Further, cancer-related mortality increases with age: 70% of all malignancy-related deaths are registered in people aged 65 years or older 3. Here we introduce the microscopic aspects of aging, the pro-inflammatory phenotype of the elderly, and the changes related to immunosenescence. Then we deal with cancer disease and its development, the difficulty of treatment administration in the geriatric population, and the importance of a comprehensive geriatric assessment. Finally, we aim to analyze the complex interactions of aging with cancer and cancer vaccinology, and the importance of this last approach as a complementary therapy to different levels of prevention and treatment. Cancer vaccines, in fact, should at present be recommended in association to a stronger cancer prevention and conventional therapies (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy), both for curative and palliative intent, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated to cancer progression.     

Association between family cancer history and risk of pancreatic cancer

PurposeFamily history of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is an established risk factor for the disease. However, associations of pancreatic cancer with other familial cancers are less clear. We analyzed data from the Queensland Pancreatic Cancer Study (QPCS), an Australian population-based case-control study, to investigate associations between family history of various cancer types and risk of pancreatic cancer.Materials and methodsOur study included 591 pancreatic cancer patients and 646 controls, all of whom self-reported the histories of cancer in their first-degree relatives. We used logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Based on our results, we conducted a systematic literature review using the Medline (OVID) database to identify articles pertaining to the association between family history of melanoma and risk of pancreatic cancer. A meta-analysis including associations in five published studies, unpublished results from a study co-author and the QPCS results was then performed using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model.ResultsCases were more likely than controls to report a family history of pancreatic cancer (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.16–4.19) and melanoma (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.03–2.95), but not of breast, ovarian, respiratory, other gastrointestinal or prostate cancer. Meta-analysis of melanoma family history and pancreatic cancer risk yielded an OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.00–1.51).ConclusionsOur results yield further evidence of increased risk of pancreatic cancer in those with family histories of the disease. We also provide suggestive evidence of an association between family history of melanoma and risk of pancreatic cancer.     

Autophagy and cancer

Autophagy is a homeostatic and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of self-digestion by which the cells degrade and recycle long-lived proteins and excess or damaged organelles.Autophagy is activated in response to both physiological and pathological stimuli including growth factor depletion,energy deficiency or the upregulation of Bcl-2 protein expression.A novel role of autophagy in various cancers has been proposed.Interestingly,evidence that supports both a positive and negative role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cancer has been reported.As a tumor suppression mechanism,autophagy maintains genome stability,induces senescence and possibly autophagic cell death.On the other hand,autophagy participates in tumor growth and maintenance by supplying metabolic substrate,limiting oxidative stress,and maintaining cancer stem cell population.It has been proposed that the differential roles of autophagy in cancer are disease type and stage specific.In addition,substrate selectivity might be involved in carrying out the specific effect of autophagy in cancer,and represents one of the potential directions for future studies.     

Caspases and cancer

Evasion of apoptosis is considered to be one of the hallmarks of human cancers. This cell death modality is executed by caspases and several upstream regulatory factors, which direct their proteolytic activity, have been defined as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Often these regulatory factors, in addition to being potent apoptosis inducers, function in cell survival or repair signaling pathways in response to cellular stress. Thus, loss of function in a distinct regulatory mechanism does not necessarily mean that tumor formation is due to apoptosis malfunction resulting from insufficient caspase activation. Although each caspase has been assigned a distinct role in apoptosis, some redundancy with respect to their regulatory functions and substrate recognition is evident. Jointly, these proteases could be considered to possess solid tumor suppressor function, but what is the evidence that deregulation of specific caspases per se induces inappropriate cell survival, leading to enhanced tumorigenic potential? This question will be addressed in this review, which covers basic molecular mechanisms derived from in vitro analyses and emphasizes new insights that have emerged from in vivo and clinical studies.     

microRNA与肿瘤

microRNA（miRNA）是近年来发现的一类长度为19—25个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA。它主要通过与靶标基因3’UTR的完全或不完全配对,降解靶标基因mRNA或抑制其翻译,从而参与调控个体发育、细胞凋亡、增殖及分化等生命活动。实验证据表明,miRNA可通过调控其靶标基因参与的信号通路,影响肿瘤的发生和发展,发挥着类似于癌基因或抑癌基因的功能。miRNA的发现为肿瘤发病机制的研究提供了新的思路,为肿瘤诊断和治疗提供了新的策略。本综述主要介绍近年来miRNA与肿瘤发生发展相关性研究领域的进展。     

Aneuploidy and cancer

The cell's euploid status is influenced by, amongst other mechanisms, an intact spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), an accurate centrosome cycle, and proper cytokinesis. Studies in mammalian cells suggest that dysregulated SAC function, centrosome cycle, and cytokinesis can all contribute significantly to aneuploidy. Of interest, human cancers are frequently aneuploid and show altered expression in SAC genes. The SAC is a multi-protein complex that monitors against mis-segregation of sister chromatids. Several recent experimental mouse models have suggested a link between weakened SAC and in vivo tumorigenesis. Here, we review in brief some mechanisms which contribute to cellular aneuploidy and offer a perspective on the relationship between aneuploidy and human cancers.     

Cytokinesis and cancer

Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division during which the two daughter cells separate completely. Although less well understood than some of the earlier phases of the cell cycle, recent discoveries have shed light on the mechanisms that orchestrate this process, including cleavage furrow formation, midbody maturation and abscission. One of the reasons why research on cytokinesis has been attracting increasing attention is the concept that failure of this process in mammals is associated with carcinogenesis. In this minireview, we will discuss the possible links between cytokinesis and cancer, and highlight key mechanisms that connect these processes.