七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫3变种成虫触角感器扫描电镜观察

七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫触角上分布粗大的毛状感器和短小的锥状感器。毛状感器分布于各个亚节,锥状感器主要密布于鞭节的末节端部。化感器的数量大小中顺序：七星瓢虫＞异色瓢虫显明变种＞异色瓢虫二斑变型和十九斑变种。     

麦蛾茧蜂触角感器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对麦蛾茧蜂BraconhebetorSay的触角感器进行观察。结果表明:麦蛾茧蜂的触角上存在6种感器,分别为毛形感器,板形感器,刺形感器,鳞状感器,锥形乳头状感器和嗅孔。其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,数量较大,分布较广。雌雄蜂的触角感器差异不明显。     

二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角感器的超微结构

采用扫描电子显微镜对二化螟盘绒茧蜂Cotesia chilonisMunakata触角感器进行了观察和研究。结果表明,二化螟盘绒茧蜂触角上共存在6种感器,分别为板形感器、毛形感器、刚毛型感器、柱形感器、钟形感器、锥形感器。对各种触角感器的形态、分布特点进行了描述,并对两性间的差异及其功能进行了探讨。     

Responses of single olfactory receptor cells to sex pheromones in the tobacco cutworm moth, Spodoptera litura

A single olfactory receptor cell of the male tobacco cutworm moth was recorded at the basal region of the sensillum trichodeum and its response to pheromones. Low frequency impulses were recorded from the olfactory receptor to compound A alone. Stimulation with a mixed ratio (9:1) of compound A and compound B increased the frequency of impulses more than compound A alone. However, increase of compound B in the ratio (5:5, 1:9) reduced gradually the frequency of impulses. Stimulation by compound B alone was without effect.It appears that the synergistic effect probably involve mechanisms at the level of the olfactory receptor cell.     

Repetitive stimulation of olfactory receptor cells in female silkmoths Bombyx mori L

The pheromone-sensitive receptor cells of male moth antennae are capable of detecting the rapid changes in stimulus intensity encountered in natural pheromone odour plumes. We investigated temporal response characteristics of the two receptor cell types of the sensillum trichodeum of female Bombyx mori, which are most sensitive to benzoic acid and 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptene-2-ol (DMH), respectively. The cells were repetitively stimulated with 50-ms pulses of benzoic acid and (±)-linalool, an effective mimic of DMH, at various pulse rates and different stimulus intensities. By recording receptor potentials and nerve impulses we demonstrated that both receptor cell types were able to follow stimulus pulses at least up to eight pulses per sec, with a more pronounced modulation of the responses in the DMH cell. The resolution capability of the two cell types showed little dependence on stimulus intensity. In their ability to resolve pulsed odour stimuli, the receptor cells for benzoic acid and DMH were as good as pheromone receptor cells.     

烟草甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观察烟草甲Lasioderma serricorne(Fabricius)成虫触角感器的形态和分布。结果表明,烟草甲成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,其中鞭节由9个亚节组成;在触角上共观察到毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器Ⅰ、锥形感器Ⅱ、锥形感器Ⅲ、锥形感器Ⅳ、钟形感器、B hm氏鬃毛和球状感器9种感器类型,其中锥形感器Ⅳ、钟形感器、B hm氏鬃毛和球状感器为新发现的烟草甲触角感器。此外,还讨论感器结构与功能的关系。     

Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera,Carabidae)

Giglio, A., Ferrero E.A., Perrotta, E., Talarico, F.F. and Zetto Brandmayr, T. 2010. Sensory structures involved in prey detection on the labial palp of the ant‐hunting beetle Siagona europaea Dejean 1826 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91 : 328–334 The ultrastructure and distribution of sensilla on the labial palps of a myrmecophagous carabid beetle, Siagona europaea, were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Five types of sensilla were identified: three types of sensilla basiconica on the apical sensory area and two types, one sensillum trichodeum and one coeloconicum, on the external palp surface. On morphological grounds, the s. basiconica type 1 were considered as olfactory, the type 2 as gustatory, the type 3 and the s. trichodeum as mechanoreceptive, and the s. coeloconicum as a thermo/hygroreceptor. Their function is discussed in relation to prey detection and habitat adaptations.     

Similarity of reaction spectra and odor discrimination: single receptor cell recordings inAntheraea polyphemus (Saturniidae)

Summary In the general context of primary olfactory coding, the reaction spectra of 50 receptor cells to a total of 54 substances were electrophysiologically determined on base of dose response curves and quantitatively compared with regard to their similarity by methods of vector analysis. The receptor cells are distributed among 3 morphologically distinguishable sensilla on the antennae of the male silkmothAntheraea polyphemus: sensillum basiconicum and two types (short and long) of sensillum trichodeum. In a given sensillum they can be distinguished by the amplitude of the recorded nerve impulses (small, medium or large). On the basis of these two criteria, each receptor cell is thus assigned to one of 9 morphological-electrophysiological categories. The responses of all the receptor cells (regardless of category) are compared with regard to substance-efficacy indices which are defined by the stimulus intensities (molecules/cm³·10¹²) required to elicit a response rate of 25 impulses/s. By treating these efficacy indices as vector components and applying a vector correlation procedure the similarity between the spectra of the cells is expressed, one to one, in a 50×50 matrix. The resulting degrees of similarity are grouped in a manner consistent with the morphological-electrophysiological categorization. There is no appreciable specialization to substances of particular chemical classes (alcohols, esters, acids, aldehydes, amines, carbohydrates); nevertheless, and despite considerable overlap among the various reaction spectra, the cells are highly selective. In view of the grouping of the reaction spectra found here, the traditional concept of a dichotomy between generalists and specialists requires modification. The results, corroborated by considerations of measurement accuracy and the possibility of ambiguity in the analytical procedures, are discussed in the context of conceivable acceptor distributions and of the discrimination of odors.     

Antennal olfactory sensory neurones responsive to host and nonhost plant volatiles in gorse pod moth Cydia succedana

We investigate the response profiles of the antennal olfactory sensory neurones (OSNs) in male and female gorse pod moth Cydia succedana to host and nonhost volatiles, using the single sensillum recording technique. Eight different classes of olfactory sensilla are identified in female C. succedana and five different classes of olfactory sensilla in males. Nineteen different classes of OSNs are identified from the sensilla in females, and nine different classes of OSNs in the male sensilla. All classes of sensilla, except class F7 and class M1 sensilla, co‐compartmentalize two or three OSNs in each sensillum, and the OSNs present in the same sensillum are specialized for different volatiles. Most plant‐volatile OSNs exhibit phasic‐tonic type of temporal responses, whereas the pheromone OSNs in male C. succedana show rather phasic responses. The majority of OSNs identified in C. succedana display highly specialized responses to a narrow range of volatiles, whereas only a small proportion of OSNs show broad response spectra. Two most abundant classes of OSNs exhibit highly specialized responses to β‐myrcene and (E)‐β‐ocimene, two major volatiles released by gorse (Ulex europaeus), the main host of C. succedana. By contrast, several other classes of OSNs exhibit highly specialized responses to geraniol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, (±)‐α‐terpineol, citral and benzyl acetate, which are produced by various nonhost plants. Taking the results of the present study together, we suggest that C. succedana use the combinational input from a set of highly specialized OSNs for host plant volatiles and another set of highly specialized OSNs for nonhost volatiles to discriminate between hosts and nonhosts.     

Decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone, a competitive inhibitor of moth pheromone receptors

An earlier study (Pophof 1998) showed that the esterase inhibitor decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone inhibited the responses of two receptor neurons of the moth Antheraea polyphemus tuned to straight-chain pheromone components, an acetate and an aldehyde, respectively. Here we report that decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone also inhibited the responses of two pheromone receptor neurons of Bombyx mori to bombykol and bombykal. In contrast, decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone activated receptor neurons of the moth Imbrasia cytherea tuned to the pheromone component (Z)-5-decenyl 3-methyl-butanoate. However, decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone did not affect the responses of two receptor neurons of B. mori females specialized to the plant volatiles benzoic acid and linalool, respectively. These results indicate that decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone, besides inhibiting the sensillar esterase, interferes with proteins involved specifically in the excitation of pheromone receptor neurons. In binding studies with radiolabelled decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone, the inhibitor was bound by the pheromone-binding protein of A. polyphemus. However, the amount of decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone causing response inhibition was 300 times lower than the amount of pheromone-binding protein present in the sensilla. Since the amount of decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone adsorbed corresponded to about the maximum number of receptor molecules calculated per sensillum, we expect that decyl-thio-trifluoropropanone, probably in complex with pheromone-binding protein, competitively inhibits the pheromone receptor molecules. Accepted: 8 January 2000     

The analysis of the mechanosensory origin of the infrared sensilla in Melanophila acuminata (Coeloptera; Buprestidae) adduces new insight into the transduction mechanism

The thoracic infrared (IR) sensilla of the pyrophilous jewel beetle Melanophila acuminata most likely have evolved from hair mechanoreceptors (sensilla trichodea). To further elucidate the sensory transduction mechanism, the morphology of IR sensilla and of neighbouring hair mechanoreceptors was investigated by using conventional electron microscopical techniques (SEM, TEM) in combination with focused ion beam milling (FIB). It was assumed that any deviation from the bauplan of a sensillum trichodeum is of particular concern for the transduction of IR radiation into a mechanical stimulus. Thus, the structures supposed to be relevant for stimulus uptake and transduction were homologized. Compared to a hair mechanoreceptor, an IR sensillum shows the following special features: (i) the formation of a complex cuticular sphere instead of the bristle; the sphere consists of an outer exocuticular shell as well as of an inner porous mesocuticular part. (ii) The enclosure of the dendritic tip of the mechanosensitive neuron inside the sphere in a fluid-filled inner pressure chamber which is connected with a system of microcavities and nanocanals in the mesocuticular part. Hence we propose that an IR sensillum most probably acts as a microfluidic converter of infrared radiation into an increase in internal pressure inside the sphere which is measured by the mechanosensitive neuron.     

No inhibitory effect on receptor neurone activity by sulphur analogues of the sex pheromone component (Z)-5-decenyl acetate in the turnip moth, Agrofis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. Olfactory responses from the entire antenna and from single antennal sensilla of the male turnip moth, Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptea: Noctuidae Schiff.), were recorded after stimulation of the antenna with the sex pheromone component, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate (Z5-10:OAc), and three sulphur analogues of this compound. Adaptation of olfactory receptor neurones tuned to Z5-10:OAc was investigated after pre-exposure of these receptor neurones to the key stimulus and to the three sulphur analogues. Both electro-antennographic and single sensillum recordings revealed that the sulphur analogues had a significantly decreased effect compared to the natural stimulus. The pre-exposure experiments demonstrated that no further inhibition of neural activity was observed than could be expected from receptor neurone adaptation. Earlier reports, describing sulphur analogues as possible hyperagonists acting on moth pheromone receptor neurones, are not supported by the present study.     

椰心叶甲啮小蜂触角感觉器的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜(SEM)对椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière成虫触角感器的超微结构进行观察。结果表明,在触角上共有8种感器,分别为毛形感器、多孔板状感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、耳形感器、乳状感器、腔形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛;其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,数量较多分布较广;雌雄蜂触角有明显的性二型现象,表现为雌雄触角大小不同,触角感器类型、大小、数量、分布不同。     

雄性白杨透翅蛾单个嗅觉感受细胞对性信息素的反应(英文)

电生理学记录表明,雄性白杨透翅蛾触角的一个毛形感器中,存在两类性信息素感受细胞。A型感受细胞对性信息素的主要组分E_3,Z_(13)-18:OH发放大振幅的神经脉冲;B型感受细胞对次要组分的侯选化合物Z_3,Z_(13)-18:Ac发放小振幅的神经脉冲,尚需作野外试验和行为反应试验证明其为性信息素的次要组分;选择性适应试验证明A型和B型感受细胞互不适应:Z_3,Z_(13)-18:Ac和E_3,E_(13)-18:Ac是兴奋同种类型的感受细胞,E_3,Z_(13)-18:Ac是一种性信息素组分类似物。     

Detection of alkaloids and carbohydrates by taste receptor cells of the galea of gypsy moth larvae, Lymantria dispar (L.)

Gypsy moth larvae are polyphagous feeders. The electrophysiological responses of the medial and lateral styloconic sensilla to four secondary compounds (e.g., alkaloids), two carbohydrates, and one inorganic salt were examined using an extracellular tip-recording method. In the medial sensillum, one taste receptor cell responded to the alkaloids, strychnine, caffeine, nicotine, and aristolochic acid (i.e., deterrent-sensitive cell), while another, responded to the sugar alcohol and inositol (inositol-sensitive cell). In both medial and lateral sensilla, two taste receptor cells in each sensillum responded minimally and sporadically to 30?mM potassium chloride (KCl) (i.e., KCl-sensitive cells); one cell produced much larger amplitude action potentials than the other. In the medial sensillum, only the large-amplitude KCl-sensitive cell exhibited an increased firing rate with increasing salt concentration. When binary mixture experiments were conducted, it was confirmed that the large-amplitude KCl-sensitive cell and the deterrent-sensitive cell in the medial sensillum were one in the same cell. Only a single cell in the lateral sensillum responded to the sugar, sucrose (sucrose-sensitive cell). The temporal dynamics of responses of the deterrent-sensitive, sucrose-sensitive, and inositol-sensitive cells were compared. Concentration?Cresponse data were obtained for the deterrent-sensitive cell to various alkaloids, as well as to KCl.     

Electrophysiological response to herbivore-induced host plant volatiles in the moth Spodoptera littoralis

In cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (Malvacae), the volatiles emitted from the plant change in response to herbivory. Ovipositing females of the Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) can discriminate between cotton plants subjected to larval feeding and undamaged plants during oviposition. In this study we investigate whether females of this moth can detect the herbivore-induced cotton volatiles. The response of female S. littoralis antennae to volatiles collected from cotton plants subjected to larval feeding was studied using GC-EAD (coupled gas chromatography electroantennographic-detection). By GC-EAD, responses to over 10 different cotton volatiles were observed. Using single sensillum technique the responses of short sensilla trichodea on the antennae of S. littoralis females to 19 cotton volatiles and 12 general plant volatiles were investigated. Responses to these volatiles were recorded from 108 receptor neurones. Several neurones activated by herbivore-induced cotton volatiles were recorded. For example, a neurone type responding to two homoterpenes [(E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene] and (E,E)-α-farnesene was frequently found. We also observed sensitive neurones responding specifically to the herbivore-induced volatiles (+/–)-linalool and indole. In general, a stimulus load of less than 1 ng was needed to activate these neurones. In addition, specific neurones were found for constitutive cotton volatiles released in connection with damage to the plant. An abundant neurone type responded to β-caryophyllene and α-humulene. Another neurone type responded specifically to the non-induced cotton volatile (Z)-jasmone. These results show that females of S. littoralis have receptor neurones that would make it possible to discriminate between damaged and undamaged plants using volatile signals.     

Pheromone receptors in Bombyx mori and Antheraea pernyi

Summary The cellular organization of freeze-substituted antennal sensilla trichodea, which contain the sex pheromone receptors, was studied in male silkmoths of two species (Bombyx mori, Bombycidae; Antheraea pernyi, Saturniidae). The cellular architecture of these sensilla is complex, but very similar in both species. A three-dimensional reconstruction of a sensillum trichodeum of B. mori is presented. Two receptor cells (in A. pernyi 1–3) and three auxiliary cells are present. Of the latter, only the thecogen cell forms a true sheath around the receptor cells. A unique thecogen-receptor cell junction extends over the entire area of contact. Septate junctions occur between all sensillar cells apically, and in the region of the axonal origin basally. Gap junctions are also found between all cells except the receptor cells. The trichogen and tormogen cells show many structural indications of secretory activity and are thought to secrete the receptor lymph. Their apical membrane bordering the receptor-lymph space is enlarged by microvilli and microlamellae, but only those of the trichogen cell show regularly arranged membrane particles (portasomes), indicating secretory specialization among the auxiliary cells. Epidermal cells are found as slender pillars between sensilla, but extend apically along the non-sensillar cuticle and basally along the basal lamina.     

绿豆象幼虫虫龄的划分及末龄幼虫头部形态和感器观察

【目的】明确绿豆象Callosobruchus chinensis幼虫的龄期,了解其末龄幼虫头部感受器的种类、形态和分布。【方法】测量绿豆象幼虫体长、头壳宽和上颚宽,根据所得数据的频次分布图、关系拟合结果和戴氏法则确定绿豆象最佳分龄指标,明确幼虫虫龄数,并利用Crosby生长法则和线性回归的方法进行验证;采用扫描电镜对末龄幼虫头部形态及感受器进行观察。【结果】绿豆象体长、头壳宽和上颚宽的频次分布均呈显著的4个峰,因此推断绿豆象幼虫为4个虫龄。各龄的体长变幅分别为1.581～2.556, 2.406～3.381, 3.381～4.281和4.206～4.881 mm,头壳宽度变幅分别为0.444～0.689, 0.654～0.934, 0.934～1.179和1.144～1.389 mm,上颚宽变幅分别为0.080～0.256, 0.234～0.344, 0.322～0.542和0.542～0.652 mm。体长、头壳宽和上颚宽均符合戴氏法则和Crosby生长法则,并呈现明显的线性关系,因此体长、头壳宽和上颚宽可作为绿豆象幼虫龄期划分的重要指标。头壳宽的Crosby指数均小于体长和上颚宽的Crosby指数,且头壳宽与体长测量值的对数值与幼虫龄期的相关系数要优于上颚宽测量值的对数值与幼虫龄期的相关系数,因此可将头壳宽作为最佳分龄指标。绿豆象末龄幼虫头部感器共有锥形感器、毛形感器、瓶形感器、刺形感器、板形感器、栓锥形感器和坛形感器7种感器,主要分布于触角、下颚须、上唇和上颚。【结论】绿豆象幼虫分龄形态指标和头部形态观察为研究其行为活动及综合防治提供理论基础。     

Electrophysiological characterization of responses from gustatory receptor neurons of sensilla chaetica in the moth Heliothis virescens

Discrimination of edible and noxious food is crucial for survival in all organisms. We have studied the physiology of the gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) in contact chemosensilla (insect gustatory organs) located on the antennae of the moth Heliothis virescens, emphasizing putative phagostimulants and deterrents. Sucrose and the 2 bitter substances quinine and sinigrin elicited responses in a larger proportion of GRNs than inositol, KCl, NaCl, and ethanol, and the firing thresholds were lowest for sucrose and quinine. Variations in GRN composition in individual sensilla occurred without any specific patterns to indicate specific sensillum types. Separate neurons showed excitatory responses to sucrose and the 2 bitter substances quinine and sinigrin, implying that the moth might be able to discriminate bitter substances in addition to separating phagostimulants and deterrents. Besides being detected by separate receptors on the moth antennae, the bitter tastants were shown to have an inhibitory effect on phagostimulatory GRNs. Sucrose was highly appetitive in behavioral studies of proboscis extension, whereas quinine had a nonappetitive effect in the moths.