Diphenylurea Derivatives Induce Somatic Embryogenesis in Citrus

The present research investigates the possibility that three diphenylurea (DPU) derivatives, N-phenyl-N′-benzothiazol-6-ylurea (PBU), N,N′-bis-(2,3-methilendioxyphenyl)urea (2,3-MDPU) and N,N′-bis-(3,4-methilendioxyphenyl)urea (3,4-MDPU), stimulate the induction of somatic embryogenesis in three Citrus species. The hypothetical embryogenic activity was assessed using stigma and styles of Citrus myrtifolia Raf., Citrus madurensis Lour. and Citrus limon (L.) Burm. The three compounds influenced the production of somatic embryos differently as regards the concentrations tested and the citrus species. PBU was able to induce somatic embryogenesis at all the concentrations tested and in all the three species with percentages that ranged from 44 (C. limon) to 85% (C. myrtifolia). 2,3-MDPU and 3,4-MDPU were completely unable to induce the production of somatic embryos in C. myrtifolia while both the compounds at the higher concentration (12 μM) acted positively in both C. madurensis and C. limon (68% of embryogenic explants). The phenylurea derivatives, used for the first time in this study to induce somatic embryogenesis in plant, showed a higher embriogenic performance when compared with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), a classical adenine-cytokinin, and with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU), a classical DPU derivative.     

Relationship Between Ploidy Variation of Citrus Calli and Competence for Somatic Embryogenesis

This study focuses on the relationship between the genetic variation of calli and the competence for somatic embryogenesis in citrus. The DNA content of 35 citrus calli of different genotypes was measured three times by flow cytometry during a period of four years. The results showed that 71.4% of the genotypes had a progressive increase of varied cells, while those of Page tangelo, Shamouti sweet orange, Russ navel orange and Cleopatra decreased; significant difference in the variation degree (percentages) existed among genotypes. Studies carried out on the induction of somatic embryogenesis revealed that 9 out of the 35 genotypes had still kept the competence of somatic embryogenesis, and the rest 26 had lost the competence. Correlation analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between the variation degree and the embryogenesis competence r=−0.10 (P<0.01), neither for the relationship between the subculture duration and the regeneration capacity.     

柑橘愈伤组织倍性变化及其与体细胞胚胎发生能力的关系

柑橘愈伤组织是细胞融合、遗传转化等生物技术研究的良好材料。本实验室通过近20年的工作,先后诱导和保存了近80份不同种类和品种的柑橘愈伤组织。这些愈伤组织在MT基本培养基上继代保存。在长期保存过程中,部分材料仍然保持较好的胚胎发生能力。为研究愈伤组织在继代过程中的染色体变异趋势以及这种变异对胚胎发生能力的影响,本文选择有代表性的35份材料作为试材,在4年中连续3次使用流式细胞仪,对细胞DNA含量进行测定。结果发现,待测的35种愈伤组织均存在部分细胞DNA含量加倍的现象,而且,随着时间的推移,除佩奇橘柚、沙漠蒂甜橙、鲁斯脐橙、印度酸橘等4种愈伤组织的DNA含量加倍的细胞有减少的趋势外,其他愈伤组织的DNA含量加倍的细胞均有增加的趋势。数据分析表明,在待测的35种愈伤组织中,有71．4％的基因型的愈伤组织细胞出现了多倍体细胞增加的趋势。对这35种柑橘愈伤组织进行体细胞胚诱导,发现只有9种愈伤组织具有不同程度的胚胎发生能力,其他26种愈伤组织不能再生。相关性分析表明,柑橘愈伤组织细胞DNA含量增加的细胞比例与体细胞胚胎发生能力之间的相关性较小,相关系数为忙-0．10（P〈0．01）,未达到显著水平。另外,柑橘胚性愈伤组织继代时间与体细胞胚胎发生能力之间的相关性也不显著。     

Oligosaccharide Inhibits Ethylene Synthesis and Stimulates Somatic Embryogenesis in a Cotton Cell Culture

The effect of a three-component oligosaccharide fragment of xyloglucan FucGalXyl (XG3) on callus-tissue growth and somatic embryogenesis was investigated in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) cell suspension culture. The oligosaccharide introduced into an induction medium at 10^–8and 10^–7M concentrations did not affect the frequency of callus formation from hypocotyl segments; however, it enhanced the monthly increment of callus-tissue weight 1.5- and 3-fold, respectively. Induction and culturing of the callus on an XG3-containing medium adversely affected its morphogenetic potential. Addition of XG3 to the culture medium during the cell suspension preparation stimulated cell division resulting, after 40 days, in a 3.4-fold (at 10^–8M XG3) and a 1.7-fold (at 10^–7M XG3) increase in the cell number as compared to the control. Exclusion of 2,4-D, kinetin, and oligosaccharide from the culture medium caused, after two weeks, a 3.8-fold increase in the number of embryos in the 10^–7M XG3-treated suspension culture as compared to the control. The stimulation of somatic embryogenesis by the oligosaccharide was accompanied by a 12-fold decrease in ethylene emission. The morphogenetic effect of oligosaccharide is suggested to result from its anti-auxin action, which, in particular, inhibited the auxin-dependent ethylene synthesis.     

乔纳金叶片培养胚状体发生体系的建立

利用乔纳金无菌苗叶片培养,成功地诱导出胚状体并获得再生植株。具体步骤如下:Ⅰ.在MS BA2.0mg.L-1 IAA6.0mg.L-1 2,4-D0.3mg.L-1培养基上预诱导6d;Ⅱ.在MS BA2.0mg.L-1培养基上胚性细胞发生胚状体;Ⅲ.在MS BA0.5mg.L-1 IAA0.1mg.L-1上壮苗培养20d;Ⅳ.在MS IBA0.8mg.L-1 IAA0.7mg.L-1培养基上小植株生根。     

植物组织培养中畸形胚的发生和控制

文章介绍植物组织培养中畸形胚的常见类型、发生原因、发生机制,调控手段及畸形胚成苗等研究进展.     

A Chimeric Arabinogalactan Protein Promotes Somatic Embryogenesis in Cotton Cell Culture

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of extracellular plant proteoglycans implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development, including in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE). We found that specific AGPs were produced by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) calli undergoing SE and that when these AGPs were isolated and incorporated into tissue culture medium, cotton SE was promoted. When the AGPs were partly or fully deglycosylated, SE-promoting activity was not diminished. Testing of AGPs separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the SE-promoting activity resided in a hydrophobic fraction. We cloned a full-length complementary DNA (cotton PHYTOCYANIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEIN1 [GhPLA1]) that encoded the protein backbone of an AGP in the active fraction. It has a chimeric structure comprising an amino-terminal signal sequence, a phytocyanin-like domain, an AGP-like domain, and a hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal domain. Recombinant production of GhPLA1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells enabled us to purify and analyze a single glycosylated AGP and to demonstrate that this chimeric AGP promotes cotton SE. Furthermore, the nonglycosylated phytocyanin-like domain from GhPLA1, which was bacterially produced, also promoted SE, indicating that the glycosylated AGP domain was unnecessary for in vitro activity.Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) comprise a diverse group of plant proteoglycans (for review, see Fincher et al., 1993; Nothnagel, 1997; Seifert and Roberts, 2007; Ellis et al., 2010). They are structurally complex, generally consisting of a Pro-, Ala-, Ser-, and Thr-rich protein backbone that is extensively modified, principally by hydroxylation of Pro residues (to Hyp) and subsequent glycosylation through O-linkages with type II arabinogalactans (Tan et al., 2003; Shimizu et al., 2005). Many AGPs also have a C-terminal hydrophobic domain that is processed and replaced with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, which acts to tether the molecule to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (Schultz et al., 1998). AGPs are also defined by their ability to be bound and precipitated by the synthetic dye β-glucosyl Yariv reagent (β-GlcY) and related molecules (Yariv et al., 1967). These dyes have been useful in isolating, localizing, and quantifying AGPs.AGPs are grouped into three subclasses (Schultz et al., 2002): AGPs have an N-terminal signal sequence, an arabinogalactosylated domain, and a hydrophobic C-terminal domain; “chimeric AGPs” contain at least one arabinogalactosylated domain and a domain with an unrelated motif; while “hybrid AGPs” contain arabinogalactosylated as well as different Pro/Hyp-rich glycoprotein motifs.AGPs are implicated in many aspects of plant cell growth and development. Historically, it was not possible to assign roles to individual AGPs, as tests were conducted with unfractionated mixtures of AGPs. More recently, individual AGPs, mainly from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), have been studied using techniques such as mutant analysis and gene knockout/silencing, providing evidence for roles of individual AGPs in cell expansion, root and seed regeneration, the coordination of vascular development, both male and female gametogenesis, the development of cotton fibers, and as contributors to plant stem strength (Shi et al., 2003; van Hengel and Roberts, 2003; Acosta-García and Vielle-Calzada, 2004; Motose et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2007; Levitin et al., 2008; Coimbra et al., 2009; Li et al., 2010; MacMillan et al., 2010).Conditioned media from in vitro embryogenic cultures contain factors that can promote somatic embryogenesis (SE), implying the presence of secreted signaling molecules (de Vries et al., 1988). There is evidence that secreted AGPs, which are components of conditioned media, are involved in SE. For example, SE in carrot (Daucus carota) and spruce (Picea abies) cell cultures was promoted when AGPs from conditioned media were added exogenously (Kreuger and van Holst, 1993; Egertsdotter and von Arnold, 1995). Subsequent studies showed the association of particular AGP epitopes with SE-promoting activity and the involvement of AGPs in SE for several other species (Kreuger et al., 1995; McCabe et al., 1997; Toonen et al., 1997; Chapman et al., 2000; Saare-Surminski et al., 2000; Ben Amar et al., 2007). There is also evidence that SE-promoting AGPs may be cleaved by an endochitinase (Egertsdotter and von Arnold, 1988; Domon et al., 2000; van Hengel et al., 2001, 2002), but neither the identity of the individual AGP(s) involved in promoting SE nor the mechanism of action has been established.In this study, we focused on SE in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ‘Coker 315’), which is a limiting step in cotton transformation, and the potential role of AGPs in this process. We show that cotton calli undergoing somatic embryogenesis secrete an AGP fraction that promotes SE when incorporated back into the growth medium. We report the cloning and sequencing of a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding a chimeric AGP present in this fraction and show that this molecule promotes SE.     

Programmed Minichromosome Elimination as a Mechanism for Somatic Genome Reduction in Tetrahymena thermophila

The maintenance of chromosome integrity is crucial for genetic stability. However, programmed chromosome fragmentations are known to occur in many organisms, and in the ciliate Tetrahymena the five germline chromosomes are fragmented into hundreds of minichromosomes during somatic nuclear differentiation. Here, we showed that there are different fates of these minichromosomes after chromosome breakage. Among the 326 somatic minichromosomes identified using genomic data, 50 are selectively eliminated from the mature somatic genome. Interestingly, many and probably most of these minichromosomes are eliminated during the growth period between 6 and 20 doublings right after conjugation. Genes with potential conjugation-specific functions are found in these minichromosomes. This study revealed a new mode of programmed DNA elimination in ciliates similar to those observed in parasitic nematodes, which could play a role in developmental gene regulation.     

伏令夏橙愈伤组织体细胞胚发生中多胺水平的变化

以继代培养8年的伏令夏橙愈伤组织为材料,研究了不同类型愈伤组织体细胞胚发生能力的差异和多胺水平的变化及两者之间的关系.结果表明,胚性愈伤组织的多胺含量高于非胚性愈伤组织,体细胞胚发生能力与多胺水平呈正相关.体细胞胚发生早期Put含量的增加有利于体细胞胚发生.球形胚大量形成时,Spd达到最高值;球形胚发育后期并有少量心形胚形成时Spm达到峰值.随着倍性的增加,伏令夏橙体细胞胚发生能力降低.精氨酸脱羧酶的活性变化与Put水平呈正相关,表明它是调节伏令夏橙体细胞胚发生中多胺水平的重要因子.     

Possible Role of Light and Polyamines in the Onset of Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffea canephora

The concentration of free and bound polyamines was studied during the somatic embryogenesis induction process in Coffea canephora explants. In the present study we show that when the induction of somatic embryogenesis in C. canephora is carried out under light conditions and in the presence of the plant growth regulator, benzylaminopurine, a cytokinin, a faster response to induction is obtained. In the darkness, the response is delayed for more than 20 days, and the number of embryos is smaller. In the absence of benzylaminopurine no embryogenic response was observed. The pronounced changes in the levels of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine, both free and bound, found in C. canephora suggest that a close correlation exists between polyamine biosynthesis and somatic embryogenesis in C. canephora during a period of cellular differentiation associated with the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. We would like to dedicate this paper to Dra. Estela Sánchez, the pioneer of the Plant Biochemistry in Mexico, on occasion of her 75th anniversary.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Inflorescence Culture of Java Citronella: (Cymbopogon winterianus)

Embryogenic callus was induced from immature inflorescence segmentsof Java citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) and maintained for2 years on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with 2,4-D(l mg l^–1). The callus cells retained the original chromosomenumber of 2n = 20. The somatic embryos germinated into plantletson MS basal medium or medium with IAA, NAA, BAP or KN individually(l mg l^–1). The regenerated plantlets developed a goodroot system on full strength solid MS inorganics medium withIAA (1 mg l^–1). The regenerated plants were similar tothe donor plant in morphology and had the same chromosome number,but showed some variation in the essential oil content. Java citronella, Cymbopogon winterianus, somatic embryogenesis, regeneration, inflorescence culture     

蓝莓离体叶片胚状体高效发生及其组织学观察

以高灌蓝莓试管苗叶片为外植体、以改良WPM为基本培养基,研究了外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对离体叶片胚状体发生的影响,同时也探讨了蔗糖浓度、水解酪蛋白、椰汁等对胚状体发生、丛芽形成的影响.结果表明:不同浓度的外源激素TDZ、ZT及其组合对胚状体的发生频率、丛芽的形成和生长起重要作用;蔗糖浓度对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长影响较大,而添加有机质则对胚状体的发生及丛芽的生长没有明显影响.适合高灌蓝莓叶片胚状体发生及成苗的培养基为WPM TDZ 0.04 mg/L ZT 0.25～2.0 mg/L 蔗糖20～40 g/L,而培养基WPM ZT 0.5～1.0 mg/L 蔗糖20 g/L适合于丛芽继代生长.组织学观察表明,蓝莓叶片胚状体发生主要起源于叶上表皮细胞和部分叶肉细胞,可能为多细胞起源,历经多细胞原胚、原球胚、梨形胚、心形胚、子叶胚等发育阶段,并能直接发育成苗.     

Conditions Favorable for the Somatic Embryogenesis in Carrot Cell Culture Enhance Expression of the roIC Promoter-GUS Fusion Gene

We obtained carrot (Daucus carota) cells possessing the 5′-noncoding sequence of the ORF12 gene (roIC) of TL-DNA of the Ri plasmid and a structural gene of bacterial β-glucuronidase by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. When such cells were cultured in medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, substantial reduction in β-glucuronidase activity was observed. Upon transferring the cells from a 2,4-D-containing medium to one devoid of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, enhanced expression of β-glucuronidase in somatic embryo development was recorded. Activation by gibberillic acid and suppression by abscisic acid of β-glucuronidase activities, in concord with embryogenesis, were also noted.     

青扦胚性细胞悬浮培养中影响体细胞胚发生因素的研究

试验以青扦（Ｐｉｃｅａｗｉｌｓｏｎｉ）的胚性愈伤组织为材料,以改良５９基本成分附加２４－Ｄ１ｍｇ／Ｌ及ＫＴ１ｍｇ／Ｌ为培养介质,比较了液体悬浮与半固体二种培养方式对胚性愈伤组织增殖和体细胞发生的影响,研究了液体悬浮培养过程中影响体细胞胚发生的因素。结果表明：液体悬浮培养好于半固体培养,它的胚性愈伤组织的生长率为２６８％,是半固体培养的１２４倍;体细胞胚的分化率为９３％,是半固体培养的２２倍;悬浮培养较佳的培养条件为：初始细胞密度为２％（鲜重）,蔗糖浓度为２０ｇ／Ｌ,摇床转速为１００ｒ／ｍｉｎ,ｐＨ为５８。经过两个月悬浮培养,将培养物转至１／２改良５９附加ＡＢＡ１ｍｇ／Ｌ的分化培养基上,３个月后每ｇ培养物上可获得２８５个正常的子叶期体细胞胚。     

柑桔原生质体融合再生叶肉亲本型植株的遗传分析

叶肉亲本（粗柠檬）型植株叶形指数、气孔特征与亲本粗柠檬无异,与同组合体细胞杂种差异显著。染色体计数为二倍体（２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１８）。过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）、多酚氧化酶（ＰＰＯ）、谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）同工酶图谱与粗柠檬一致。ＲＡＰＤ分析表明,在具多态性的５４个随机引物中,大多数引物（５２个）上的图谱与粗柠檬相同。但ＯＰＷ－１２上,叶肉亲本型植株含有哈姆林甜检的特征谱带。ＯＰＶ－０４扩增产物显示,叶肉亲本型     

Evaluation of Tip Culture, Thermotherapy and Chemotherapy for Elimination of Peanut Mottle Virus from Arachis hypogaea

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants (cvs Florunner and Pronto) were inoculated at the two-leaf stage with peanut mottle virus (PMV) to obtain PMV-infected plants. Shoot-tips from plants grown in the glasshouse (27°C) or from plants maintained at 35°C were used for tip culture. In some experiments ribavirin was added to the culture medium at 5 mg/1, 10 mg/1, 15 mg/1 or 20 mg/1. Plants regenerated from meristems or shoot-tips taken from virus-infected plants were not virus-free. After 45 days at 35°C, foliar tissue of 93 % of Florunner and 95 % of Pronto plants tested negative for PMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When shoot-tips from the plant that tested negative by ELISA were used for tip culture, no virus-free plants were obtained. No virus-free plants were obtained from tips cultured on medium supplemnted with ribavirin. However, when tip culture, thermotherapy and chemotherapy were combined; 80 % of Florunner and 100 % of Pronto plants were found negative for PMV.     

石刁柏体细胞胚发生过程中多胺代谢酶和过氧化氢清除酶的活性变化

石刁柏体细胞胚发生过程中精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)活性变化趋势与内源腐胺的含量变化相同,多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性变化幅度较小.外源腐胺对ADC活性的影响与不作外源腐胺处理的差异不显著性,但促进体细胞胚发生前期的PAO活性,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性受外源腐胺的影响很小,两者的活性变化与PAO活性变化趋势一致.     

Autophagic Elimination of Misfolded Procollagen Aggregates in the Endoplasmic Reticulum as a Means of Cell Protection

Type I collagen is a major component of the extracellular matrix, and mutations in the collagen gene cause several matrix-associated diseases. These mutant procollagens are misfolded and often aggregated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although the misfolded procollagens are potentially toxic to the cell, little is known about how they are eliminated from the ER. Here, we show that procollagen that can initially trimerize but then aggregates in the ER are eliminated by an autophagy-lysosome pathway, but not by the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Inhibition of autophagy by specific inhibitors or RNAi-mediated knockdown of an autophagy-related gene significantly stimulated accumulation of aggregated procollagen trimers in the ER, and activation of autophagy with rapamycin resulted in reduced amount of aggregates. In contrast, a mutant procollagen which has a compromised ability to form trimers was degraded by ERAD. Moreover, we found that autophagy plays an essential role in protecting cells against the toxicity of the ERAD-inefficient procollagen aggregates. The autophagic elimination of aggregated procollagen occurs independently of the ERAD system. These results indicate that autophagy is a final cell protection strategy deployed against ER-accumulated cytotoxic aggregates that are not able to be removed by ERAD.