枯草芽孢杆菌对几种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

枯草芽孢杆菌是目前国内外比较具有应用潜力的生防菌种之一。本文主要研究了枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对几种植物病原菌的菌丝抑制试验、菌丝形态影响试验以及分生孢子萌发抑制试验,了解枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用及抑菌机理。结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌菌液对6种病原真菌的菌丝形态、菌丝生长、产孢和分生孢子萌发都有明显的破坏或抑制作用。用枯草芽孢杆菌菌液处理尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌后,在PDA培养基上均形成了明显的抑菌圈,直径达3. 00 cm左右;菌液处理后分生孢子的萌发率仅30%左右。显微镜观察发现,处理组菌丝生长异常,体表凹凸不平,局部膨大,分枝变多,原生质体外泄。研究表明枯草芽孢杆菌菌株对尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌有良好的抑制作用,并且可以有效控制尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型、灰葡萄孢、茄病镰刀菌、大丽轮枝菌、麦根腐平脐蠕孢和尖孢镰刀菌病害的发生。     

弯曲平脐蠕孢拮抗细菌的筛选、鉴定及拮抗作用

【背景】玉米弯曲平脐蠕孢是引起玉米叶斑病的主要病原,严重危害农业生产。利用细菌防治弯曲平脐蠕孢是目前研究的热点。【目的】筛选对玉米弯曲平脐蠕孢有高拮抗性的菌株,对其进行鉴定并探究其拮抗机制。【方法】采用平板对峙法,从玉米田地表下土壤分离获得22株细菌,再经过复筛得到一株对玉米弯曲平脐蠕孢具有较高拮抗活性的菌株L-14。【结果】筛选发现,菌株L-14对层出镰孢(Fusariumproliferatum)、禾谷镰孢(Fusariumgraminearum)、大斑凸脐蠕孢(Exserohilum turcicum)、弯曲平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris papendorfii)和灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea) 5种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,是一株广谱拮抗作用的生防菌株。通过对该菌株进行形态观察、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及生理生化特性检测,鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌。对菌株L-14的抗菌机制进行研究,发现该菌发酵液的蛋白粗提物对弯曲平脐蠕孢气生菌丝形态无影响,但可致基内菌丝畸变,对弯曲平脐蠕孢分生孢子萌发有抑制作用。【结论】筛选的拮抗菌在防治植物病害上具有广谱性及较高的拮抗活性,能有效防治玉米叶斑病。     

中国东部暖温带地区土壤中的蠕形菌

在调查研究中国东部暖温带地区土壤中暗色丝孢菌过程中,采用稀释平板法和土壤颗粒平板法分离获得100余株蠕形菌的分离物。经纯化培养后,依据形态特征鉴定为3属21种,其中虎尾草平脐蠕孢[Bipolaris chlorides (Alcon) Alcon]和小柄凸脐蠕孢[Exserohilum pedicellatum (Henry) Leonard & Suggs]为中国新记录种。文中列出了各蠕形菌的种名、采集地、土样号以及菌株号,对2个新记录种进行了详细描述。所有活菌株及干制培养物保存在山东农业大学植物病理系标本室(HSAUP)。     

木贼镰孢基因功能注释及比较基因组学分析

为挖掘木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc.)的产毒基因及明确其进化关系,通过BLAST软件与GO、KEGG、COG、E职NOG、CAZy等14个数据库结合的方法对其全基因组进行功能注释并挖掘产毒基因,进行系统进化分析及运用色谱技术研究产毒基因的分泌规律;以麦根腐平脐蠕孢、燕麦镰孢、尖...     

单孢分离菌株的异核不对称特性揭示梯棱羊肚菌为假同宗结合真菌

本文以基因组数据显示只具有MAT1-1 idiomorph的单孢菌株YPL6-3和只具有MAT1-2 idiomorph的单孢菌株YPL6-1为材料,研究它们子代的子囊果、单孢菌株群体和同一子囊中8个单孢菌株的交配型分布情况。YPL6-3和YPL6-1菌株分别隔离栽培和互补混栽均能形成正常的子囊果,其子囊果菌柄交配型分布与亲本菌株有关。PCR扩增检测235株子代单孢菌株的交配基因出现有趣现象：一些菌株的MAT1-1-1基因电泳条带强,而MAT1-2-1基因的条带弱;另一些菌株则MAT1-1-1基因条带弱,而MAT1-2-1基因条带强。同时也有两基因条带都强或者一基因条带强,另一基因无条带的菌株。从3个子囊果中共挑取了10个子囊,并对每个子囊中的单孢进行独立分离,PCR扩增并电泳检测交配基因时也出现了上述相同的情况。若MAT1-1-1强,则MAT1-2-1弱或无,这样的菌株在同一子囊中不会超出4个,反之亦然。利用长片段PCR扩增YPL6-1和YPL6-3菌株的全长MAT idiomorph,利用Nanopore测序技术对扩增子进行单分子实时测序,2次重复实验的序列比对发现：菌株YPL6-1中存在99.63%和99.81%的MAT1-2 idiomorph分子及0.37%和0.19%的MAT1-1 idiomorph分子;菌株YPL6-3中存在99.45%和99.74%的MAT1-1 idiomorph 分子及0.55%和0.26%的MAT1-2 idiomorph分子。从而证实,这2个基因组测序和PCR扩增都只能检测到一种交配型的菌株,其实是异核菌株,只是2种交配型核的数量占比存在较大偏离。根据上述现象推断,梯棱羊肚菌的子囊孢子都是异核的,萌发后形成的单孢菌株具有异核不对称特点,从而推测梯棱羊肚菌是一种特殊的假同宗子囊菌,同时也揭示了梯棱羊肚菌单孢出菇的真相。     

辽宁省土壤中暗色丝孢菌初查

从辽宁省不同生态环境中采集土壤样品28份,采用土壤平板法和稀释平板法,从中分离出45个暗色丝孢菌分离物。经鉴定分属于18属,26种。其中,海芋平脐蠕孢Bipolaris alocasiae、长梗腐质霉Humicola longistipes为新种;其他24种为国内已知种。研究过的标本（干制培养物）及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室（HSAUP）,等模式标本保存在中国科学院真菌标本馆（HMAS）。     

稗草叶枯病病原尖角突脐孢菌的鉴定

采用形态学及分子生物学的方法对采集自湖南和北京的3株尖角突脐孢菌分离物进行了鉴定。结果表明,3株分离物(KF-1、HN-14和K-12)和保存于中国农业大学已定名的尖角突脐孢菌菌株G-9和X-27之间在菌落形态、产孢量及孢子大小和分隔方面存在较大差异。其中,K-12在PDA培养基上生长缓慢、产孢量小;菌株G-9、KF-1、X-27和HN-14生长迅速,产孢丰富。对菌株进行分子鉴定结果表明,菌株间ITS区序列相似度达98%以上,聚类分析也表明,种内各菌株之间的遗传距离明显小于种间的遗传距离;基于ITS1及ITS2序列,能将尖角突脐孢菌和突脐蠕孢属中其它种分开。由此可确定分离自湖南水稻田及中国农业大学科学园温室中自然发病的稗草病样上的3株病原真菌均为尖角突脐孢菌。     

啤酒酵母产子囊抱子及获得单倍体细胞条件的研究

啤酒酵母在不同产孢培养基上表现出不同的产孢率,随菌株不同各有其最适的产孢培养基。试验表明,4号培养基对供试菌株均表现出较高的产孢率,其次是1号培养基,用2％蜗牛酶于37℃水浴酶解3小时即可除去子囊壁;将酶解液置于58℃水浴保持8分钟,可杀死营养体细胞;用1％胰蛋白酶或超声波(150W,3分钟)处理,可使50％以上的孢子分散开。     

环境因素对香蕉叶斑病菌喙突脐蠕孢生长和产孢的影响

为进一步明确香蕉叶斑病菌喙突脐蠕孢的生物学特性,调查了部分环境因素(碳氮源、植物成分培养基)对供试菌株(CLER09、D087和JL05)的营养生长和产孢的影响。结果显示,分生孢子主要先从基部萌芽,在28℃下约培养10h后出现两端萌芽;供试菌株对测试的20种碳源及26种氮源显示相似的生长反应,均可利用除菊糖外的测试碳源及氮源进行营养生长和产孢;测试的6种植物成分培养基对供试菌株的营养生长效果皆优于PDA培养基;除燕麦培养基外,其余5种培养基对菌株CLER09和D087的产孢作用均优于PDA培养基;测试的6种培养基对菌株JL05的产孢作用均优于PDA培养基。不同植物成分培养基对该菌分生孢子形态影响较大,以米糠、象草培养基对菌株D087和JL05的分生孢子长度和玉米粉培养基对菌株CLER09的分生孢子宽度的增长效果最为明显。     

中国平脐蠕孢属的分类研究I

来自山东泰安和安徽合肥匍柄霉属的两个新种分别命名为棉匍柄霉Stemphylium gossypii和莴苣匍柄霉Stemphylium lactucae。模式标本保存于山东农业大学植物病理系标本室（HSAUP）。本文报道了平脐蠕孢属的一个新种,早熟禾平脐蠕孢Bipolaris poae-pratensis,2个中国新记录种,即野牛草平脐蠕孢Bipolaris buchloes和弯曲平脐蠕孢Bipolaris papendorfii,对其他4个平脐蠕孢属的种的有关分类问题进行了讨论,澄清了一些种名的混乱。标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学系标本室（HSAUP）和中国科学院真菌标本室（HMAS）。     

掘氏疫霉同宗配合、异宗配合特性的研究

本文对掘氏疫霉的同宗配合、异宗配合特性进行了研究,发现新分离的掘氏疫霉A~2交配型菌株,不经过配对培养可以产生卵孢子;菌种在15℃下保存,自身可孕性能力逐渐减退。菌株通过接种黄瓜后,异宗配合特性可以恢复,同宗配合特性不能恢复。经过营养生长,无性繁殖,菌株后代的交配型不引起改变。通过对疫霉属有关种不同交配型与掘氏疫霉各菌株不同交配型配对培养,以及菌种不同保存时间、不同培养基、疫霉属有关种的种间和种内配对,讨论了掘氏疫霉同宗配合、异宗配合特性的影响因素。     

Aggressiveness and diversity of Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops in Georgia

Phytophthora blight induced by Phytophthora capsici causes significant yield loss in a number of vegetable crops. It is imperative to understand the diversity and aggressiveness of the pathogen to design more efficient disease management programs. A collection of P. capsici strains isolated from different vegetable crops in Georgia, USA, were characterised in this study. Of the 49 isolates tested, 24 were A1 and 25 were A2 mating type, respectively, with both mating types found in the same fields. Variability of the isolates was assessed in terms of their aggressiveness on six pepper genotypes. The isolates differed in their aggressiveness on different pepper cultivars with 10 pathotypes identified. No correlation between aggressiveness of the isolates and their host origin or geographical location of isolation was observed. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to evaluate genetic variability among P. capsici populations. RAPD analysis using 15 random primers resulted in 133 reproducible bands and cluster analysis separated the isolates into 5 groups. Analysis of molecular variance showed that there was moderate genetic differentiation associated with host origin and geographical location of the isolates. No correlation was found between RAPD groups and pathotypes or mating types. These results indicate that P. capsici populations infecting vegetable crops in Georgia were genetically diverse, which should be taken into account in developing resistant cultivars or other disease management programmes.     

Characterisation of Phytophthora capsici isolates from black pepper in Vietnam

Phytophthora foot rot of black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici is a major disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) throughout Vietnam. To understand the population structure of P. capsici, a large collection of P. capsici isolates from black pepper was studied on the basis of mating type, random amplified microsatellites (RAMS) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) fingerprinting. Two mating types A1 and A2 were detected in four provinces in two climatic regions, with A1:A2 ratios ranging from 1:3 to 1:5. In several instances A1 and A2 mating types were found to co-exist in the same farm or black pepper pole, suggesting the potential for sexual reproduction of P. capsici in the field in Vietnam although its contribution to disease epidemics is uncertain. RAMS and REP DNA fingerprinting analysis of 118 isolates of P. capsici from black pepper showed that the population was genetically more diverse where two mating types were found, although the overall genetic diversity was low with most of the isolates belonging to one clonal group. The implication of these findings is discussed. The low diversity among isolates suggests that the P. capsici population may have originated from a single source. There was no genetic differentiation of isolates from different climatic regions. In addition to the large clonal group, several isolates with unique RAMS/REP phenotypes were also detected. Most of these unique phenotypes belonged to the minority A1 mating type. This may have significant implications for a gradual increase in overall genetic diversity.     

Both mating types in the heterothallic fungus Ophiostoma quercus contain MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 genes

In heterothallic Ascomycota, two opposite but distinct mating types control all sexual processes. Using mating crosses, mating types were assigned to ten isolates of the heterothallic fungal species Ophiostoma quercus. Primers were subsequently designed to target the MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-3 (of the mating type 1 idiomorph), and MAT1-2-1 (of the mating type 2 idiomorph) genes in these isolates. Results showed that all isolates contained the full gene sequence for the MAT1-2-1 gene. In addition, fragments of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-3 genes were sequenced from all isolates. These results were unexpected, as each isolate from a heterothallic species would typically contain only one of the two possible MAT idiomorphs.     

Potato late blight in Morocco: characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations (virulence and mating type)

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most important disease of potato in Morocco. Use of partially resistant cultivars should be an essential component of a sustainable management strategy of potato late blight, provided the durability of this form of resistance. It is therefore important to determine the nature of P. infestans Moroccan populations. Mating types were determined for 91 strains of P. infestans collected in the northern (Larache-northern plain), north western (Kénitra) and north eastern (Méknès, Middle Atlas) potato cropping areas of Morocco in 1999-2000, 2000-2001 and 2003-2004. They showed a clear regional structure of these populations, with the presence of both mating types (A1 and A2). Of all isolates collected since 1999, A2 mating type constituted 56% (54 isolates), following by A1 mating type (40.7%, 31 isolates) and A1-A2 (self-fertile) mating type (3.30%, 3 isolates). Populations from Méknès and Kénitra consisted mainly of A2 mating type, whereas populations from Larache predominantly included A1 mating type. Physiological race study revealed the presence of 19 races of P. infestans in the first collection of 25 isolates tested between 1999 and 2001. All known virulence genes were detected in western and northern Moroccan isolates, except virulence for resistance genes R2, R5, and R6 which were absent. All isolates were able to overcome two or more R genes except one isolate (5-1) corresponding to race 1.     

中国番茄晚疫病菌交配型及其分布研究

本文对中国番茄晚疫病菌交配型的发生和分布及病菌的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,我国主要番茄产区晚疫病菌以A1交配型为主,占总菌株数的96.02%;1999~2001年间从全国18个省市采集的201个番茄晚疫病菌株中,仅发现8个A2交配型菌株,分布于广西、云南、河北和福建;被测菌株在10%V8培养基上菌落生长均受到一定的限制,而在黑麦培养基上菌落的生长速度、产孢量有明显的差异,但菌落形态与交配型类型不相关。     

Genetic variability of the postharvest pathogen Gilbertella persicaria: identification of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers correlating with (+) and (–) mating types

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isoenzyme polymorphisms among 16 isolates of the postharvest pathogen Gilbertella persicaria were examined. Six different 10-bp primers were used to determine the extent of intraspecific genetic variability. Nine composite amplification types were identified. RAPD markers were obtained which correlated with the mating types of the G. persicaria isolates. The variability of the isoenzyme patterns was very low and no correlation was found between the isoenzyme markers and the mating abilities. When 80 single carbon substrates were tested in utilization assays, most of them were utilized uniformly by the 16 G. persicaria strains. However, some compounds elicited differences between the isolates representing the two mating types. -Alanine (0.2%) has little effect on the germination of the sporangiospores of the (+) isolates, but inhibited the germination of (–) sporangiospores. Glycerol-1-monoacetate supported the growth of both mating types, but at concentrations higher than 4% this was accompanied with a compact (colonial) growth for plus mating type isolates only.     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Phaeosphaeria Species Using Mating Type Genes and Distribution of Mating Types in Iran

Phaeosphaeria species are pathogenic on wheat, barley and a wide range of wild grasses. To analyze mating type loci of the Phaeosphaeria species and investigate mating type distribution in Iran, we sequenced mating type loci of 273 Phaeosphaeria isolates including 67 isolates obtained from symptomatic leaves and ears of wheat, barley, and wild grasses from two wheat-growing region in Iran as well as 206 isolates from our collection from other regions in Iran which were isolated in our previous studies. Mating type genes phylogeny was successfully used to determine the species identity and relationships among isolates within the Phaeosphaeria spp. complex. In this study, we reported seven new host records for Phaeosphaeria species and the Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 3 group was first reported from Iran in this study. Mating type distribution among Phaeosphaeria species was determined. Both mating types were present in all sampling regions from Iran. We observed skewed distribution of mating types in one region (Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad) and equal distribution in the other region (Bushehr). However, when considering our entire dataset of 273 Iranian Phaeosphaeria isolates, the ratio of mating types was not deviated significantly from 1:1 suggesting possibilities for isolates of opposite mating type to interact and reproduce sexually, although the sexual cycle may infrequently occur in some regions especially when the climatic conditions are unfavorable for teleomorph development.     

Effects of temperature on the host–pathogen interaction in Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta lentis) of lentil

The effects of temperature regimes on the radial growth rate of different isolates of Ascochyta lentis and pathogen virulence and host susceptibility were studied in the laboratory and growth chamber using different pathogen isolates, and lentil genotypes with varying levels of resistance to Ascochyta blight. The growth rate of most isolates increased as temperature increased up to 20°C and declined thereafter. In experiment 1, the highest disease severities were observed on cvs. Laird and Eston and the lowest on ILL5588. Mean disease severities were similar from 10 to 20°C but substantially lower at 25°C for all genotypes except ILL5588. In experiment 2, no significant differences were observed between the two mating types, or in their interactions with genotypes and temperatures. The interactions of genotypes with temperature and with isolates indicated that the relative susceptibility of lentil genotypes depended on temperature and on the isolates of A. lentis. These findings indicated that when temperature changes during epidemic development in the field, different isolates could predominate in the pathogen population at different times.     

Changes of Genotype,Sensitivity and Aggressiveness in Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected in European Countries in 1997, 2006 and 2007

A total of 241 isolates of Phytophthora infestans were collected in 1997, 2006 and 2007 in eight European countries and characterized with molecular markers (simple sequence repeats, SSR genotypes) and phenotypic traits such as sensitivity to fungicides, mating type and aggressiveness. The mating type distribution changed from mainly A1 in 1997 to a majority of A2 in 2007. No resistant isolates were detected for fluazinam and mandipropamid, whereas the proportion of isolates resistant to mefenoxam (MFX) was high and increased over the years. There was no genetic link between mating type and MFX resistance. Aggressiveness (product between lesion expansion and sporulation capacity) was slightly higher for MFX‐resistant compared to sensitive isolates and for isolates collected later compared to earlier in the same season. It was about equally high for A1 and A2 types, and for French isolates in 1997 and British isolates in 2007, but lower for French isolates in 2007. Six different SSR genotype families were distinguished. In 1997, populations were dominated by genotype families I and III/IV, which significantly declined in 2007 being largely displaced by genotype families II (‘blue 13’ type) and V, which are by coincidence mainly A2 MFX resistant and A1 MFX sensitive, respectively. However, mating type and MFX resistance were genetically not linked to SSR genotypes.