Dominant species of dicot-weeds and weed biodiversity in spring barley in Latvia

The composition of weed species in spring barley and weed biodiversity was evaluated in experiments in different growing seasons and with different previous crops. The aim of the experiments was to evaluate the composition of weed species in spring barley during a four year period in weather conditions of different growing seasons and with different previous crop as well as to assess the biodiversity in the experiments where the different groups of herbicides were applied. Over years and previous crops, the dicotyledonous weed community was dominated by Chenopodium album, followed by Viola arvensis. The herbicides from different groups had significant influences on the biodiversity of weeds.     

不同生境中杉阔混交林物种多样性特征初步研究

根据生境因子应用主分量分析和动态聚类方法进行生境的划分,在此基础上分析不同生境中杉阔混交林群落数量特征。结果表明：不同生境中植物群落的主要优势种组成不一,其重要值也不同。不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性、群落均匀度均有较大差异。海拔对不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性和群落均匀度有很大影响,坡向则对个体总数和种类的影响较大。海拔和坡向对不同生境中植物群落乔木层生态优势度则无明显影响,应该重视不同生境中杉阔混交林多样性的保护。     

Variation in cannibalistic polyphenism between populations in the salamander Hynobius retardatus

Organisms sometimes change their phenotype to maximize fitness according to local environments. If the frequency of the broad-headed "cannibal" morph in the larvae of the salamander Hynobius retardatus has been evolutionarily maintained at a certain level within a population as a result of local adaptation, variations in its frequency should be found among different populations with environmental variation. We investigated whether variations in the frequency of the broad-headed morph were present in 2 different populations, Nopporo (a low-density population) and Erimo (a high-density population), by raising larvae from the respective populations under the same experimental conditions. The occurrence rate of the broad-headed "cannibal" morph was significantly different between the 2 populations when examined with different experimental larval densities. These results suggest that the reaction norm with respect to the frequency of the broad-headed morph is different between the Nopporo and Erimo populations. Because the local populations are assumed to be selected for under different environments, the different reaction norm might have evolved in response to different selection pressures.     

六种回收纯化差异显示PCR产物方法的比较

目的:建立mRNA差异显示PCR产物回收纯化方法。方法:采用了6种方法对干旱东亚砂藓mRNA差异显示技术的特异PCR产物进行分离回收纯化。结果:6种不同回收方法,显示不同的结果。结论:冻融法简单、方便、经济、有效,对东亚砂藓构建的mRNA差异显示技术中特异条带进行回收,具有有效性和可靠性。     

甘蔗过氧化物酶同工酶分析

以30个甘蔗品种为材料,用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,分析甘蔗不同生长时期过氧化物酶同工酶。个别品种还进行同一品种在不同种植地区、同一植株不同叶位的同工酶酶谱比较,结果表明,不同品种的酶谱其酶带分布有明显的区别,但同一品种在不同种植地区、不同生长时期、不同植抹、同一植株不同叶位其酶带分布无差异,体现了同工酶作为品种标记具有多态性及稳定性。用单一酶系即可准确、方便地鉴定甘蔗品种。     

Variation in the haemolytic rate of red cells in cattle

A colorimetric method was used to study the variations in the haemolytic rates between red cells from different individuals and with different blood factors. Marked differences were observed between the heterozygous and homozygous genotypes of 18 out of 20 different blood factors and between the B₁ or E₃factors, when they occurred in heterozygous genotypes but in different phenogroups. Between MZ twin pairs a continuous variation was found in the haemolytic rates for 17 out of 18 different blood factors, which indicated a quantitative genetic variation depending on individuality, in addition to the dosage- and pheotype-dependent variation.
The similar rankings of the haemolytic rates of the blood factors of the B₁O₃Y₂A'E₃phenotype in red cells from 11 MZ twin pairs suggested their simultaneous regulation. When the haemolytic rates of different blood factors at four or more loci were compared for 15 MZ twin pairs, the ranking results of a given locus were independent of those of the other loci in all pairs, except one.     

不同种株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体体外向无鞭毛体转化的研究

目的 观察不同种株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体在不同体外培养条件下向无鞭毛体的转化.方法 将6个对数生长期的不同种株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体接种于含M199和RPMI 1640复合培养液的24孔板内,在不同温度、pH值、血清、CO2下培养,第3天和第6天分类计数不同形态的原虫.结果 当培养温度为26℃,而其他培养条件发生变化时,利什曼原虫的增殖速度发生变化,大多数原虫保持前鞭毛体典型性形态,运动活跃.当培养温度上升至37℃,不论其他培养条件如何变化,原虫均沉积于培养孔底,停止增殖,运动减缓,显著地向中间体和无鞭毛体转化,酸性pH值和5%CO2可促进前鞭毛体转化为无鞭毛体,新生小牛血清可延长无鞭毛体的成活.但相同的培养条件下,杜氏利什曼原虫转化效率低于其他种株利什曼原虫.结论 温度是影响利什曼原虫前鞭毛体转化为无鞭毛体的基本因素,酸性pH值与CO2可协同温度促进转化,不同种株利什曼原虫的遗传异质性可影响转化效率.     

Different incubation temperatures result in differences in mass in female red-eared slider turtle hatchlings

The Charnov–Bull model states that environmentally determined sex will prevail in patchy environments where males may fare best in one patch type, whereas females may fare well in a different patch type. To investigate whether or not potential differences manifest early in the life of a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination, I assessed mass, carapace width and length, and plastron length of hatchlings from three different incubation temperature regimes. Differences in incubation temperature affected mass in turtles of the same sex; the difference appears to support a sex-based rationale for the phenotype. The results bear out an assumption of Charnov–Bull that neonates of the same sex from different temperatures may manifest different attributes (i.e., mass) that could affect their relative fitness.     

Heterogeneity in cancer cells: variation in drug response in different primary and secondary colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro

Tumor heterogeneity may give rise to differential responses to chemotherapy drugs. Therefore, unraveling tumor heterogeneity has an implication for biomarker discovery and cancer therapeutics. To test this phenomenon, we investigated the differential responses of three secondary colorectal cancer cell lines of different origins (HCT116, HT29, and SW620 cells) and four novel primary cell lines obtained from different colorectal cancer patients to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (L-OHP) and explored the differences in gene expression among the primary cell lines in response to exposure to cytotoxic drugs. Cells were exposed to different doses of 5-FU and L-OHP separately or in combinations of equitoxic drug or equimolar drug ratios (median effect of Chou-Talalay principle). Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay and the respective IC₅₀ values were determined. Changes in gene expression in primary cell lines after exposure to the same drug doses were compared using real-time PCR array. The sensitivities (IC₅₀) of different cell lines, both secondary and primary, to 5-FU and L-OHP were significantly different, whether in monotherapy or combined treatment. Primary cell lines needed higher doses to reach IC₅₀. There were variations in gene expression among the primary cell lines of different chemosensitivities to the challenge of the same combined dose of 5-FU and L-OHP. The results confirm the heterogeneous nature of colorectal cancer cells from different patient tumors. Studies using primary cancer cells established from patient’s tumors rather than secondary cell lines will more closely reflect the actual character of the disease.     

Changes in the composition of the causative agents of wound infection in emergency surgery in the period from 1967 through 1987

The composition of the causative agents of suppurations, isolated from suppurating wounds of patients hospitalized at different departments of the Sklifosovski? Emergency Aid Institute was studied. The proportion of representatives of different microbial families among more than 18,000 strains of the causative agents of wound infection was estimated. Fluctuations in the amount and structure of the agents were analyzed in different clinics over the period of 1967-1987. Under the conditions of emergency aid hospital Staphylococcus aureus proved to be the most frequent causative agent of suppurative inflammatory processes at different departments. At the same time no tendency towards an increase of the etiological role of any microbial family in the development of wound infections was noted. The incidence of different causative agents of suppurations was found to vary at different departments, depending on their specialization and season. The results of observations on the composition of the causative agents of wound infection may be used for the planning and evaluation of antiepidemic measures.     

Sucrose synthase in rice plants : growth-associated changes in tissue specific distributions

Different parts of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant at different growth stages were analyzed for sucrose synthase (SS) by enzyme activity assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay directly on the extracts or on the eluates from a gel filtration column. On a dry matter basis, the amount of soluble protein and SS activity decreased significantly, but the amount of enzyme protein changed little in growing leaves. In the grain, the SS activity was the highest at the early ripening stage and decreased later, but the amount of SS protein increased with the increase in maturity. In the root, a low activity of SS was detectable only in the tillering but not in other stages. Immunoblotting of SS protein extracted from different parts of rice showed two bands. Elution patterns of crude extracts from a gel filtration column showed the presence of several types of SS protein. Among them, two to three types with larger elution volumes had the SS activity but others with smaller elution volumes (considered as the aggregated forms) had no activity. The SS purified from different parts of the plant showed similar but distinctly different electrophoretic mobilities in a native gel. It has been concluded that different isozymes are expressed in different tissues at different growth stages.     

Evidence for Intrinsic Differences in the Formation of Chromatin Domains in Drosophila Melanogaster

The results of an investigation into intrinsic differences in the formation of two different heterochromatic domains are presented. The study utilized two different position effect variegation mutants in Drosophila melanogaster for investigating the process of compacting different stretches of DNA into heterochromatin. Each stretch of DNA encodes for a gene that affects different aspects of bristle morphology. The expression of each gene is prevented when it is compacted into heterochromatin thus the genes serve as effective reporter systems to monitor the spread of heterochromatin. Both variegating mutants are scored in the same cell such that environmental and genetic background differences are unambiguously eliminated. Any differences observed in the repression of the two genes must therefore be the result of intrinsic differences in the heterochromatic compaction process for the two stretches of DNA. Studies of the effects different enhancers of variegation have upon the compaction of the two genes indicate each compaction event occurs independently of the other, and that different components are involved in the two processes. These results are discussed with regard to spreading heterochromatin and the role this process may play in regulating gene expression.     

北京市三个功能区空气微生物中值直径及粒径分布特征

空气中微生物对人类健康的危害除了与微生物的种类和浓度有关外,还与微生物粒子的大小密切相关,并且不同粒径的空气微生物对人们健康影响的作用机理不同。通过定点试验调查,运用国产安德森生物粒子取样器着重研究北京市3个功能区(文教区-中国科学院生态环境研究中心所在区域、交通干线-西直门和公园绿地-北京植物园)空气微生物的中值直径和粒径分布。结果表明,不同功能区空气微生物的粒径分布相同,空气细菌,真菌与放线菌的粒径分布各不相同。空气细菌粒径呈偏态分布,空气真菌呈对数正态分布,空气放线菌的分布特征与空气真菌相反,主要分布在>8.2μm和<2.0μm级中。不同属真菌的粒径分布也不相同,枝孢属、青霉属和曲霉属呈对数正态分布,链格孢属和无孢菌为偏态分布。空气细菌的中值直径明显大于空气真菌和放线菌。交通干线和公园绿地空气细菌和真菌粒子中值直径明显大于文教区,放线菌粒子中值直径交通干线明显高于文教区和公园绿地。空气微生物中值直径在一年各月中没有明显的变化规律。     

不同生境入侵植物北美车前繁殖器官性状变异与权衡特征

提高繁殖输出是入侵植物成功入侵的重要机制,但不同生境间繁殖器官性状变异特征尤其是性状权衡关系可能会存在差异。以入侵植物北美车前（Plantago virginica）为研究对象,采集草坪、荒地和林下3个生境的植物花序,探究花穗及花序柄的形态、生物量及其异速生长关系在不同生境间的差异性。结果表明：不同生境北美车前大部分花序形态与生物量指标存在显著差异,草坪和荒地生境花序属细长型,而林下生境则为矮壮型。北美车前繁殖器官不同性状间的异速生长关系既有保守型也有易变型,体现出不同的环境敏感性。不同生境间北美车前繁殖器官资源分配的个体大小依赖关系也存在不一致性。可见,北美车前花序性状及资源分配在不同生境间既存在一定的可塑性也具有相对保守性,这可能是其高入侵能力的重要原因。     

浙江天台山七子花群落种群分布格局研究

以浙江省天台山七子花群落为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样数据,应用方差／均值比的t检验法、负二项参数、扩散型指数、Cassie指标、丛生指标、平均拥挤指数和聚块性指数等方法,分析了七子花群落各优势种群以及七子花种群在各样地中的分布格局,并分立木级对七子花种群在不同样地内的集群强度进行了测定。结果是：群落中各优势种群均呈集群分布;七子花种群在各样地亦呈集群分布,但集群强度有差异;各样地中七子花种群小树的集群强度均大于中树,种群呈扩散趋势。     

2D-DIGE技术在蛋白质组学中的应用

双向荧光差异凝胶电泳(2D-D IGE)作为一种新型的蛋白质组分析技术,已经被广泛应用于动物、植物、微生物以及人类差异蛋白的研究。在动物医学方面,采用DIGE技术,通过对不同类型,不同个体的细胞、组织、或经过不同处理和不同生长条件下蛋白质表达差异分析,在研究疾病的分子机理、分子诊断、药物作用机理、毒理学等方面都有广泛的应用。在植物学方面,该技术可以用来分离和分析植物亚细胞结构蛋白质组以及在生物和非生物胁迫下,植物细胞中蛋白质表达的差异性,从而建立差异蛋白相互作用网络图,从而为研究伤害机制提供一定的依据。     

莲藕多酚氧化酶同工酶的比较分析

采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对同一植株莲藕的不同部位、不同湖区野生莲藕以及不同品种的特定部位的多酚氧化酶(PPO)同工酶进行了分析。结果表明,同一植株莲藕不同部位PPO同工酶带有一定的特异性, 其主要表现在区带数目、迁移位置和区带染色深浅三方面;而不同湖区野生莲藕以及不同品种莲藕,处于同一生长周期、同一部位中的PPO同工酶遗传多样性则较低。     

Parasites in pet reptiles

Exotic reptiles originating from the wild can be carriers of many different pathogens and some of them can infect humans. Reptiles imported into Slovenia from 2000 to 2005, specimens of native species taken from the wild and captive bred species were investigated. A total of 949 reptiles (55 snakes, 331 lizards and 563 turtles), belonging to 68 different species, were examined for the presence of endoparasites and ectoparasites. Twelve different groups (Nematoda (5), Trematoda (1), Acanthocephala (1), Pentastomida (1) and Protozoa (4)) of endoparasites were determined in 26 (47.3%) of 55 examined snakes. In snakes two different species of ectoparasites were also found. Among the tested lizards eighteen different groups (Nematoda (8), Cestoda (1), Trematoda (1), Acanthocephala (1), Pentastomida (1) and Protozoa (6)) of endoparasites in 252 (76.1%) of 331 examined animals were found. One Trombiculid ectoparasite was determined. In 563 of examined turtles eight different groups (Nematoda (4), Cestoda (1), Trematoda (1) and Protozoa (2)) of endoparasites were determined in 498 (88.5%) animals. In examined turtles three different species of ectoparasites were seen. The established prevalence of various parasites in reptiles used as pet animals indicates the need for examination on specific pathogens prior to introduction to owners.     

Time-conditioned coordination of dehydrogenase activity in blood cells in infantile acute leukemia.

The correlation of enzymatic activities studied at different periods of time (lasting from several hours to several days) has been revealed in 39 children at different stages of acute leukemia and in 8 children suffering from other hematological diseases (Hodgkin's disease, Morbus Werlhof, reactive reticulosis). The correlation of activity of enzymes constituting different systems and arranged in different parts of cell organelles enables us to explain this phenomenon by a regulation on a higher level, viz. cytophysiological processes as a whole. The coordination of enzymes possible depends on the synchronism of enzymatic activity caused by the physiological process developing in the cell.