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1.
A juvenile common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) was attacked by a whitetail lancehead viper (Bothrops leucurus) while playing with other group members close to the ground at a site in northeastern Brazil. The attack was almost immediately
fatal, but the viper was unable to ingest the body of the marmoset. After approximately 10 min, during which it attempted
to swallow the marmoset a number of times, the viper moved away, abandoning the body. While raptors are the principal predators
of callitrichids, this record reinforces the relative vulnerability of these primates to snakes in comparison with other platyrrhines,
although the small number of recorded events precludes a more definitive analysis of the phenomenon. 相似文献
2.
Leslie J. Digby 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):361-375
The social behavior of the common marmoset has been well studied in captivity, but little is known about the social dynamics
of this species in its natural habitat. Social relationships were studied in three polygynous groups of common marmosets,Callithrix jacchus, in northeastern Brazil. Breeding adults appeared to be the center of social life and were the most frequent grooming partners
or nearest neighbors for most adult group members. The observations of unidirectional agonistic interactions suggest that
breeding adults were also dominant over all other group members, but that neither sex was dominant over the other. The dynamics
of within-group social relationships are likely to be important determinants in the reproductive strategies employed by marmoset
females. 相似文献
3.
Sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis are deep mycosis with a high incidence in human beings in Brazil. In domestic animals histoplasmosis has been described only in dogs, but the occurence of sporotrichosis among domestic animals in Brazil has been described in dogs, cats, mules and asses. There is also a case of this disease reported in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodites). The purpose of this research was to perform an epidomiological study of these mycoses using delayed hypersensitivity tests (histoplasmin and sporotrichin) in Latin American wild mammals. This research was assayed using 96 healthy animals at Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Brazil: Primates: 33Cebus apella — weeping-capuchin and 16Callithrix jacchus — marmoset; Procyonidae: 37Nasua nasua — coatimundi and 10 Felidae (Panthera onca — jaguar;Felis pardalis — ocelotFelis wiedii — margay;Felis tigrina — wild cat). For intradermic tests, the following antigens were used:Sporothrix schenkii cell suspension (sporotrichin, histoplasmin-filtrate),Histoplasma capsulatum cell suspension (histoplasmin), andHistoplasma capsulatum (polysaccharide). The positivity to histoplasmin was 44.79% (Cebidae 15.15%; Callithricidae 6.25%; Procyonidae 86.49% and Felidae 50.00%, respectively). With respect to sporotrichin, 30.21% (Cebidae 6.06%, Callithricidae 0.0%; Procyonidae 64.86% and Felidae 30.00% respectively). The pattern of infection is similar to that shown by human beings and this may suggest that these animals could be involved in the epidemiologic chain of sporotrichosis and histoplasmosis, the second most prevalent human deep mycoses in Brazil. It is important to point out the absence of similar studies in Latin American wild animals. 相似文献
4.
Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset) is a neotropical primate with 2n=47,X1X2Y in the male, and 2n=48,X1X1X2X2 in the female, due to a Y-autosome translocation. Karyological comparisons of Callimico, Callithrix jacchus and Cebus apella suggest that Callimico is a member of the Callitrichidae. Isozyme data and restriction mapping of LINE-1 repetitive elements in these species and in a variety of other neotropical primates confirm these findings and supply strong evidence for including Callimico in the Callitrichidae.
On leave from: Genetics Section, Instituto Nacional do Cancer (Rio de Janeiro)/Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 相似文献
5.
Diet of Buffy Tufted-Eared Marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a Forest Fragment in Southeastern Brazil
The feeding ecology of the Atlantic forest marmosets (Callithrix spp.) in southeastern Brazil is poorly known, and few studies have focused on buffy tufted-eared marmosets, Callithrix aurita. We determined the food items and investigated the seasonal variation in the diet of a group of four Callithrix aurita in a 17-ha semideciduous forest fragment in southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We recorded daily feeding activities between October 1994 and September 1995 using scan sampling at 5-min intervals. The marmosets devoted feeding time to gums (50.5%), fruits (11%), and animal prey (38.5%) in a total of 499 records. Plant resources comprised 27 species from 16 families. They used Acacia paniculata (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae), the main gum source (82%), year-round. Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae) was the fruit species that they consumed most (22%). The marmosets preyed on caterpillars (33%), katydids (5%), and homopterans (4%). Feeding on fruits varied seasonally and was inversely related to gum feeding. Consumption of animal prey remained constant over the year. The wide and year-round dependence on gum suggests that Acacia may play a critical role in marmoset persistence in forest fragments. 相似文献
6.
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8.
The introduction of alien species is one of the main threats to the conservation of native species, especially in island ecosystems.
Here, we report on the population growth of 15 species of mammals introduced in 1983 on the island of Anchieta, an 828 ha
land-bridge island in southeastern Brazil. We estimated the density of mammals through 296 km of line transect census. Five
species introduced became extinct (coypu, brocket deer, six-banded armadillo, nine-banded armadillo, maned three-toed sloth);
six became over-abundant (marmoset, coati, agouti, seven-banded armadillo, and capybara); one has a stable population (capuchin
monkey). Anchieta Island has the highest density of mammals in the entire Atlantic forest (486.77 ind/km2), especially nest predators (232.83 ind/km2) and herbivores (253.58 ind/km2). Agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.) and marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) were, by far, the species with the highest population growth. The high density of mammals in this island may have strong
consequences for plant recruitment and bird diversity. 相似文献
9.
Müller T Hupfeld T Roessler J Simoni M Gromoll J Behr R 《Journal of medical primatology》2011,40(2):111-119
Background Common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) are readily used in biomedical research. However, superovulation for embryonic stem cell production and developmental research still remain difficult. Inexplicably, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) as key player in superovulation has to be administered in extremely high dosages in this non‐human primate compared to human. Methods To evaluate whether marmoset FSH (cjFSH) is functionally more competent than its human homologue on the marmoset FSH receptor (cjFSHR), we established in vitro a homologous system characterizing homologous and recombinantly produced cjFSH. Results Upon stimulation of two cell lines stably expressing either the marmoset or the human FSH receptor (cj/hFSHR), respectively, the second messenger signaling of the activated receptor displayed no significant difference in ED50 values. Thermostability of cjFSH was significantly prolonged by roughly 20% on both FSHRs. Conclusion High FSH dosage in marmoset superovulation cannot be explained by enhanced biopotency of the natural animal’s gonadotropin. 相似文献
10.
C. M. L. Barroso H. Schneider M. P. C. Schneider I. Sampaio M. L. Harada J. Czelusniak M. Goodman 《International journal of primatology》1997,18(4):651-674
We determined DNA sequences spanning the 1.8-kb long intron 1 of the interstitial retinol-binding protein nuclear gene (IRBP) for Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix humeralifer, and Callithrix argentata. With the 22 previously determined IRBP intron 1 sequences—21 from the 16 currently recognized genera of New World monkeys—the enlarged IRBP data represent for the marmoset genus Callithrix both its argentata and its jacchus species groups. Maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining trees, constructed for the 25 aligned IRBP intron 1 sequences, support a provisional phylogenetic classification with three families: Atelidae, containing subfamily Atelinae; Pitheciidae, containing subfamily Pitheciinae; and Cebidae, containing subfamilies Cebinae, Aotinae, and Callitrichinae. In order to have taxa at the same hierarchical rank at equivalent age, this classification has all living callitrichines in a single tribe, Callitrichini, with four subtribes: Saguinina (Saguinus), Callimiconina (Callimico), Leontopithecina (Leontopithecus), and Callitrichina (Callithrix with the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea, merged into it). The DNA evidence shows not only that Callithrix must include C. pygmaea to be monophyletic but also that the times of separation of pygmaea and the argentata and jacchus species groups from one another are to be expected (<5 Ma—million years ago) for species in a single genus. On relating the time course of the ceboid radiation to biogeographic information, it appears that in mid-Miocene times (10–11 Ma) a basal callitrichin stock branched into the ancestral population of Saguinus in one clade and the ancestral population of Leontopithecus and Callimico–Callithrix (or Leontopithecus–Callimico and Callithrix) in another clade. The proto-lion tamarins migrated south and eastward, where they were isolated in refugia, becoming the genus Leontopithecus. The stock remaining in Amazonia gave rise to present-day Callimico and Callithrix. The latter genus occupied a vast geographic area, giving rise to the argentata and pygmaea groups in Amazonia and to the jacchus group in central and eastern Brazil. 相似文献
11.
Two families of tandemly repeated satellite DNAs were isolated from the neotropical primate Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's marmoset). One satellite, CgoA, is over 70% A+T and has a monomer length of 338 bp. The other satellite, CgoB, is 50% A+T and has a monomer length of 916 bp. Both CgoA and CgoB hybridize strongly with Callimico DNA, but not with the DNA of other new and old world primates. Based upon a neutral substitution rate of 1.5×10–9/site per year for primates, sequence data from 15 CgoA monomers indicate that the tandem array is at least 30 million years old. Since no other neotropical primate has amplified CgoA sequences, the data suggest that the ancestor of Callimico separated from the other neotropical primates at least 30 million years ago. This value is about fourfold larger than the value of 7–9 million years derived from immunological data by Sarich and Cronin (1980). Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.
On leave from: Genetics Section, Instituto Nacional do Cancer, Rio de Janeiro/Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 相似文献
12.
Eiji Matsunaga Sanae Nambu Mariko Oka Atsushi Iriki 《Development, growth & differentiation》2015,57(6):474-483
Cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule widely expressed in the nervous system. Previously, we analyzed the expression of nine classic cadherins (Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh10, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20) and T‐cadherin (Cdh13) in the developing postnatal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain, and found differential expressions between mice and marmosets. In this study, to explore primate‐specific cadherin expression at the embryonic stage, we extensively analyzed the expression of these cadherins in the developing embryonic marmoset brain. Each cadherin showed differential spatial and temporal expression and exhibited temporally complicated expression. Furthermore, the expression of some cadherins differed from that in rodent brains, even at the embryonic stage. These results suggest the possibility that the differential expressions of diverse cadherins are involved in primate specific cortical development, from the prenatal to postnatal period. 相似文献
13.
The GH gene cluster in marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, comprises eight GH-like genes and pseudogenes and appears to have arisen as a consequence of gene duplications occurring
independently of those leading to the human GH gene cluster. We report here the complete sequence of the marmoset GH gene
locus, including the intergenic regions and 5′ and 3′ flanking sequence, and a study of the multiple GH-like genes of an additional
New World monkey (NWM), the white-fronted capuchin, Cebus albifrons. The marmoset sequence includes 945 nucleotides (nt) of 5′ flanking sequence and 1596 nt of 3′ flanking sequence that are
“unique”; between these are eight repeat units, including the eight GH genes/pseudogenes. The breakpoints between these repeats
are very similar, indicating a regular pattern of gene duplication. These breakpoints do not correspond to those found in
the much less regular human GH gene cluster. This and phylogenetic analysis of the repeat units within the marmoset gene cluster
strongly support the independent origin of these gene clusters, and the idea that the episode of rapid evolution that occurred
during GH evolution in primates preceded the gene duplications. The marmoset GH gene cluster also differs from that of human
in having fewer and more evenly distributed Alu sequences (a single pair in each repeat unit) and a “P-element” upstream of every gene/pseudogene. In human there is no P-element
upstream of the gene encoding pituitary GH, and these elements have been implicated in placental expression of the other genes
of the cluster. The GH gene clusters in marmoset and capuchin appear to have arisen as the consequence of a single-gene duplication
event, but in capuchin there was then a remarkable expansion of the GH locus, giving at least 40 GH-like genes and pseudogenes.
Thus even among NWMs the GH gene cluster is very variable.
[Reviewing Editor: Nicolas Galtier] 相似文献
14.
Yoshiki Fujii Takaji Matsutani Kazutaka Kitaura Satsuki Suzuki Tsunetoshi Itoh Tomohiko Takasaki Ryuji Suzuki Ichiro Kurane 《Immunogenetics》2010,62(6):383-395
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is useful as a nonhuman primate model of human diseases. Although the marmoset model has great potential for studying autoimmune
diseases and immune responses against pathogens, little information is available regarding the genes involved in adaptive
immunity. Here, we identified one TCR α constant (TRAC), 46 TRAJ (joining), and 35 TRAV (variable) segments from marmoset
cDNA. Marmoset TRAC, TRAJ, and TRAV shared 80%, 68–100%, and 79–98% identity with their human counterparts at the amino acid
level, respectively. The amino acid sequences were less conserved in TRAC than in TCRβ chain constant (TRBC). Comparative
analysis of TRAV between marmosets and humans showed that the rates of synonymous substitutions per site (d
S
) were not significantly different between the framework regions (FRs) and complementarity determining regions (CDRs), whereas
the rates of nonsynonymous substitutions per site (d
N
) were significantly lower in the FRs than in CDRs. Interestingly, the d
N
values of the CDRs were greater for TRBV than TRAV. These results suggested that after the divergence of Catarrhini from Platyrrhini, amino acid substitutions were decreased in the FRs by purifying selection and occurred more frequently in CDRβ than in CDRα
by positive selection, probably depending on structural and functional constraints. This study provides not only useful information
facilitating the investigation of adaptive immunity using the marmoset model but also new insight into the molecular evolution
of the TCR heterodimer in primate species. 相似文献
15.
Cleusa Y. Nagamachi Julio C. Pieczarka Marco Schwarz Regina M. S. Barros Margarete S. Mattevi 《American journal of primatology》1997,41(1):53-60
The karyotypes of four marmoset species of the Callithrix jacchus group (C. aurita, C. kuhlii, C. geoffroyi, and C. penicillata) were investigated. The patterns of G-, C-, and NOR-bands of these karyotypes were compared with those of C. jacchus, previously described, in order to clarify the taxonomic relationships of this species group. All species present 2n = 46, 14 uni- and 30 biarmed autosomes, a median size submetacentric X chromosome, and the same NOR-band patterns. No rearrangement or constitutive heterochromatic variation differentiate these species, which differ only in the morphology of the Y chromosome. The data obtained indicate that, from the chromosomal point stand, the marmoset species of C. jacchus group constitute a homogeneous clade. Am J Primatol 41:53–60, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
16.
Comparison of marmoset and human FSH using synthetic peptides of the β‐subunit L2 loop region and anti‐peptide antibodies
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Susha S. Kutteyil Bhalchandra J. Kulkarni Rahul Mojidra Shaini Joseph Bhakti R. Pathak Smita D. Mahale 《Journal of peptide science》2016,22(6):397-405
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein hormone required for female and male gametogenesis in vertebrates. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate monkey, used as animal model in biomedical research. Observations like, requirement of extremely high dose of human FSH in marmosets for superovulation compared to other primates and generation of antibodies in marmoset against human FSH after repeated superovulation cycles, point towards the possibility that FSH–FSH receptor (FSHR) interaction in marmosets might be different than in the humans. In this study we attempted to understand some of these structural differences using FSH peptides and anti‐peptide antibody approach. Based on sequence alignment, in silico modeling and docking studies, L2 loop of FSH β‐subunit (L2β) was found to be different between marmoset and human. Hence, peptides corresponding to region 32–50 of marmoset and human L2β loop were synthesized, purified and characterized. The peptides displayed dissimilarity in terms of molecular mass, predicted isoelectric point, predicted charge and in the ability to inhibit hormone–receptor interaction. Polyclonal antibodies generated against both the peptides were found to exhibit specific binding for the corresponding peptide and parent FSH in ELISA and Western blotting respectively and exhibited negligible reactivity to cross‐species peptide and FSH in ELISA. The anti‐peptide antibody against marmoset FSH was also able to detect native FSH in marmoset plasma samples and pituitary sections. In summary, the L2β loop of marmoset and human FSH has distinct receptor interaction ability and immunoreactivity indicating possibility of subtle conformational and biochemical differences between the two regions which may affect the FSH–FSHR interaction in these two primates. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
L. Sineo F. Dumas R. Vitturi B. Picone O. Privitera R. Stanyon 《Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research》2007,45(4):366-371
Human chromosome 7 has a complex syntenic origin. It was divided into two segments in both the ancestral primate karyotype and in Platyrrhini. Apparently, a small segment in the ancestral platyrrhine karyotype was associated with HSA5 and the remainder formed a middle‐sized submetacentric. We tested the dynamics of platyrrhine chromosomes by hybridizing the locus specific Willams‐Beuren probe (7q 11.23, 450 kb) to chromosomes of representative species from the three families of the New World monkeys recently proposed by molecular genomics: Cebidae, Callithrix argentata (bare ear marmoset or silvery marmoset, 2n = 44); Pitheciidae, Callicebus cupreus [red titi monkey, or coppery monkey, 2n = 46)] and Atelidae, Alouatta caraya (black and gold howler, 2n = 52). In both the marmoset and the howler monkeys, the signal was found on the small segment of chromosome 7 associated with human chromosome 5, but not in Callicebus cupreus. Instead, the Williams‐Beuren syndrome (WS) signal was found on a C. cupreus chromosome previously reported to be hybridized only by human chromosome 1. The WS probe indicates a small, but complex translocation never described before. Our results point out that fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with locus specific probes and cloned DNA fragments such as bacterial aftificial chromosomes (BACs) provides higher resolution than FISH with whole chromosomes paints. It may be well that the variability seen in the hybridization patterns and revealed by the WS FISH in this report is as a result of a rearrangement ‘hot spot’. The WS region in humans is composed of region‐specific different blocks of complex segmental duplications that probably promote the extraordinary rate of evolutionary dynamics of this region among primate species, and which continues to be reflected today by the predisposition of this region to disease syndromes such as WS. The evolutionary history of this region also suggests that repeat families in this region had their origin in a common ancestor of both Old World and New World monkeys. 相似文献
18.
Ryuzo Torii Hideo Nigi Hitoshi Koizumi Yoshikuni Tanioka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(2):207-215
The serum levels of chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG), progesterone, and estradiol-17β were measured during pregnancy in the common marmoset. The gestation period in five females was 144±1.5 (141–145) days. The
LH/CG level increased from the early stage of pregnancy, reached a maximum of 10–17 ng/ml at 50 to 70 days and decreased to
under 40 pg/ml at about 100 days. The progesterone level maintained the same value as that at the luteal phase of 20–40 ng/ml
until 90 days of pregnancy, when the serum LH/CG was declining, thereafter increased abruptly, reached a maximum of 140–210
ng/ml at 110–130 days and fell to a low level of under 0.4 ng/ml at 5–10 days before parturition. The estradiol-17β was less than 2 ng/ml until 90 days of pregnancy, thereafter increased abruptly and maintained a high level of 40–135 ng/ml
until just before parturition.
The 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the placenta of the common marmoset was 40 times higher than that in the fetal adrenal,
while in the Japanese monkey the former was only about one 40th of the latter. The time course of the serum progesterone and
estradiol-17β during pregnancy and the role of the placenta which synthesized and secreted these hormones in the common marmoset showed
a similarity to those of humans and anthropoid apes rather than those ofMacaca species. The common marmoset represents a valuable animal model for investigating the feto-placental unit in humans. 相似文献
19.
Fabiana B. Gonçalves Galileu R. Borges Bruno S. B. Gonçalves Jeferson S. Cavalcante Alexandre A. L. Menezes 《Biological Rhythm Research》2016,47(3):395-399
Many cross-sectional studies have shown that circadian rhythms change with age, but such age-related modifications are gradual and may be insufficiently described by cross-sectional studies. In this case study, circadian activity rhythm (CAR) was evaluated longitudinally, in both LD (12:12) and LL conditions, on two occasions in a single male marmoset: when ‘adult’ (3 y.o.) and when ‘old’ (9 y.o.). When adult, the CAR synchronized with positive phase angles for the onset and offset of activity. In LL, the rhythm free-ran with τ < 24 h. When old, the animal showed a significant phase delay of its activity rhythm with respect to the LD cycle (t-test, p < 0.01) and a reduction on total daily activity (t-test, p < 0.01), with signs of lesser stability, greater fragmentation and some loss of photic synchronization. In LL, the period free-ran with τ > 24 h. We conclude that aging is associated with attenuation of photic synchronization and expression of CAR in LL in the marmoset. Further studies with a larger number of individuals are needed to confirm these findings. 相似文献
20.
Kazutaka Kitaura Satsuki Suzuki Yuji Tsuruta Tomohiko Takasaki Kouetsu Ogasawara Norihiro Nishimoto Ichiro Kurane Ryuji Suzuki 《American journal of primatology》2011,73(10):1082-1092
Because of the long‐term co‐evolution of TCR and MHC molecules, numerous nucleotide substitutions have accumulated within the domains of TCRβ genes. We previously found that nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions occurred more frequently in complementarity determining region (CDR)β than in CDRα, even though only a limited number of common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and human T‐cell receptor β variable (TRBV) sequences were compared. This interesting finding raised the question of whether the increased selective pressure within CDRβ was species‐specific. In this study, we identified 21 TRBV region sequences from the common marmoset and performed comparative sequence analyses of the T‐cell receptor α variable (TRAV) and TRBV regions from human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, cotton‐top tamarin, Ma's night monkey, and common marmoset. The ratios of the number of nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions per site (dN) to the dS values (dN/dS) were less than 1 within the framework regions (FRs) of TRAV and TRBV region sequences, suggesting that purifying selection is largely dominant within the FRs. In contrast, the dN values were statistically significantly greater for CDRβ than for CDRα only in New World monkeys. Also, increased dN/dS ratios (dN/dS>1) were observed within CDRβ between humans and New World monkeys and, interestingly, between New World monkeys, which share a relatively recent common ancestor. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood analysis provided firm evidence to support that positive selection occurred within CDRβ along New World monkey lineages. These results suggest that increased positive selection pressure within CDRβ is common in New World monkeys rather than being species‐specific. This study provides an intriguing insight into the co‐evolution of TCR and MHC molecules within primates. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1082–1092, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献