Hyperthyroidism due to Coexistence of Graves’ Disease and Struma Ovarii

ObjectiveTo report an unusual case of persistent thyrotoxicosis after treatment of Graves’ disease, because of coexistence of struma ovarii.MethodsWe report the clinical history, imaging studies, laboratory and pathologic data, and treatment in a patient with persistent hyperthyroidism after surgical treatment of Graves’ disease. In addition, we discuss some aspects of the pathogenesis of hyperthyroidism due to functioning struma ovarii.ResultsA 42-year-old woman underwent near-total thyroidectomy for treatment of Graves’ disease. Post-operatively, hyperthyroidism was still present. Methimazole was administered again, and performance of a ¹³¹I whole-body scan demonstrated a focus of intense uptake in the pelvis. Pelvic ultrasonography revealed a mass (11 by 8 by 7.1 cm) arising from the right ovary, with both solid and cystic components. Abdominal surgical exploration was performed, and the final histologic diagnosis was struma ovarii. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism diminished, and 3 weeks postoperatively, the thyroid hormone levels were in the hypothyroid range.ConclusionIn patients with refractory hyperthyroidism after thyroid surgical treatment, radioiodine scanning should be performed to diagnose or exclude the functioning profile of ovarian masses. (Endocr Pract. 2007;13:274-276)     

Neuropatía femoral: hematoma en músculo ilíaco y fractura vertebral lumbar

75-year-old patient with a history of acenocumarol anticoagulated atrial fibrillation, which shows pain, functional impotence and right lower limb paresthesias after fall. Studies evidenc evertebral fracture L5 and haematoma on right iliac muscle, proceeding to surgical drainage, suspension of acenocumarol, and onset of apixaban. After treatment persisted femoral neuropathy, which not allowed complete functional recovery.DiscussionFemoral neuropathy as possible cause of compressive hematoma over iliopsoas muscle or secundary to lumbar canal stenosis and contact with L4 root. In both of the misit posible to observe weakness of proximal lower limb musculature. Haematoma was suspected due to lower back pain, flank mass and hypovolemia. Handlingis based on the severity of the symptomatology, from conservative to surgical drainage to reduce sequelae and bleeding complications. Apixaban has shown a higher safety profile. Stabilization of lumbar fracture allowed partial functional recovery.     

复发性胆源性胰腺炎的临床特征及危险因素分析

目的:研究复发性胆源性胰腺炎(RGP)的临床特征及危险因素。方法:选择从2012年1月至2017年1月在本院接受治疗的80例RGP患者作为观察组,另选同期在本院接受治疗的胆源性胰腺炎(GP)患者86例作为对照组,分析观察组患者的临床特征及两组患者的致病因素,采用Logistic回归分析RGP的危险因素。结果:在RGP患者的临床特征中,复发次数均较多,平均达到(3.21±0.23)次。发病诱因则主要是胆囊结石、胆总管结石及高脂血症;临床症状主要是黄疸、呕吐、恶心、腹痛、腹胀;并发症主要包括胆管炎、胰腺脓肿以及腹水;临床体征主要有出血征象、腹肌紧张、腹部压痛等。观察组的男性、重度胰腺炎、合并胆总管结石、胆胰管开口狭窄、有高脂血症、手术治疗的患者致病率分别高于对照组,并且观察组急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHE-Ⅱ)明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。由多因素Logistic回归分析可知,导致RGP的危险因素有男性、高APACHE-Ⅱ评分、重度胰腺炎、合并胆总管结石、胆胰管开口狭窄、有高脂血症以及手术治疗。结论:RGP患者的临床特征具有一定的规律性,其中男性、高APACHE-Ⅱ评分、重度胰腺炎、合并胆总管结石、胆胰管开口狭窄、有高脂血症以及手术治疗是导致RGP发生的危险因素。     

Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease -Clinical Presentation and Response to Therapy

ObjectiveThe development of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) can threaten the hemodynamic stability of adult patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Here, we describe the natural history and treatment response of AIT in this at-risk population.MethodsWe studied retrospectively all cases of AIT that occurred in CHD patients at our institution after a minimum of 3 months on amiodarone. Subjects were identified from the cohort of adults with CHD who were treated at the Mayo Clinic Adult CHD clinic between 1987 and 2009.ResultsWe identified 23 cases of AIT: 7 were type 1, 13 were type 2, and 3 were undefined due to insufficient data. Most patients were symptomatic (17 of 23, 74%), with arrhythmia and weight loss as the most common symptoms. The majority (12 of 23, 52%) were initially observed; 10 patients (43%) were treated medically and 1 patient (5%) underwent thyroidectomy. Four patients from the observation group eventually required active treatment and 3 patients from the medical group required surgery. Asymptomatic patients tended to resolve under observation (5 of 7, 71.4%) rather than progress to active treatment (0 of 4) (P = .06). Discontinuation of amiodarone, AIT type, or use of perchlorate did not impact AIT duration.ConclusionAIT in CHD patients exhibits a wide range of severity and sensitivity to medical therapy. Asymptomatic patients display a trend toward AIT resolution with observation alone. Amiodarone continuation does not appear to impact management outcome or disease duration. Additional studies in this high-risk population could identify elements of pathophysiology that would point toward better disease prevention and treatment. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:33-40)     

微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗感染性结石合并尿液CRPA感染两例

目的:总结一期行微通道经皮肾镜碎石术(microchannel percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,m PCNL)治疗上尿路感染性结石合并尿培养为耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌(carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa,CRPA)的经验。方法:选择我院收治两例左肾结石合并尿培养为CRPA的患者,经积极抗感染治疗后,病例一行左侧经皮肾镜碎石术,病例二先行右肾穿刺造瘘术成功后行左侧经皮肾镜碎石术,观察分析两例患者术后结石清除情况,术中术后出现发热、腰痛、大出血、尿路损伤及肾功能衰竭等并发症情况。结果:两例患者术后复查双J管位置良好,结石基本清除;术中、术后均未出现发热、腰痛、大出血、尿路损伤及肾功能衰竭等并发症。结论:经过合适的围手术期处理,一期微通道经皮肾镜碎石术治疗感染性结石合并尿培养为耐药菌的患者是安全可行的。     

不同术式经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效分析

目的:探讨不同术式经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法:选取我院2013年9月~2015年7月我院收治的采用经皮椎间孔镜治疗的腰椎间盘突出症患者159例,根据不同手术方式进行分组,其中采用YESS手术的36例患者作为YESS组,采用TESSYS手术的76例患者作为TESSYS组,采用BEIS手术(即改良的TESSYS手术)的47例患者作为BEIS组。于术前、术后1天、3个月、6个月、12个月对所有患者进行视觉疼痛模拟评分(VAS)和改良的MacNab疗效评定。结果:三组的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),BEIS组和TESSYS组的手术时间、术中出血量高于YESS组,且BEIS组手术时间、术中出血量高于TESSYS组,BEIS组的住院时间高于YESS组和TESSYS组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。三组患者术后各时期VAS评分均较术前降低(P0.05),但三组间术前、术后不同时期VAS评分整体比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。三组优良率整体比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:不同术式经皮椎间孔镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效相当,可以有效减轻术后患者的疼痛,但是三种术式的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间有所差异,临床上针对不同类型的腰椎间盘突出症应采用不同术式,以获得更确切的疗效。     

Successful Long-Term Treatment of Cushing Disease with Mifepristone (RU486)

ObjectiveWe describe a girl with Cushing disease for whom surgery and radiation treatments failed and the sub- sequent clinical course with mifepristone therapy.MethodsWe present the patient’s clinical, biochemi- cal, and imaging findings.ResultsA 16-year-old girl presented with classic Cushing disease. After transsphenoidal surgery, Cyberknife radiosurgery, ketoconazole, and metyrapone did not control her disease, and she was prescribed mifepristone, which was titrated to a maximal dosage of 1200 mg daily with subsequent symptom improvement. Mifepristone (RU486) is a high-affinity, nonselective antagonist of the glucocor- ticoid receptor. There is limited literature on its use as an off-label medication to treat refractory Cushing disease. Over her 8-year treatment with mifepristone, her therapy was complicated by hypertension and hypokalemia requir- ing spironolactone and potassium chloride. She received a 2-month drug holiday every 4 to 6 months to allow for withdrawal menstrual bleeding with medroxyprogester- one acetate. Urinary cortisol, serum cortisol, and cortico- tropin levels remained elevated during mifepristone drug holidays. While on mifepristone, her signs and symptoms of Cushing disease resolved. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated stable appearance of the residual pituitary mass. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed, and mifepristone was discontinued after 95 months of medical therapy.ConclusionsWe describe the longest duration of mifepristone therapy thus reported for the treatment of refractory Cushing disease. Mifepristone effectively controlled all signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. Menstruating women who take the drug on a long-term basis should receive periodic drug holidays to allow for menses. The lack of reliable serum biomarkers to monitor the success of mifepristone therapy requires careful clini- cal judgment and may make its use difficult in Cushing disease. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:e114-e120)     

Pituitary Adenoma: A Clinician’S Perspective

ObjectiveTo review the underlying causes of pituitary lesions, a rational approach to their diagnosis, and therapeutic options.MethodsThe types of pituitary lesions and their clinical manifestations are reviewed, and treatment strategies and long-term follow-up are discussed.ResultsA pituitary adenoma is quite common and poses a challenge to the clinician to determine the clinical significance, the appropriate diagnosis, the need for treatment, and the appropriate therapy or therapies. The treatment of a pituitary adenoma depends on the type of tumor; a prolactinoma is treated medically with a dopamine agonist drug, and other lesions are usually treated by transsphenoidal surgical removal. Replacement of a deficient hormone or hormones is necessary for optimal functioning. Some patients require more than one treatment, including surgical intervention, replacement of a hormone or hormones, medications to lower hormone hypersecretion to normal (for prolactinoma, acromegaly, or Cushing disease), pituitary radiation therapy (optimally with focused irradiation such as the Gamma Knife or LINEAC), and, in the situation of persistent Cushing disease, bilateral adrenalectomy as a last resort. Lifelong monitoring is necessary for all these patients.ConclusionThe goal is to decrease the mass effect of the adenoma, to restore normal pituitary function, and to suppress hormone hypersecretion. Achievement of this goal necessitates the cooperation and interdisciplinary efforts of several medical specialties. (Endocr Pract. 2008;14:757-763)     

Endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin caused by Scedosporium boydii: A case report

BackgroundMycotic ocular infections caused by the Scedosporium apiospermum species complex are challenging to treat because of the delayed diagnoses and poor responses to antifungal drugs and surgical treatment.Case reportA case of a 69-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 and prior surgery on the right femur is described. In the 10 days prior to the ophthalmic consultation he started with ocular pain, adding to a previous and progressive loss of visual acuity in his right eye. The diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin was established. Despite medical treatment, the patient's condition worsened and, due to the imminent risks, an enucleation was performed. Smears of the enucleation tissue revealed fungal cells, and the cultures yielded a fungus belonging to the S. apiospermum species complex, which was identified as Scedosporium boydii by morphological characteristics and sequencing of a PCR amplicon.ConclusionsA diagnosis of endophthalmitis of probable endogenous origin in the right eye was based on a previous right femur surgery. Potential risk to the patient led to enucleation.     

一例喉真菌病病例报道并文献复习

目的:探讨喉真菌病的临床特征、诊断要点和治疗方案。方法:回顾我院收治的一例喉真菌病患者的临床病例资料,并对1992年至今国内外报道的类似病例33例进行文献复习。本研究共纳入患者34例,男性16例,女性18例,年龄14-67岁,临床表现以声嘶为主,可伴有咽痛、咽干等咽喉不适感,其中有16例患者被误诊为急性喉炎,27例患者有不同程度的抗生素和(或)糖皮质激素使用史。结果:34例患者中,13例通过病理确诊为喉真菌病。所有患者均予抗真菌药物治疗,其中有1例同时行手术治疗,均治愈。结论:喉真菌病临床罕见,症状无特异性,易误诊,但病理学检查可靠,全身或局部使用抗真菌药物疗效佳,预后良好。     

Recurrent Neutropenia Due to Dopamine Agonists in a Patient with Microprolactinoma

ObjectiveThe objective of our case report is to increase the awareness of neutropenia as a rare but potentially serious adverse outcome of commonly used dopamine agonists for the treatment of prolactinomas.MethodsThis report reviews the clinical history, diagnosis, investigations, and drug treatment of our patient.ResultsNeutropenia was recurrent after changing to various different dopamine agonists necessitating surgical treatment of a prolactinoma.ConclusionThis case serves a reminder of this adverse drug reaction. Considering the significant impact and potentially a life threatening outcome, we advocate routine monitoring of full blood count prior to and during the treatment with dopamine agonists. (Endocr. Pract. 2013;19:e122-e123)     

微纤维止血胶原在内镜下腺样体吸切术中的应用

目的:探讨微纤维止血胶原(Avitene)在内镜下腺样体吸切术创面止血的临床效果。方法:将58例行内镜下腺样体吸切术的患者随机分为三组,A组23例(盐酸赛洛唑啉纱条压迫+Avitene涂抹),B组19例(盐酸赛洛唑啉纱条压迫+电凝止血),C组16例(仅以盐酸赛洛唑啉纱条压迫止血)。比较三组患者的手术时间、止血时间、出血程度、止血难度、术后疼痛、进食恢复时间及术后并发症等指标。结果:三组出血程度比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。A组手术时间、止血时间、止血难度均低于B组、C组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组术后疼痛、进食恢复时间低于B组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),与C组比较无统计学差异。三组均未出现术后出血、感染、误吸等并发症。结论:微纤维止血胶原用于内镜下腺样体吸切术创面止血,具有快速方便、安全有效的特点。     

Neurologic Complications of Paget Disease of Bone

ObjectiveTo review the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of the neurologic complications associated with Paget disease of bone (PDB).MethodsWe reviewed the English-language medical literature using MEDLINE data sources from 1950 to August 2008 and manually searched cross-references from original articles and reviews. Search terms included “Paget* disease of bone” and “neurologic* complications,” “cranial nerve,” “spinal cord,” or “peripheral nerve.”ResultsSeveral neurologic problems in the central and peripheral nervous systems may complicate PDB. Up to 76% of patients may have some form of neurologic involvement. Neurologic complications can occur in patients with a long history of PDB as well as in patients with previously unrecognized disease. The primary mechanisms of nerve damage in PDB involving the spine are ischemic myelitis and compression due to bone hypertrophy. Evaluation includes determining the serum alkaline phosphatase level and imaging by radiography, bone scintigraphy, computed tomographic scanning, and, for lesions of the central nervous system, magnetic resonance imaging. If a soft-tissue mass is found, biopsy should be considered to exclude the presence of sarcoma. Treatment strategies include calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and possibly surgical intervention for refractory cases.ConclusionNeurologic sequelae of PDB may be underappreciated. Despite the paucity of data guiding treatment, zoledronic acid is a reasonable first-line therapy. Lack of response to treatment or relapse should prompt diagnostic reevaluation with a heightened suspicion for tumor. (Endocr Pract. 2009;15:158-166)     

Megavoltage 2D topographic imaging: An attractive alternative to megavoltage CT for the localization of breast cancer patients treated with TomoDirect

PurposeTo show the usefulness of topographic 2D megavoltage images (MV2D) for the localization of breast cancer patients treated with TomoDirect (TD), a radiotherapy treatment technique with fixed-angle beams performed on a TomoTherapy system.MethodsA method was developed to quickly localize breast cancer patients treated with TD by registering the MV2D images produced before a TD treatment with reference images reconstructed from a kilovoltage CT simulation scanner and by using the projection of the beam-eye-view TD treatment field. Dose and image quality measurements were performed to determine the optimal parameters for acquiring MV2D images. A TD treatment was simulated on a chest phantom equipped with a breast attachment. MVCT and MV2D images were performed for 7 different shifted positions of the phantom and registered by 10 different operators with the simulation kilovoltage CT images.ResultsCompared to MVCT, MV2D imaging reduces the dose by a factor of up to 45 and the acquisition time by a factor of up to 49. Comparing the registration shift values obtained for the phantom images obtained with MVCT in the coarse mode to those obtained with MV2D, the mean difference is 1.0 ± 1.1 mm, −1.1 mm ± 1.1, and −0.1 ± 2.2 mm, respectively, in the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical directions.ConclusionsWith dual advantages (very fast imaging and a potentially reduced dose to the heart and contralateral organs), MV2D topographic images may be an attractive alternative to MVCT for the localization of breast cancer patients treated with TomoDirect.     

宫内节育器与宫腔支撑球囊联合应用治疗中重度宫腔粘连中的临床效果

摘要 目的：探讨宫内节育器与宫腔支撑球囊联合应用治疗中重度宫腔粘连的临床效果。方法：选择2016年12月至2019年8月于西安交通大学第一附属医院宫腔镜诊疗中心接受宫腔镜下中重度宫腔粘连分解术的患者共96例,采用随机对照表法将其分为两组。对照组48例,术后宫腔内放置宫内节育器(intrauterine contraceptive device,IUD);研究组48例,术后放置宫腔支撑球囊(intrauterine support balloon,ISB),3~5 d后更换为宫内节育器。两组术后均给予为期3月的人工周期治疗。术后1月,复查宫腔镜了解宫腔有无再粘连并取出宫内节育器,以此评估手术效果是否有效,术后3月时随访其月经来潮情况。统计比较两组术后5 d内阴道出血量、C反应蛋白水平、发热、下腹痛以及节育器或支持球囊有无脱落等情况,术后1月手术效果及术后3月月经恢复情况。结果：研究组的手术有效率及月经改善比例均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),术后5 d内阴道出血量显著少于对照组(P<0.05);下腹痛及球囊脱落事件发生率显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组在C反应蛋白水平、发热发生率对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论：与单独使用宫内节育器相比,联合使用宫腔支撑球囊能提高中重度宫腔粘连分解手术有效率,改善月经,减少术后出血,不增加感染风险,但球囊易于脱落且会增加患者下腹疼痛。     

Cushing Disease: Highlighting the Importance of Early Diagosis for Both de Novo and Recurrent Disease in Light of Evolving Treatment Patterns

ObjectiveTo highlight and summarize current literature on Cushing disease (CD)-related morbidity and mortality, focusing on residual complications after “cure” and the changing role of pharmacologic therapy in CD.MethodsCurrent journal articles on the consequences of untreated or undertreated CD, CD recurrence, and recent trends in CD treatment were collected from PubMed searches and analyzed in combination in view of the authors’ clinical experience.ResultsTimely recognition and treatment of de novo and recurrent CD remains a singular clinical challenge. Chronic excess cortisol exposure leads to potentially irreversible sequelae and death, stressing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Disease relapse after primary pituitary adenomectomy is prevalent and recurrence may manifest decades after initial surgery. Increased risk for mortality and hypercortisolism-related complications in postsurgical CD patients may indicate persistent subclinical disease and further underscores the need for cautious, ongoing observation and testing. Potential long-term pharmacologic treatment options (e.g., pasireotide, mifepristone) have recently emerged that may provide biochemical and symptomatic remission for those with refractory CD, or those for whom surgery is contraindicated.ConclusionDelays in CD diagnosis, management, and follow-up are common and lead to increased adverse metabolic complications and mortality. Rapid recognition and treatment as well as vigilant monitoring are therefore essential. After surgical treatment, some patients may suffer from persistent subclinical CD that remains difficult to detect with routine testing. Although long-term pharmacologic treatment has historically been limited by adverse reactions or escape from response, new treatments may offer more options for patients with refractory disease. (Endocr Pract. 2014;20:945-955)     

超声引导下经皮射频消融子宫腺肌症的近期疗效观察

摘要 目的：探讨超声引导下经皮射频消融（RFA）治疗子宫腺肌症（ADM）的近期疗效。方法：选取2016年3月-2020年10月我院收治的ADM患者共计138例作为研究对象,根据数字随机表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组69例,对照组接受手术切除病灶治疗,观察组接受RFA治疗。比较两组患者子宫体积变化情况、临床症状、血红蛋白变化、术后不良反应发生情况。结果：两组患者术后子宫体积逐渐缩小,术后各随访时期与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,术后1个月与术后3个月、6个月与12个月分别比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,术后3个月、6个月与12个月比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。观察组月经过多、痛经等临床症状缓解率明显高于对照组（P＜0.05）,两组下腹包块、泌尿系统症状等临床症状缓解率比较（P＞0.05）,两组均无临床症状加重情况发生。两组患者术前、术后1天血红蛋白情况比较（P＞0.05）,观察组术后6个月血红蛋白量明显多于对照组（P＜0.05）。两组少量阴道排液及出血、月经紊乱、下腹痛、白带异常等轻微并发症总发生率比较无差异（P＞0.05）。少量阴道排液、出血患者持续10～60天自愈;月经紊乱患者给予肾上腺色腙片或激素处理;下腹痛患者持续时间约为2周,予镇痛处理;白带异常患者嘱其注意清洁卫生,预防感染。结论：超声引导下水冷循环电极经皮RFA治疗ADM具有微创、安全、高效的优势,可明显减小子宫体积,缓解临床症状,提高血红蛋白含量。