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1.
Masayuki Nakamichi 《American journal of primatology》1996,40(4):315-325
This study was designed to characterize the proximity relationships among 20 immature Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) of the same age in a free-ranging group during the first 4 years of life. Most male and female immature monkeys showed a consistent preference for proximity within their cohort to certain same-sex individuals whose dominance ranks were immediately adjacent to their own throughout the first 4 years. Such prolonged proximity relationships between peers of the same sex were largely a reflection of those between their mothers. Therefore, the proximity relationships between peers seem to be formed under the influence of social relationships between the mothers. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
2.
Masayuki Nakamichi Shinji Imakawa Yasuo Kojima Ayuko Natsume 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(3):413-418
Parturition behavior of a multiparous female and her interactions with group members throughout the birth process were recorded
for a free-ranging Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). The female showed evidence of 18 contractions during the 35 min prior to delivery, with a mean duration and a mean intercontraction
interval of 30 sec and 96 sec, respectively. These values were similar to those in individually caged Japanese monkeys. Some
adult females remained in proximity to the female who was giving birth during the prepartum phase, and her 2-year-old daughter
watched the delivery of the infant. Even during the prepartum phase the female moved in order to keep up with the group which
traveled from the feeding site to a sleeping site in the forest. 相似文献
3.
Masayuki Nakamichi Hisanori Fujii Takamasa Koyama 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(1):52-66
The behavioral development of a malformed male infant in a free-ranging Japanese monkey group, whose hands were completely
missing and whose hind feet were distorted, was investigated during the first one year of life, by comparison with normal
infants. In the first few weeks of life, the malformed infant was not able to move by himself and was almost completely dependent
on his mother's help. He gradually became able to creep with his forelimb elbows and distorted hind feet at about the first
month of life, and was able to walk bipedally on his hind feet, though unstably, after the sixth month of life. His locomotor
ability, however, was essentially inferior to that of normal infants throughout the first one year of life. His social interactions
with the group members were different from those of normal infants. Normal infants increased their interactions with sameaged
infants or older juveniles through active behavior-like play, whereas the malformed infant developed relations particularly
with adults through behavior such as passive body contact. The conditions for survival of the observed malformed infant are
discussed. 相似文献
4.
Shin-Ichi Hayama Rika Akamatsu Mayumi Kishimoto Masatsugu Suzuki Hideo Nigi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(3):423-426
Diverticular disease of the colon was detected in a female Japanese monkey by X-ray examination. The monkey was 15 years old
and had been kept under captive conditions for nine years. Lack of appetite and activity, and constipation were observed.
The monkey was given fiber-rich vegetables and wild plants, and its appetite and activity then improved. Based on a consideration
of various factors, it is suggested that one possible cause of the diverticulosis in this case was a low dietary fiber intake. 相似文献
5.
Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals
during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never
observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7
individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree
of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between
monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged
monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played
with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of
both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for
animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected
by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to
be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join
a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male
Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the
chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success. 相似文献
6.
The hair length of Japanese monkeys was investigated for a period of one year and the molting phenomenon was clarified. Nine
monkeys were employed in the study. The molting of the Japanese monkey was found to be of a seasonal type and occurred once
during the year. The molting continued for one to four months in each monkey. The hair of the Japanese monkeys was wholly
replaced during the period from April to August. The hair length was thus short in summer, and long in winter. Hair replacement
in pregnant females began after parturition and was generally later than that in other individuals. During molting, both new
and old hairs could be observed simultaneously in the same region of the body. The hair replacement ended around summer when
the hair became the shortest. The new hairs continued to grow after molting and became the longest towards autumn or winter.
Thus, the summer coat and the winter coat were essentially the same in the Japanese monkey. Such annual changes in the hair
of the Japanese monkey were considered to be suitable for the climate of Japan. 相似文献
7.
Methods of artificial insemination (AI) for indoor breeding in the Japanese monkey and the Cynomolgus monkey were investigated. For the Japanese monkey AI was carried out in six females during the winter mating season and in six females during the summer non-mating season. During the mating season, semen was inseminated near ovulation time in natural menstrual cycles. In the mating season study, three females inseminated at the uterine cavity became pregnant. Three inseminated at the cervical canal failed to become pregnant. For the non-mating season study, ovulation was induced artificially by PMSG and hCG and AI was carried out near the induced ovulation time. In the non-mating season, no animals became pregnant. Of four Cynomolgus monkeys used, pregnancy occurred in two animals inseminated near ovulation time in natural menstrual cycles. AI occurred at the uterine cavity in one and cervical canal in the other. In both species ovulation was verified by laparoscopy. Semen was collected by penile electro-stimulation then diluted to 2.5 to 5.0×107/ml with Whitten's medium. Diluted semen of 0.2l was inseminated at the uterine cavity or cervical canal. Our results indicate the usefulness of vaginal AI as a method of artificial indoor breeding. 相似文献
8.
Haruhisa Inagaki 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(3):334-338
The hair length of Japanese monkeys was investigated. The hair of the Japanese monkey is long on the back and the lateral side of the upper arm and short on the back of the hand. There was variation in the length of hairs in the same region of the body. The distribution of hair length approximated to a normal curve and did not display any marked bias or skewness. The increase in length of hairs was remarkable from 0 to 1 year of age, and then continued at a constant rate. Sex differences in hair length were not so remarkable at any age. 相似文献
9.
The characteristics of serial cross-sections of hairs collected from an adult male Japanese monkey were investigated. Cross-sections
were made of five to eight pieces per hair. The shapes of the cross-sections were elliptical or rounded on the whole. The
fibre indices of the sections ranged from 83 to 100. In particular, those of proximal (basal) sections were close to 100.
The hair diameter was 86.4 μ at maximum and 27.2 μ at minimum. A tendency was observed for the longer hairs to have thicker
diameters. The changes in thickness along the fibre shaft were slightly different in relation to hair length. The thickest
point was at around the middle of the fibre in the intermediate hair, somewhat towards the top of the central part in the
long hair, and somewhat towards the base in the short hair. The hair of the Japanese monkey, however, was considered to be
scanty in changes along the fibre shaft in comparison with many other animals. Medullae could scarcely be seen in the short
hair and in the terminal and proximal sections of all hairs. Their shapes in cross-section were not uniform and rough at the
margins. The fibre-medulla indices were generally less than 30 and smaller than those of many other mammals. Pigmentary granules
were observed in all sections examined. The granules were black-grey in sections of the black-grey coloured part and yellow
in the yellowish sections. They were dense in distal sections and scarce in sections close to the base. The cross-sectional
appearance of the thickest part of the long hair was considered to be useful for hair identification, since it was good in
pigmentation and medullation and relatively small fibre index. 相似文献
10.
Tanaka I 《Primates; journal of primatology》2004,45(3):205-206
A nulliparous pregnant Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata, suckled her 1-year-old sister 44 days before her own parturition. Other Japanese macaque yearlings did not hold the nipples of this nulliparous female in their mouths. Although this non-offspring nursing before first parturition did not improve the rate of milk secretion, the nulliparous female may have improved her indirect fitness and her suckling behavior. 相似文献
11.
N. Itoigawa T. Tanaka N. Ukai H. Fujii T. Kurokawa T. Koyama A. Ando Y. Watanabe S. Imakawa 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(1):49-68
Demographic and reproductive data were analyzed for a period of 28 years in the females of a free-ranging group of Japanese
macaques at Katsuyama, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. The overall mean, age-specific fecundity rates were 5.43% for 4-year-olds
and 41.86% for 5-year-olds, increasing to a peak of 66.67% for 13-year-olds. Fecundity remained relatively high (52.31–54.24%)
in 16–19-year-olds, but decreased sharply (45.45–17.86%) in 20–23-year-olds, and became very low in 24–26-year-olds. Females
aged 27 years or more did not produce infants. The average age at first birth was 5.41 years. Births peaked in mid-May. The
timing of the first births each year remained essentially unchanged during the study period, whereas the timing of the median
and last births shifted towards the later part of the season. The mean interbirth interval for all females was 1.56 years.
The value was 1.54 years for multiparous females and 1.29 years for females following infant loss. These intervals were significantly
shorter than those for primiparous females, and females with surviving infants. The overall mean infant mortality within the
first year of life was 10.2%. The value was 8.6% for 10–14-year-olds, and 7.5% for 15–19-year-olds. The timing of birth differed
among the four female matrilineal dominance rank-classes. The female fecundity rates increased as a function of matrilineal
dominance rank. It is suggested that all demographic and reproductive data should be analyzed in detail with respect to the
group's history. 相似文献
12.
Masayuki Nakamichi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1983,24(4):576-583
The behavioral development of infant twin Japanese monkeys in a free-ranging group during the first 12 months of life was reported and compared with that of single born infants. There were no clear differences in mother-infant interactions toward either twin or single infants, but the twins showed a clear nipple preference. The twins spent much time in contact with and proximity to each other and as their interactions were peaceful no dominance relations between them were assumed. Each twin interacted with other infants and juveniles less frequently than did the single infants. 相似文献
13.
Shoji Itakura 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(3):343-352
Two male Japanese monkeys used a mirror to inspect an object attached to their bodies but not directly visible. These monkeys
had been trained previously to use a mirror to guide their hand to a target. In Experiment 1 their behavior in the presence
of a mirror was observed. In Experiment 2 the monkeys used the mirror to locate a picture projected on a screen to the left
or right rear side of the cage. In Experiment 3 the monkeys used a mirror to observe and finally grasp an object attached
behind their heads. Two monkeys who were not trained to use a mirror to obtain an otherwise hidden object did not show such
behavior. 相似文献
14.
A non-resident male attacked a 4-month-old unweaned infant in a free-ranging group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and it died 2 days later from a severe wound. When the infant was alone at the feeding site, the non-resident male rushed at it. The infant ran away as soon as it became aware of the male, but was captured. The male bit the infant on its hand, foot, and arm, while continuously scanning his surroundings. He did not kill the infant immediately and, after the infant escaped, he did not chase or attack it at all. Although the infants right arm was bleeding heavily, it survived until the following day. The infanticide occurred a few weeks before the mating season began, so the victims mother soon resumed estrus and the subsequent inter-birth interval was shortened. The first-, second-, and fourth-ranking adult males had died or disappeared a few months before this infanticide, and there were no other group members near the infant when the infanticidal male appeared. The infanticidal male had not been observed before this incident. Compared to one-male groups, the occurrence of infanticide in multi-male groups of Japanese macaques is extremely infrequent. However, in other reports of infanticide in Japanese macaques as well as in this case, it has been noted that infanticide is likely to occur in the pre- or early-mating season, when there are no resident males to defend the infant against attacks, and when a threatening male is least likely to be the infants father.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 相似文献
15.
Prof. Dr. Masahiro Murakami Tatsuo Shimada Shinshi Noda Toshiaki Kawano 《Cell and tissue research》1976,170(4):515-521
Summary The caput epididymidis from castrated and androgen-supplemented, castrated Japanese monkeys was observed with the scanning electron microscope. The experimental findings were compared with the normal structures in control animals. The epididymal lumen of control animals was lined by a tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing long, slender stereocilia which were densely arranged in a tuft-like form. After castration, the epididymal epithelium was decreased in height to one-fifth of controls. The stereocilia were also considerably reduced in length and in number, resulting in a flattened epithelial surface with polygonal boundaries. Frequent projection of a long, single cilium from an epithelial cell into the lumen was also a prominent feature in the epididymal ducts of the castrated animals. Administration of testosterone to the castrated animals resulted in almost complete recovery of the epididymal epithelium as well as regeneration of the stereocilia which regained a tuft-like arrangement.This investigation was supported in part by a grant from the Japanese Education Ministry (1975)Part of this study was presented at the Tenth International Congress of Anatomists. Tokyo (1975) 相似文献
16.
Masayuki Nakamichi 《Primates; journal of primatology》1984,25(2):192-203
Fourteen female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama-B group ranging in age from 11 to 29 years were observed to elucidate the behavioral characteristics of aging monkeys. A positive significant correlation was found between the occurrences of rest and age, and a negative significant correlation between the occurrences of auto-grooming and age. Younger female monkeys tended to be in contact with or in proximity to group members, while older female monkeys tended to spend much more time alone. As for the grooming interactions, younger female monkeys more often groomed others than did older female monkeys. Also, the former engaged in grooming more frequently than in being groomed, while the latter spent more time in being groomed than in grooming. The old female monkeys showed no marked decline in rank, but some of them were surpassed by their adult daughters. 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection occurs in early childhood, but the exact time of the acquisition and dynamics of infection are not clear. The aim of this study was to estimate the time of acquisition of H. pylori colonization in infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This prospective follow-up study included 237 infants born in Wakayama Rosai Hospital from February, 2001 to April, 2002. Stool samples were collected at indicated ages, and H. pylori antigens were determined by a stool antigen test, HpSA. RESULTS: One-hundred and eight infants among initially enrolled 237 children have been followed up until 24 months. Among these, 16 infants turned to be HpSA positive within 12 months, but only four remained positive by the consecutive tests with optical density values of more than 0.7. They were assumed persistent positives. The rest 12 infants reverted to be negative by the consecutive tests and were assumed transient or false-positives. The optical density values of HpSA in the transient cases were exclusively less than 0.35. CONCLUSIONS: The consecutive follow up of HpSA, but not the one-point test, might be useful to diagnose persistent colonization of H. pylori in young infants, and some infants seemed to acquire H. pylori infection in the first year of life. These results should be taken into account for prevention and treatment strategies for H. pylori infection in infants. 相似文献
18.
G. E. Webley D. H. Abbott L. M. George J. P. Hearn H. Mehl 《American journal of primatology》1989,17(1):73-79
This study describes the concentrations of melatonin in plasma samples taken from marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) every 4 h over three 24-h periods. A circadian pattern of secretion was apparent, with higher levels recorded at night (20.00–08.00 h) than during the day (08.00–20.00 h) and a peak concentration at 20.00 h. There was a significant difference in the mean day and night concentrations (32.5 ± 4.5 pg/ml versus 49.0 ± 6.9 pg/ml, respectively) with individual concentrations ranging between<10–60 pg/ml in the day and 15–200 pg/ml at night. Circadian plasma melatonin concentrations were similar over the three 24-h periods, in male (n = 3) and female (n = 3) monkeys, and in dominant (cyclic, n = 5) and subordinate (acyclic, n = 4) females. The results show a less pronounced circadian profile in the marmoset than is seen in the human but a similar profile to that in the seasonally breeding rhesus monkey. 相似文献
19.
Japanese macaques form a cross-modal representation of their own species in their first year of life
Adachi I Kuwahata H Fujita K Tomonaga M Matsuzawa T 《Primates; journal of primatology》2006,47(4):350-354
We tested whether infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) have a cross-modal representation of their own species. We presented monkeys with a photograph of either a monkey or a human face on an LCD monitor after playing back a vocalization of one of those two species. The subjects looked at the monitor longer when a human face was presented after the monkey vocalization than when the same face was presented after human vocalization. This suggests that monkeys recall and expect a monkey’s face upon hearing a monkey’s voice. 相似文献
20.
Udo Häusler 《Experimental Biology Online》1997,1(9):1-11
Respiratory abdominal movements during vocalization were measured in awake squirrel monkeys during spontaneous and playback-induced vocal activity. Large vocalization-correlated respiratory movements (VCRM) starting before vocalization were observed during several call types, such as peeping, trilling, cackling and err-chuck. Purring, in contrast, was accompanied by only small VCRM that started late after vocal onset. VCRM during trilling, a call with marked frequency modulation, showed a modulation in the rhythm of the frequency changes. A correlation with amplitude modulation was also present but more variable. As high frequencies need a higher lung pressure for production than low frequencies, the modulation of VCRM seems to serve to optimize the lung pressure in relation to the vocalization frequency. The modulation, furthermore, may act as a mechanism to produce different trill variants. During err-chucks and staccato peeps, which show a large amplitude modulation, a non-modulated VCRM occurred. This indicates the existence of a laryngeal amplitude-controlling mechanism that is independent of respiration.Electronic supplementary material Electronic supplementary material is available for this article at and accessible for authorised users. 相似文献