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1.
采用均匀网格布点法采集沈阳市沈北新区不同土地利用类型101个表层(0—20 cm)土壤样品, 测定了土壤磷酸酶活性、土壤理化性质和土壤细菌群落组成, 分析了不同利用类型土壤磷酸酶活性变化特征及其与土壤理化性质、土壤细菌优势菌群之间的关系。土壤酶活力测定结果表明, 沈北新区不同利用类型土壤磷酸酶活性由高到低依次为: 城市绿地>旱田>天然林地>水田; 相关分析结果表明, 土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤pH值、含水量、粘粒、粉粒、总磷呈极显著负相关关系, 与砂粒呈极显著正相关关系, 上述土壤理化性质是影响土壤磷酸酶活性的主要因素; 冗余分析结果表明, 疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)对土壤磷酸酶活性影响较大, 其菌群丰度主要受土壤pH、含水量和总磷的调控, 且其随土壤pH、含水量和总磷的变化特征与土壤磷酸酶活性变化趋势相一致, 提示这些菌群可能是土壤磷酸酶的重要来源。  相似文献   

2.
大气CO2增加对土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性的影响   总被引:19,自引:6,他引:19  
1 引  言自 19世纪 70年代工业化革命以来 ,由于化石燃料燃烧、林草地开垦农用等已引起CO2 大气排放的不断增加 ,可能使未来的 5 0~ 10 0年内 ,全球大气CO2 将增加 1倍左右 .许多研究证明 ,大气CO2 增加可提高植物生长代谢水平[1,8] .其结果是植物代谢分泌物的种类和数量发生变化 ,由植物光合作用强度或速率变化引起的植物枯枝落叶质量也会改变 ,二者均可能在经泌入土壤或凋落进入土壤分解后 ,对植物着生的土壤环境产生直接或间接的影响 .植物对大气CO2 增加的响应途径还有根圈微生物种群 (植物根圈大量活性C组分将直接作为微…  相似文献   

3.
为研究艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤酶活性的季节变化规律及影响因素,2015—2016年5、8和11月以绕湖一周范围内的梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、芦苇为研究对象,对4种植物群落下不同月土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性及理化因子进行分析。结果表明:(1)各植物群生境的差异使酶活性有明显变化,呈现出芦苇群落>梭梭群落>胡杨群落>梭梭-柽柳群落。不同植物群落下酶活性具有明显的季节变化,梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨群落土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶的峰值分别出现在5月(2.72、3.31和2.94 mg/g)、(1.18、1.32和0.69 mg/g)和(0.18、0.34和0.17 mg/g),而芦苇群落3种酶活性的峰值出现在8月(5.18、1.20和0.66 mg/g);谷值均出现在11月。(2) 4种植物群落下各月土壤酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著正相关,而与土壤盐分呈负相关;除芦苇群落外,其他群落8月土壤温度与酶活性呈负相关。(3) 4种植物群落各月间土壤酶活性受多因素的共同影响,土壤盐分、有机质、全磷是影响艾比湖湿地不同植物间土壤酶活性的主导因素,土壤温度和含水量对不同月土壤酶活性的影响更为显著。  相似文献   

4.
白洋淀湿地水华暴发阈值分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
水体富营养化阈值分析可为控制水华暴发,确定合理的污染物控制水平提供科学依据.以白洋淀湿地为例,利用2000-2009年水质监测数据,选择表征水体富营养化的主要指标进行主成分聚类分析,划分出低溶氧高营养型和不稳定型2类水域;并针对不同水域类型,以叶绿素a为因变量,以pH值、水温、透明度(SD)、CODcr、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮、硝氮和溶解态无机磷为自变量,采用逐步回归方法,分别建立了水质指标与叶绿素a的多元线性关系式,以此确定了白洋淀湿地水体水华暴发阈值.根据叶绿素a为30μgL-1为水华暴发的临界值,白洋淀低溶氧高营养型水域CODcr应控制在37.31mg·L-1,不稳定型水域TP应控制在0.12mg·L-1.  相似文献   

5.
泡囊丛枝(VA)菌根对玉米际磷酸酶活性的影响   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:6  
以玉米为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,研究了缺P土壤上施用植酸和卵磷脂时接种几种菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae,Glmous versiformea,Gigaspora margarita)对根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响,玉米生长70d后,收获测定距根表不同距离土壤中的磷酸酶活性,结果表明,接种菌根真菌增加了根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性,Gigaspora margarita菌根菌的作用大于其它2个菌极菌,不同P源对磷酸酶活性有明显影响。  相似文献   

6.
南京城市土壤重金属含量及其影响因素   总被引:77,自引:5,他引:77  
研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及其与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,南京城市土壤中,Fe、Ni、Co、V污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Mn、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb污染,其中:Pb污染非常严重;重金属在土壤剖面分布没有规律性;Fe、Ni、Co、V元素主要来源于原土壤物质,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr元素主要来源于人为输入,Mn可能在不同的土壤中来源不同;Fe、Cr、Ni、Co、V元素含量之间均呈极显著正相关,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr元素含量之间均呈极显著正相关。Fe、Co、V、Ni含量与粘粒含量、CEC呈极显著正相关;Cu、Zn、Pb含量与粘粒含量呈极显著负相关;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr含量与有机碳呈极显著正相关,Pb含量与pH呈极显著正相关。  相似文献   

7.
赵娜  林威鹏  蔡昆争  王建武 《生态学报》2010,30(19):5327-5337
合理施用堆肥能够有效地改善植物的生长条件和土壤的生态环境,从而提高植物对病害的抗性。通过盆栽实验,研究了家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土对番茄青枯病的防治效果及其对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,家畜堆肥浸渍液及堆肥混土均对番茄青枯病有一定防治效果,以体积分数1∶1、1∶3的浸渍液处理和质量分数10%的堆肥混土处理效果较好,分别降低病情指数69.4%,31.5%和13.0%。而且浸渍液处理效果优于堆肥混土处理,浓度越高抗病效果越明显。堆肥混土处理可提高土壤脲酶活性,对蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响不大;1∶1堆肥浸渍液处理能显著提高土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。基于BIOLOG方法的土壤微生物群落功能研究表明,两种堆肥处理的平均每孔变化率(AWCD)值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数均较对照减小,而对于Alatalo均匀度指数则没有显著影响。不同堆肥处理间微生物碳源利用存在较大差异,堆肥混土处理的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类物质,而浸渍液处理则是糖类和氨基酸类物质。通过主成分分析得到的堆肥处理聚类结果与各种处理的抗病性强弱分类情况相吻合,且与AWCD值、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数的强弱分类也大致吻合。研究表明,施用家畜粪便堆肥主要通过改变土壤微生物群落多样性和土壤酶活性,提高番茄植株的抗病性。  相似文献   

8.
长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素   总被引:29,自引:6,他引:29  
以东北典型黑土区长期(自1980年)不同培肥试验地土壤为研究对象,采用两种不同量有机肥、化肥和不施肥4个处理,对土壤脲酶在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究。结果表明,施用有机肥,生长季黑土脲酶活性明显高于施用化肥和不施肥,其生长季脲酶保护容量在160mg·kg^-1·h^-1以上,季节性变化平稳。保持土壤脲酶免遭变性、免遭分解作用显著.脲酶活性的动态变化与绝大多数土壤生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有明显的相关性;与土壤生物、理化特性,植物N、P、K有极显著的正相关关系;与土壤含水量、籽粒粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关关系。  相似文献   

9.
采用野外原位实验静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了兴安岭多年冻土不同程度退化地区生长季湿地土壤温室气体CH4、CO2和N2O的排放通量特征,同时分析了环境因子对土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:1) 3种类型冻土区(季节性冻土区、岛状多年冻土区、连续多年冻土区,分别用D1、D2、D3表示)土壤在生长季时期表现为CO2和N2O的源; D1和D3为CH4的源,D2为CH4的汇。D1、D2、D3土壤在生长季中平均CH4排放通量分别为(0.127±0.021)、(-0.020±0. 006)、(0. 082±0. 019) mg·m-2·h-1; CO2排放通量分别为(371.50±66.73)、(318.43±55.67)、(213.19±37.05) mg·m-2·h-1; N2O排放通量分别为...  相似文献   

10.
磷是植物必需的大量营养元素之一,也是草地生态系统功能的重要限制因子。近年来,随着全球氮沉降的迅速增加,草地生态系统土壤磷及磷酸酶活性受到不同程度的影响。本研究采用整合分析方法,分析了草地的氮添加量、氮源种类、持续时间和土层深度等对土壤pH、全磷(TP)含量、有效磷(AP)含量、碱性磷酸酶(AlP)和酸性磷酸酶(AcP)活性的影响,以及土壤pH与磷酸酶活性的相关性。结果表明: 氮添加降低了土壤pH、TP含量和AlP活性,提高了土壤AcP活性,但对土壤AP含量无显著影响。从氮添加量来看,土壤pH、AlP显著降低在氮添加>5 g·m-2·a-1条件下即可发生;高水平氮添加(>10 g·m-2·a-1)导致AcP活性显著提高;土壤TP、AP含量显著降低仅发生在氮添加量为5~10 g·m-2·a-1条件下。硝酸铵处理显著降低了土壤TP含量,提高了AcP活性;尿素处理显著降低了土壤pH和AlP活性。在所有添加量下,当试验持续时间为3~10年时,土壤TP含量、AlP活性显著降低;持续时间大于3年时,土壤pH显著降低;>10年时,AcP活性显著提高。0~10 cm土层的AP含量显著升高,TP含量和AlP活性显著降低;大于10 cm土层中AP含量显著降低。土壤pH与土壤AcP活性呈显著负相关,表明氮添加引起的土壤pH改变可能是土壤磷酸酶活性变化的重要原因。  相似文献   

11.
厦门大嶝岛海域贝类的养殖容量   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
对厦门大嶝岛海域叶绿素a、初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、潮下带、潮间带和吊养区非养殖滤食性动物生产量、养殖贝类的滤水率、有机碳含量和贝类含壳重与鲜组织重的比值等模型参数的调查测定和检测分析,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物生产量,估算贝类养殖容量;同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量;采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养殖面积,以控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置.结果表明,3种模型估算的贝类养殖容量为35248~39990t(平均37488t),140008~158850×104个(平均148903×104个);适养面积2145hm2,其中牡蛎1900hm2、缢蛏81hm2、泥蚶20hm2、凸壳肌蛤144hm2.2000年贝类及其各养殖品种的养殖面积已超过了估算的适宜养殖面积,应予以削减.  相似文献   

12.
基于珊瑚骨骼X射线照片,使用CoralXDS软件,对海南岛(琼)东部海域的橙黄滨珊瑚生长特性进行研究,获取了百年来的年生长率(ER)、骨骼密度(D)和钙化速率(CR) 3种生长参数.结果表明: 该橙黄滨珊瑚ER的变化范围为0.49~1.10 cm·a-1,年均值0.76 cm·a-1;D的变化范围1.11~1.35 g·cm-3,年均值1.22 g·cm-3;CR的变化范围为0.55~1.41 g·cm-2·a-1,年均值0.94 g·cm-2·a-1.统计分析表明,研究海区表层水温(SST)是橙黄滨珊瑚骨骼生长参数变化的主要环境影响因素,对ER和CR的控制较强,对D的影响较弱,但总体上3项生长参数都随SST升高而增大.光照、盐度和水动力条件等是次要影响因素.台风和强热带风暴对琼东海域橙黄滨珊瑚骨骼密度条带分布的影响也较为显著.复杂的气候环境,赋予了橙黄滨珊瑚骨骼多变的生长模式.过去一个世纪以来,琼东海域年平均表层水温显著上升,气候倾向率为0.15 ℃·(10 a)-1,SST上升分为两个阶段,20世纪40年代初和80年代初,人类活动加剧和全球气候变暖是导致琼东海域SST显著上升的原因.  相似文献   

13.
Many wild species, like waterbirds, are exploited for their economic interests. At present, the annual western Palearctic duck bag is at least 17 million birds. From a sustainable management perspective, wetland users and managers request predictions of spatial distribution and abundance variations of these bird populations. The objective of this study was to analyze local factors potentially influencing the diurnal distribution and population size of wintering ducks and coots, the main game species, in Camargue (southern France). First, we showed that marshland surface area, salinity and hunting disturbance were the principal variables explaining the duck and coot distribution. Secondly, we tested the hypothesis that hunting disturbance would reduce the carrying capacity of the Camargue with two analyses: the effect of creating a protected area and the change of the hunting closing date. This hypothesis was not validated. Our study therefore led us to reconsider the research orientations on the carrying capacity in this wetland. The surface of protected day roosts seems presently sufficient in the Rhone delta. Consequently, to increase the population size with the same level of hunting disturbance at the scale of the Camargue, alternative strategies should be envisaged, such as the creation of nature reserves on nocturnal feeding ground or the creation of large management units with limited disturbance.  相似文献   

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Anthropogenic impact on the environment and wildlife are multifaceted and far‐reaching. On a smaller scale, controlling for predators has been increasing the yield from local natural prey resources. Globally, human‐induced global warming is expected to impose severe negative effects on ecosystems, an effect that is expected to be even more pronounced in the scarcely populated northern latitudes. The clearest indication of a changing Arctic climate is an increase in both air and ocean temperatures leading to reduced sea ice distribution. Population viability is for long‐lived species dependent on adult survival and recruitment. Predation is the main mortality cause in many bird populations, and egg predation is considered the main cause of reproductive failure in many birds. To assess the effect of predation and climate, we compared population time series from a natural experiment where a trapper/down collector has been licensed to actively protect breeding common eiders Somateria mollissima (a large seaduck) by shooting/chasing egg predators, with time series from another eider colony located within a nature reserve with no manipulation of egg predators. We found that actively limiting predator activity led to an increase in the population growth rate and carrying capacity with a factor of 3–4 compared to that found in the control population. We also found that population numbers were higher in years with reduced concentration of spring sea ice. We conclude that there was a large positive impact of human limitation of egg predators, and that this lead to higher population growth rate and a large increase in size of the breeding colony. We also report a positive effect of warming climate in the high arctic as reduced sea‐ice concentrations was associated with higher numbers of breeding birds.  相似文献   

17.
封闭循环流水培育贝类苗种的初步实验   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
开展了海湾扇贝、菲律宾蛤仔等贝类苗种封闭循环流水培育的实验研究,旨在解决贝类育苗产苗率不稳定的难题,初步建立一套具有高产率、高稳定性、低能耗和低成本的科学育苗模式及育苗水处理系统。实验结果表明:封闭循环流水培育海湾扇贝的苗种成活率和生长速度都略较静水培育高;利用封闭循环流水与静水对比培育菲律宾蛤仔苗种,封闭循环流水培育和静水培育苗种的成活率在低(约10个/ml)、中(约20个/ml)、高(约30个/ml)密度布苗条件下,分别为50.0%和42.9%、65.7%和7.5%、33.3%和10.7%,幼虫生长速度也略较静水培育模式快。封闭循环流水育苗技术在生产中具有良好的应用前景,但相关的生产工艺还需进一步完善。  相似文献   

18.
The present study was carried out to determine an optimum honeybee colony’s carrying capacity of selected valleys dominated by Ziziphus spina-christi and Acacia tortilis in the Al-Baha region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted based on the assessment of the number of colonies kept, their productivities and the existing productive bee forage resources in the target valleys with its economic implication. In the existing beekeeping practice, the average number of managed honeybee colonies introduced per square kilometer was 530 and 317 during the flowering period of Z. spina-christi and A. tortilis, respectively. Furthermore, the overall ratios of productive bee forage plants to the number of honeybee colonies introduced were 0.55 and 11.12 to Ziziphus trees and A. tortilis shrubs respectively. In the existing situation the average honey production potential of 5.21 and 0.34 kg was recorded per Ziziphus and A. tortilis plants per flowering season, respectively. The present study, revealed that the number of honeybee colonies introduced in relation to the existing bee forage potential was extremely overcrowding which is beyond the carrying capacity of bee forage resources in selected valleys and it has been observed to affect the productivities and subsequent profitability of beekeeping. The study infers that, by keeping the optimum honeybee colony’s carrying capacity of valleys (88 traditional hives/km2 or 54 Langstroth hives/km2 in Ziziphus field and 72 traditional hives/km2 or 44 Langstroth hives/km2 in A. tortilis field), profitability of beekeeping can be boosted up to 130.39% and 207.98% during Z. spina-christi and A. tortilis, flowering seasons, respectively.  相似文献   

19.
G. J. Edgar 《Oecologia》1993,95(1):115-121
Carrying capacities of grazed habitats are typically expressed as numbers or biomass of animals per unit area; however, such parameters are appropriate only when the body size of animals is constant because consumption and other metabolic-rate based parameters such as respiration and production are proportional to body mass raised by a power of 0.75 rather than 0 or 1. Habitat carrying levels are therefore better expressed in the form of an index of total community consumption by summing the body masses of individual animals after they have been scaled using a biomass exponent of 0.75. A parameter scaled in this way,P 20, varied in a predictable manner when calculated for the mobile epifaunal assemblages associated with rope fibre habitats placed at marine and estuarine sites;P 20 showed no significant difference between 17 shallow, clear-water sites worldwide, but declined consistently when photosynthesis was reduced.P 20 also did not vary significantly when calculated for the mobile epifaunal communities associated with fourAmphibolis antarctica seagrass habitats in Australia ( = 100 µg ·g–1 · day–1), and reached but did not significantly exceed a ceiling of 280 g · g-1 · day-1 forSargassum plants. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the production of shallow-water epifaunal communities of grazers is constrained by resource ceilings which can be quantified using metabolic-rate based indices. If this production ceiling hypothesis is correct then diffuse competition is generally more important than predation or environmental disturbance in restricting the growth of mobile epifaunal populations.  相似文献   

20.
本文研究了Logistic模型在渔业收获中的应用.我们脉冲的在湖泊中增加鱼的食物(水草),以此来增大湖泊的环境容纳量.因此,经过一段时间后,鱼的数量可以达到一个很高的水平.我们从生态和经济学的角度出发,找到了最优策略,通过例子(表1一表10)给出了具体的策略.在最后一个例子(表11)中,我们比较了参数A和T对模型的不同影响.最后,我们指出了本文的数学和数值模拟结果在生态学和经济学中的应用,并且作了简短的讨论.  相似文献   

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