130例嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌下呼吸道感染的药敏分析

目的探讨嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌下呼吸道感染的耐药情况。方法对自2002年5月～2004年5月分离出的130株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药敏试验结果进行分析。结果嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对常用抗生素广泛耐药,其中对亚胺培南100％耐药,对1、2、3代头孢大多数耐药．但对复方新诺明、替卡西林-克拉维酸钾和头孢他啶的敏感率分别为71．2％、64．0％和54．4%。结论嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对常用抗生素广泛耐药．但对复方新诺明、替卡西林-克拉维酸钾和头孢他啶有较高的敏感性．可做为临床治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌下呼吸道感染的有效抗菌药物。     

2004～2007年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌临床分布和耐药性分析

较低,分别为0.6%、20.5%、26.5%和32.6%,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,其中对亚胺培南和美洛培南天然耐药.结论 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染主要以下呼吸道为主,其临床分布主要为ICU 和呼吸内科, 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌表现为高度和多重耐药性.对其引起的感染,可选用米诺环素、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星或复方磺胺进行经验治疗.     

嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌临床分布特征与耐药分析

目的了解湖州市中心医院嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌临床分布特征与耐药性。方法采用常规方法分离,用VITE-COMPACT2全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定,用K—B法进行药敏试验。结果分离到嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌810株,复方新诺明耐药菌株48株（分离率5．9％）。标本来源主要来自ICU室,其次呼吸科,大部分来自痰液标本（约占89．2％）,年龄段以中老年人比率最高。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西彬他坐巴坦、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、阿米卡星高度耐药;头孢他啶、替卡西林／克拉维酸、环丙沙星耐药率为33．7％～58．2％;头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、复方新诺明耐药率低于30．0％。复方新诺明耐药菌株对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素耐药率分别为60．4％、91．7％和2．0％,对其余抗菌药物耐药率达100．0％。复方新诺明耐药菌株与复方新诺明敏感菌株相比,耐药情况更严重,其中对三、四代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类耐药率显著高于复方新诺明敏感菌株（P〈0．01）;对碳青霉烯类、青霉素类、氨基糖苷类抗菌药物耐药率与复方新诺明敏感菌株相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌呈高度耐药,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、左氧氟沙星、米诺环素、复方新诺明尚敏感,但对复方新诺明耐药的嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌耐药现象更严重。应重视嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌引起的院内感染,尽量减少不必要的侵人性操作,加强抗菌药物的合理规范使用。     

医院感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的分子分型研究

摘要 目的：对医院感染分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌进行耐药谱和分子分型研究分析,为制订合理的感染控制方案提供依据。方法：对临床分离的42株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌用质谱仪进行鉴定并分析其耐药表型,根据其对头孢他啶、复方新诺明、左氧氟沙星、米诺环素及头孢吡肟5种抗生素的药敏结果的不同分组,药敏结果相同的菌株分为一型,药敏结果不同的分为另一型;采用PFGE对其做分子分型分析。结果：42株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分为6个不同的耐药表型;对42个株菌株做PFGE电泳,共得到A-D 4个基因型。结论：嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌耐药谱特征和PFGE 分型检测结果对抗生素选择性治疗有很好的指导作用。     

113株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解绍兴市人民医院2010年1月到2011年6月嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的临床分布情况及耐药性分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法从近年来该院各感染标本中分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,用法国梅里埃全自动微生物鉴定仪对细菌进行鉴定,并做临床常用抗生素耐药性分析,用WHONET 5.4软件进行统计学分析。结果 113株分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌主要来自于ICU,标本主要来源于呼吸道感染的痰标本中;药敏结果显示,复方新诺明、米诺环素和左旋氧氟沙星等对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌有较好的抗菌活性,敏感率依次为96.46%、96.46%和92.92%;对亚胺培南100%耐药;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、美洛培南和氨曲南的耐药率依次为91.07%、90.27%和89.38%。结论该院临床分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌主要来源于呼吸道感染患者的痰液标本中,以ICU患者感染居多,耐药现象比较严重,应加强耐药性监测,以指导临床合理用药,控制院内感染。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染危险因素与其耐药特征的研究

目的　研究嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染危险因素及其耐药特征,以提高临床对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌防治水平。方法　对6 8例嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染者的临床资料进行统计分析,并用K- B法测其耐药情况。结果　嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌占非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的9.5 2 % ,居铜绿假单胞菌与不动杆菌之后,列第3位。药敏试验表明,该菌广泛耐药,敏感率>5 0 %者仅有复方新诺明、替卡西林-克拉维酸与头孢哌酮-舒巴坦,在感染者中,有85 .3%患者有基础病,98.5 %使用过广谱抗生素,70 .6 %曾接受侵入性检查和治疗。结论　嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌已成为医院感染重要致病菌,多发生在免疫功能低下的老人,慢性疾病、长期疾病、长期接受激素及使用抗菌药物、施行各种侵入性检查和治疗的患者。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对多种抗生素耐药,一旦感染,治疗颇为困难     

445株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解某医院嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌在临床标本及临床科室中的检出及耐药现状,为防治嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染提供依据。方法回顾性分析该院2011-2013年临床各科送检标本分离的445株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的临床和实验室资料。结果 445株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌分离居前3位的科室依次为呼吸内科(123株,占27.64%),重症医学科(82株,占18.43%)和急诊科(81株,占18.20%)。以口痰样本分离菌数最多(380株,占85.39%),其次为体液(33株,占7.42%),第三位为血液(16株,占3.60%)。嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对复方新诺明、米诺环素和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均有所降低,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或0.01),对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率有所上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌主要引起下呼吸道感染,临床应重视监测药敏结果,根据药敏结果合理应用抗菌药物。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对四环素类抗生素药敏试验评价

目的了解琼脂扩散法（K-B法）及肉汤稀释法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药性,了解两种方法的差异及为临床分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌提供药敏结果。方法对28株临床分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌进行K-B法及肉汤稀释法检测,了解扩散直径及每株菌的MIC值。结果多西环素、米诺环素对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的药敏结果较好;K-B法及肉汤稀释法所得结果相关性好。结论临床上可以选择多西环素、米诺环素治疗嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染;可以应用K-B法检测嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对四环素类抗生素的药物敏感性。     

下呼吸道标本中嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌临床分离株耐药性分析

目的探讨嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药情况,为临床医师在按指南和结合临床选择抗菌药物时提供药敏监测资料。方法对我院2001年1月～2007年1月间从我院住院患者下呼吸道标本中分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌临床菌株进行药物敏感性分析。结果2001年1月～2007年1月从我院住院患者下呼吸道标本中共分离出嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌133株。其中,60.2%(80/133)来源于咳痰标本,41株(30.8%)从经气管插管吸引物中分离得到。青霉素类对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌抗菌活性较差;头孢菌素类药物中,以头孢吡肟的抗菌活性最强,敏感率达88.0%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对各种氨基糖苷类药物的敏感性水平较为接近;氟喹诺酮类药物中,环丙沙星和左旋氧氟沙星敏感度较高,分别为52.6%和63.9%;嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药性高达91.0%;复方磺胺甲(口恶)唑对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌具有较强的抗菌活性,敏感度为92.5%。结论下呼吸道标本中嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对各种药物的耐药性较高,临床医师须参考实验室检验结果及药物敏感试验选择合理的抗菌药物治疗,提高疗效,避免耐药菌的进一步产生。     

重症监护病房嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的耐药特征分析

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia,S.m)是全球关注的8种多重耐药菌株之一,临床治疗非常棘手。重症监护病房(ICU)是嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的多发科室,检出率为13.45%(62株/461株),耐药特征:亚胺培南、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨苄西林、米诺环素耐药率最高(耐药率100%),氨曲南、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、美洛培南、头孢噻肟、哌拉西林高度耐药(?86.5%),左氧氟沙星、加替沙星和头孢吡肟耐药性较高(?50%)。结论:医院应重视该菌的监测,合理使用抗菌药,感染患者应严格消毒隔离管理。头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌有较高的抗菌活性(敏感率90.6%),可作为治疗的首选抗菌药。     

2008-2010年嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌医院感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌（Stenotrophomonasmaltophilia,Sm）的临床分布及耐药性情况,为临床诊治提供依据。方法采用回顾性资料,对中山大学附属第三医院2008—2010年间住院患者的各种临床标本中分离到的Sm及其药敏结果进行统计分析。结果Sm主要来源于呼吸道标本（痰及咽拭子）,占82．97％,临床分布以肝胆外科最多,占25．27％,其次为感染科（21．43％）,ICU和神经外科均占8．79％;40岁以上的中老年患者占75．82％;Sm对复方新诺明的敏感率最高,达84．40％,其次为左氧氟沙星（81．21％）,对头孢他啶和替卡西kS／克拉维酸的敏感性均较低（〈40％）。结论该院感染Sm的易感人群主要是以中老年患者为主,Sm对CLSI推荐的抗菌药物已有一定的耐药性,临床应高度重视,控制感染。     

ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的了解华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及细菌耐药性特征,指导临床合理、科学地使用抗菌药物,为有效控制危重患者肺部感染提供依据。方法回顾分析该院2004年1月至2008年12月ICU患者呼吸道感染的病原菌分布情况,并分析其耐药性变化。结果该院ICU患者呼吸道感染病原菌主要为鲍曼不动杆菌(aba)、铜绿假单胞菌(pae)和金葡菌(sau),其中泛耐药菌株有增多趋势。耐苯唑西林金葡菌(MRSA)的检出率在77.5%~100%。药敏数据显示,pae对常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高,在25.5%~95.3%;aba仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率低,为12.2%,但中敏率较高,为41.7%,对其他常用抗菌药物耐药率均较高。MRSA对所有的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物均耐药,苯唑西林敏感的金葡菌(MSSA)对青霉素和红霉素耐药率较高,分别为97.1%和47.2%,对其他常用抗菌药物较敏感。结论该院ICU患者呼吸道感染以aba、pae和sau为主,且耐药现象严重,对临床常用抗菌药物有多重耐药现象,临床医生应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

Resistance patterns of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from animals, food and asymptomatic human carriers in Switzerland

AIMS: The objective of the present study was to determine the resistance patterns of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from different sources in Switzerland during the period 1997-99 as an epidemiological marker. METHODS AND RESULTS: The disk diffusion method was used to test 82 non-O157 STEC strains for susceptibility to 13 antibiotics. Ten strains were resistant to one and 20 strains to two and more antibiotics. The most frequent resistance types were streptomycin (14 strains), cephalothin (14 strains), sulfamethoxazole (14 strains) and tetracycline (14 strains). Three O100:H- STEC strains isolated from healthy slaughter pigs were resistant to eight antibiotics: streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, neomycin and gentamicin. CONCLUSION: Periodic surveillance of the antibiotic susceptibilities would be an important measure in detecting emergence and spread of resistance. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Antibiotic susceptibility testing can be a useful tool for typing strains and should be used in combination with other phenotypic and genotypic methods.     

Antibioticograms of Vibrio cholerae non-01/non-0139 strains isolated from humans within 1968-2009

Analysis of the antibioticograms of the Vibrio cholerae non-01/non-0139 strains showed that in the cultures isolated in the Rostov Region in 1968--1975 there were present markers of resistance to ampicillin (7%), kanamycin (15.8%), rifampicin (3.5%) and trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole (14%). Among the strains isolated in the Ukraine in 1975 14% was resistant to ampicillin. More than a half of the strains isolated in Uzbekistan in 1990 and 2000-2001, in the Arkhangelsk Region in 1999-2000 and in the Kalmykia in 1999-2005 was antibiotic resistant. In the above regions the strains were resistant to ampicillin (12.5-44.4%), kanamycin (11-55%), rifampicin (1.9-12.5%) and trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole (25-62.5%). Among the cultures isolated in Uzbekistan in 1990 and 2000-2001 25 and 7.8% were resistant to furazolidone and 31.25% was resistant to streptomycin (1990). All the cultures isolated in the Rostov Region in 2005-2009 were resistant to ampicillin, 50% was resistant to ceftazidim, 57% was resistant to streptomycin and furazolidone, 7.2% was resistant to kanamycin and 14% was resistant to trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The studies revealed an increase of the extent of the V.cholerae non-01/non-0139 resistance spectrum within 1968-2009, simultaneous presence of up to 5 diverse resistance markers and a variety of their combinations, that requires the use of antibacterials for the treatment of the diseases due to the vibrios in strict compliance with the pathogen antibioticogram and their early replace by more efficient drugs.     

肺部感染患者分离的鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性分析

了解本院肺部感染患者分离的鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性。分析了自2007—2008年本院肺部感染患者分离的鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药性资料。2a间本院从肺部感染患者的痰标本中共分离到鲍氏不动杆菌124株,80％以上来源于ICU及神经内、外科,这些分离株对阿米卡星、环丙沙星及头孢他啶等抗生素高度耐药,对头孢吡肟仍保持较高敏感,尚未发现对亚胺培南及美洛培南的耐药株。临床医生要重视病原学监测,合理使用抗生素,避免耐药茵株的产生和流行。     

1939株革兰阴性杆菌的耐药监测分析

目的 了解广州华侨医院2007年至2009年分离的1 939株革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据.方法 利用梅里埃VITEK-2 Compact微生物分析仪鉴定细菌,K-B法进行药敏试验,采用WHONET 5.4 软件统计分析药敏结果.结果 2007年至2009年分离出的革兰阴性杆菌1 939株,居前...     

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium difficile from Different Sources

A total of 79 Clostridium difficile strains from healthy young and elderly adults, elderly patients without gastrointestinal disease, elderly patients receiving antibiotics without gastrointestinal complications, and elderly patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis were tested for their susceptibilities to 24 antimicrobial agents. All of the 79 strains were inhibited by low concentrations of rifampicin, metronidazole, fusidic acid, vancomycin, ampicillin, and penicillin G. The strains were highly resistant to aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, and cycloserine and often resistant to neomycin, cefoxitin, and cefalexin. Wide variations in the susceptibility of C. difficile strains to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were found. Strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and lincomycin were more frequently found among strains isolated from elderly adults than those isolated from young adults, with particularly high frequency among strains isolated from elderly patients receiving antibiotics. None of the 23 strains isolated from healthy young adults was resistant to chloramphenicol. All of the 14 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol were sensitive to tetracycline and all of the 15 strains resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, lincomycin, and tetracycline were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Only one out of 19 tetracycline-resistant strains was highly toxigenic, whereas 42 (70%) of 60 sensitive strains were highly toxigenic.     

Emergence of tetracycline resistance due to a multiple drug resistance plasmid in Vibrio cholerae O139

Abstract Of the 173 clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 isolated from India, Bangladesh, and Thailand tested, six strains from India were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, and gentamicin. These six strains harbored a self-transmissible plasmid that mediated resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and O/129. The multiple drug resistance plasmids were 200 kb in size and belonged to the incompatibility group C. Although a majority of the O139 strains (94.8%) were highly resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and O/129, the tetracycline-susceptible strains so far tested were plasmid-negative. The data suggest the existence of two distinct multiple antimicrobial agent resistance (MAR) patterns in V. cholerae O139.     

Activity of 22 antibacterials against O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world]

Analysis of antibioticograms of 390 O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world showed that the strains of V. cholerae isolated within 1927-1966 were susceptible to 22 antibacterials, the strains isolated within 1938-1993 possessed 1-3 resistance markers and the strains isolated within 1994-2005 had 3-8 resistance markers including resistance to fluoroquinolones. All the strains of O139 serogroup V. cholerae isolated in 1993 and 1994 possessed 3 resistance markers. Studies on albino mice with generalized experimental cholera due to the V. cholerae eltor 1 strain (P-18826, 2005) isolated from a cholera patient, which was highly resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and showed cross resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin) and moderate resistance to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, revealed that the only efficient antibiotics were tetracyclines and aminoglycosides (except streptomycin). The investigation demonstrated an extension of the antibiotic resistance spectra of the epidemically significant strains of the cholera pathogen and the necessity of using antibacterial drugs in strict accordance with the antibioticograms in emergent prophylaxis and therapy of cholera and immediate replacement of the drug by a more active one.