PD-1通过抑制糖酵解,促进脂质裂解和脂肪酸氧化改变T细胞代谢重编码

<正>外周免疫耐受对维持免疫系统稳态至关重要。PD-1(CD279)及其配体,PD-L1(B7-H1;CD74)和PD-L2(B7-DC;CD273),参与外周免疫耐受的调控。T细胞激活伴随代谢重编码,并影响细胞发挥不同的效应功能。本文作者发现,PD-1信号可以抑制激活T细胞上调有氧糖酵解以及氨基酸代谢,增加细胞脂肪酸β氧化。PD-1通过上调CPT1A促进内源性脂质的氧化,通过增加ATGL诱导脂质裂解。同为共抑制分子,CTLA-4则在抑制糖酵解同时却不改变脂肪酸氧化,提示CTLA-4将细胞维持在非激活的代谢状态。作者发现了PD-1介导的抑制效应性T细胞分化的代谢机制--抑     

PD-1抑制剂的临床疗效和研究进展

本文首先介绍新型免疫靶点PD-1及其配体PD-L1和PD-L2结合的分子机制、信号通路以及介导免疫耐受的生理意义。在此基础上,本文又总结了国内外报道的新型药物和研究进展,用诸多临床实例和数据分析单药治疗和联合治疗在黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌等肿瘤治疗中的疗效。同时,提出了在药物安全性、PD-1/PD-L2的分子机制、单抗和药物抗病毒作用等方面研究的不足和前景。     

肝癌患者腹腔积液中可溶性程序性死亡蛋白1(sPD-1)及其配体表达水平

目的观察肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者腹腔积液中可溶性程序性死亡蛋白1(solubleprogrammed death-1,s PD-1)及其配体水平。方法实验分为早期HCC组(20例)、进展期HCC组(15例)及乙型肝炎肝硬化患者对照组(15例),分别采集3组人群的腹腔积液,利用RT-PCR扩增腹腔积液细胞中程序性死亡蛋白1(programmed death 1,PD-1)及其配体PD-L1基因,用ELISA检测腹腔积液上清中s PD-1及其配体s PD-L1和IFN-γ水平,并分析s PD-1、s PD-L1与IFN-γ的相关性。结果早期HCC组和进展期HCC组的PD-1、PD-L1基因表达均高于对照组;进展期HCC组腹腔积液中s PD-1、s PD-L1和IFN-γ均高于对照组和早期HCC组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);且s PD-1、s PD-L1与IFN-γ呈正相关。结论 s PD-1、s PD-L1在HCC患者腹腔积液中高表达,有望成为HCC免疫治疗的新靶点。     

免疫检查点蛋白质PD-1的信号转导通路与肿瘤免疫治疗

程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-1)是B7-CD28(B7 family-cluster of differentiation28)家族最新发现的成员,其在肿瘤免疫逃逸和免疫耐受中发挥着重要的作用。PD-1作为抑制性受体,在T细胞的信号转导中发挥着关键性作用,能够通过阻断与PD-1/程序性死亡受体-1配体-1(programmed death-1 ligand-1,PD-L1)信号通路,能够促进T淋巴细胞的增殖和分化,从而激活抗肿瘤免疫反应。而作为PD-1配体的PD-L2,除了在肿瘤免疫中发挥作用外,还在哮喘、过敏性反应等方面起着重要作用。该文就PD-1、PD-Ls与PD-1/PD-Ls信号通路以及PD-1抗体在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用作一综述。     

PD-L1降解途径与肿瘤免疫治疗

程序性死亡受体配体1 (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1)是肿瘤免疫检查点阻断治疗中的重要靶点,其在多种细胞中均有表达。肿瘤细胞可通过高表达PD-L1来增强程序性死亡受体1 (programmed death 1, PD-1)抑制信号,从而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。近年来,以抗PD-1/PD-L1抗体为代表的肿瘤免疫治疗给癌症治疗带来了革命性的变化。然而,肿瘤免疫治疗仅能对部分患者产生持久的疗效,多数患者对肿瘤免疫治疗的应答短暂或没有应答。研究发现, PD-L1的降解对肿瘤免疫治疗应答至关重要。本文综述了PD-L1的溶酶体降解途径、蛋白酶体降解途径及PD-L1降解与肿瘤免疫治疗的相互作用,旨在为进一步增强肿瘤免疫治疗的应答率和应答范围提供研究思路。     

PD-1/PD-L1信号通路及相关抗体在宫颈癌免疫治疗中的应用

程序性死亡蛋白1(PD-1)是T细胞上主要存在的一种抑制性受体,其与程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)相互作用,可抑制T细胞增殖、活化和细胞因子的分泌。在肿瘤进展中,PD-1/PD-L1信号通路能够抑制T细胞的免疫反应而促进肿瘤免疫逃逸的发生。PD-1及PD-L1作为一种免疫应答的关键调控蛋白,与宫颈癌的发生发展及预后密切相关,PD-1及PD-L1抗体的深入研究将为治疗宫颈癌提供新的分子靶标。本文就PD-1/PD-L1生物学结构功能、在肿瘤的发生发展中的作用及其抗体在宫颈癌免疫治疗中的应用前景作一简要综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1与Treg细胞相关性的研究新进展

PD-1和PD-L属于B7家族的共刺激分子,介导免疫反应的负性调节信号。Treg细胞是一个具有免疫调节作用的T细胞亚群,在机体的免疫耐受和免疫稳定中具有重要作用。本文就PD-1/PD-L1与Treg细胞的免疫调节作用及相关性研究进展作简要综述。     

不同检测策略在预测非小细胞肺癌的PD1/PD-L1抑制剂临床疗效中的应用

近10年来,程序性死亡因子1(programmed death-1,PD-1)及其配体(programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)的抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的临床治疗中取得了重大突破,有望改变晚期NSCLC的治疗方式。然而,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在对NSCLC的治疗中需要借助有效的生物标志物以寻找受益人群(约20%～40%)。目前,临床上主要的判断标准是PD-L1的表达水平。本文综述了近年来在NSCLC中,与预测PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂疗效的PD-L1表达相关的检测方法,包括免疫组化、基于DNA/RNA水平检测、可溶性PD-L1的检测、正电子发射断层显像(positron emission tomography,PET)技术、多重免疫组化技术、流式细胞术和液体活检技术等,着重探讨了不同检测策略在评价PD-L1表达上的最新进展及应用前景,从而推动其在NSCLC免疫治疗中的临床应用。     

PD-L1表达及其调控在肿瘤治疗中作用的研究进展

程序性死亡蛋白1(programmed cell death 1, PD-1)及其配体PD-L1(programmed death 1 ligand 1)是重要的免疫检查点，二者相互作用可负性调节效应T细胞活化与增殖，也是肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监视的重要途径。阻断PD-1与PD-L1的结合，可以解除肿瘤细胞或抗原提呈细胞对T细胞的抑制，恢复其对肿瘤细胞的识别和杀伤能力。然而，PD-L1的表达受到复杂的调控且在不同的肿瘤中呈现出差异，其主要发生在遗传、转录和转录后水平。本综述介绍PD-L1表达的调控过程及其在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用，结合这些调控机制实现对不同特征肿瘤进行精准免疫治疗是下一步研究的重点，在肿瘤治疗中具有重要意义。     

PD-1、PD-L1的表达与肺癌临床病理特征及预后的相关性分析

目的:分析程序性死亡因子-1(PD-1)、程序性死亡1-配体(PD-L1)的表达与肺癌临床病理特征及预后的相关性。方法:回顾性分析我院2015年3月～2016年6月收治的73例肺癌患者的临床资料,取距离切除肿瘤边缘3cm内的非癌组织作为癌旁组织。比较两组PD-1、PD-L1的表达,分析其和肺癌患者临床病理特征和预后的关系,采用COX比例回归分析肺癌患者预后的影响因素。结果:肺癌组织PD-1、PD-L1阳性表达率均显著高于癌旁组织(P0.05)。不同性别、年龄、病理类型、吸烟情况、EGFR表达、肿瘤大小肺癌患者PD-1、PD-L1的阳性表达率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);低分化程度、临床分期Ⅲ及Ⅳ期、有淋巴结转移肺癌患者PD-1、PD-L1阳性表达率分别高于中分化程度、临床分期Ⅲ期、无淋巴结转移患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。PD-1、PD-L1阳性表达及阴性表达组无疾病进展生存期比较均有统计学差异(P0.05)。COX比例风险回归模型显示分化程度、临床分期、淋巴结转移、PD-1、PD-L1的表达是影响肺癌患者预后的危险因素(P0.05)。结论:肺癌组织PD-1、PD-L1呈高表达,可能参与肺癌的发生发展,有助于病情严重程度的评价和预后预测。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000