东海原甲藻修订及与相关原甲藻的分类学比较

分析了东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu)显微结构,并与具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum Stein)模式种和Schiller的钝头原甲藻的描述等进行了比较,结果表明,它们之间的形态结构和个体大小具有很大的差别,这些差异远超出了同种个体因环境不同所造成的形态变化范围．从细胞形态及其表面结构可以判断,日本、韩国海区所记录并报道的“P．dentatum”与我国东海的东海原甲藻应属同一种．因此可以认为,我国东海赤潮高发区以及在韩国、日本海区的出现的高生物量(high biomass bloom—forming species)赤潮原甲藻不是Stein所发表的具齿原甲藻。而是东海原甲藻,并对其进行了进一步修订,其种名应为东海原甲藻Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu．     

大亚湾裸甲藻种群的季节变化与环境条件的关系

研究了大亚湾1997年7月至1998年6月裸甲藻种群季节变化及其与环境因子的关系。裸甲藻在大亚湾主要出现在4－5月份,并在4月至5月份出现了4个密度高峰,最高密度可达每毫升996个细胞,6月至9月份偶有出现,10月至2月份则未出现。裸甲藻高密度出现的温度、盐度范围分别为25－30℃和24‰-32‰。裸甲藻在大亚湾的出现及4、5月份的密度高峰与水温的季节变化密切相关,3月份水温存在一个急升期,水温由3月初的15.5℃以下上升至3月底的23.5℃左右,为裸甲藻种群密度的急剧增长提供了合适的温度条件。大亚湾盐度的季节波动较小,与裸甲藻种群的种群的季节变化无关。大亚湾氮、磷、硅等营养物质含量丰富,不存在营养元素缺乏,但高密度的裸甲藻种群仅在氮、磷含量及氮磷比分别为50－100μg/L,5-20μg/L和5－30范围内出现,氮、磷、硅3种营养盐的含量及它们之间的比值特别是氮磷比是影响裸甲藻高密度出现的重要内容。     

东海具齿原甲藻的扫描电子显微结构

在光学显微镜分析鉴定的基础上,通过高分辨率的扫描电子显微镜,对东海赤潮原甲藻标本和美国国家海洋藻种中心(CCMP)的具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)藻株(CCMPl517)的细胞表面结构进行观察和比较,认为两者为同一种类．在分析大量文献资料的基础上,可以认为发生在我国东海水域的赤潮原甲藻种类是具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum),而非新种．     

2004年东海原甲藻赤潮爆发的现场调查和分析

2004年4～5月对东海赤潮高发区开展了赤潮原因种的大面观测并对期间爆发的特大赤潮进行跟踪调查,在56个站位采集了171份样品。表层东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)变化范围为2.5×10³～6.0×10⁷cells·L^-1,最大值出现在122.94°E,30°N的rb12A站;中层东海原甲藻变化范围为1.0×10³～5.32×10⁶cells·L^-1,最大值出现在rf40站。从水平分布看,东海原甲藻呈不均匀分布,从垂直分布看,赤潮爆发前原甲藻细胞在水体中层密集,大量增殖后上升到表层,爆发赤潮。     

微小原甲藻的生长及其对锌限制的响应

研究了低中高3种Zn2+浓度下,赤潮藻微小原甲藻的生长和生理响应．结果表明,低Zn(1．4pmol·L-1)下,藻细胞的比生长速率和稳定期生物量分别为0．40d-1和51100cell.ml-1.当Zn2+浓度超过24．4pmol·L-1时,提高Zn2+浓度(181．6pmol·L-1),藻细胞的比生长速率没有改变。为0．93d-1,而稳定期生物量则略有下降,但均明显高于低Zn条件下藻细胞的比生长速率和稳定期生物量．Zn限制条件下藻细胞的叶绿素a合成受到影响。藻细胞光合作用需在更高光强下达到饱和．随着Zn2+浓度增加藻细胞光饱和的光合作用速率(Pm)及光合作用效率(a)均明显增大．研究表明,富营养化水体中,高的Zn浓度是一定条件下触发赤潮藻类爆发性增殖的重要因子之一.     

舟山海域春季浮游植物生物量及东海原甲藻赤潮频发机制初探

通过2002和2003年春季2个航次对东海舟山群岛及其邻域大面站的浮游植物及期间爆发的大规模东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)赤潮的综合调查,研究了调查海区浮游植物叶绿素a和营养盐的分布特性,分析了赤潮高发区域的生态环境特征,探讨了诱发和控制海域赤潮发生的环境因子.结果表明,2002和2003年春季大面站表层平均叶绿素a浓度分别为1.09±1.63和4.21±5.33 mg·m^-3,调查海区平均为0.70±0.48和2.60±2.99 mg·m^-3,叶绿素a浓度的高值区基本上位于122.5°～123°E间冲淡水形成的锋面区域,此区域营养盐可以得到充分补充,光照条件适宜,也是浮游植物生产力的高值带.2002和2003年东海原甲藻赤潮跟踪期间,表层平均叶绿素a浓度分别高达18.45±11.04和12.47±8.15 mg·m^-3.赤潮发生海域盐度在26～30,赤潮藻生长易受磷的限制.光照条件适宜、营养盐(特别是磷酸盐)能得到较快的补充及锋面辐聚带的形成是赤潮形成的重要条件.     

凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻生长的抑制作用

研究了凤眼莲浸出液对赤潮藻东海原甲藻生长的影响。浸出液浓度以单位体积溶液中所含凤眼莲鲜重表示。结果显示,在浸出液浓度大于2g·L^-1时,活体凤眼莲浸出液和干凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻的生长都有明显的抑制作用。在浸出液浓度达到8g·L^-1时,活体凤眼莲浸出液和干凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻都具有杀灭作用,东海原甲藻全部死亡出现的时间分别为培养后的第4t和第5t。经121℃高温处理20min后的活体凤眼莲浸出液对东海原甲藻的抑制作用仍然存在,抑制作用并没有显著减弱。研究结果表明凤眼莲的抑藻物质具有用来控制赤潮生物东海原甲藻的潜在价值。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiensis)对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度10^6cells L^-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp．）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp．2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandriumsp．）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiensis）对原生动物群落结构影响的现场船基实验

2005年在长江口赤潮频发海域调查期间,分别于4月27日、5月4日和5月8日,在zzf1、zc18a和ra5站位利用现场船基培养的方法,研究了添加到赤潮密度106 cells L-1的东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）对原生动物群落结构的影响。结果发现,赤潮密度的东海原甲藻抑制了小型无壳纤毛虫的种群数量,而没有抑制中大型砂壳纤毛虫和夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）的种群数量,从而使得原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,这种影响的程度与原生动物本身的群落组成和浮游植物的组成密切相关。添加东海原甲藻72 h后,在以小型无壳纤毛虫管游虫（Cyrtostrombidium sp.）为优势种的zzf1站位,演替为以大型原生动物夜光虫为优势种的群落;在以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫（Tintinnospsis beroidea）和夜光虫为优势种的zc18a站位,仍然是以此为优势种,且大型原生动物夜光虫在群落中的比例上升;在以小型无壳纤毛虫急游虫2（Strombidium sp.2）为优势种的ra5站位,演替为以中大型原生动物百乐拟铃虫和亚速岛网纹虫（Favella azorica）为优势种的群落。zzf1和ra5站位实验组中原生动物的总丰度都呈下降趋势,而zc18a站位变化不明显,这是由于前两个站位的最优势种管游虫（zzf1站位）和急游虫2（ra5站位）的丰度迅速下降,而zc18a站位的优势种百乐拟铃虫和夜光虫的丰度比较稳定造成的。在zzf1和zc18a站位,对照组和实验组中原生动物的总生物量在实验前后都没有大的变化,而在ra5站位却均呈下降的趋势。这可能与浮游植物的组成有关,zzf1和zc18a站位是以无毒的锥状斯氏藻（Scrippsiella trochoidea）和螺旋环沟藻（Gyrodinium spirale）为主,而ra5站位是以有毒的亚历山大藻（Alexandrium sp.）为主。综上可见,可预测当东海大规模赤潮爆发时,会使原生动物群落向中大型种类演替,进而可能影响海洋生态系统的结构和功能。     

东海原甲藻对羊栖菜合子生长及光合活性的化感作用研究

为评估东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)赤潮发生对羊栖菜(Sargassum fusiformis)幼苗产量的影响并探讨其化感机理,在实验室条件下分别利用浓度为1.00×10⁵cells/mL东海原甲藻活细胞悬浮液(LC)、细胞破碎液(RC)和无细胞滤液(FC)培养羊栖菜合子,并对其生长发育及光合活性进行测定。结果显示,LC、RC和FC均会抑制羊栖菜合子的生长、叶绿素a合成和光合活性,其中FC及LC对合子的抑制程度相似且均大于RC。JIP-test分析表明,FC及LC对合子的最大量子产率(φP_o)、性能指数(PI)及PSⅡ反应中心密度(RCs/ABS)的抑制作用显著大于RC。表明东海原甲藻主要通过向细胞外释放化感物质产生抑制作用,这些化感物质抑制了羊栖菜合子PSⅡ的电子传递,使PSⅡ部分光化学反应中心(RCs)失活,进而使大量激发能转化为热能被耗散掉。而RC中可能含有某些能够刺激羊栖菜合子生长的物质,从而在一定程度上抵消了化感物质的抑制作用。结果表明东海原甲藻对羊栖菜合子的抑制作用主要是由化感物质引起的,东海原甲藻赤潮可以抑制羊栖菜合子的发育和光合活性,减少羊栖菜种苗产量,并最终阻碍了羊栖菜产业的发展。     

大亚湾澳头水域浮游植物群落结构及周年数量动态

对1997年至1998年广东省大亚湾澳头水域的浮游植物群落进行调查和分析。结果发现浮游植物65属198种;硅藻在种类组成和数量上都比甲藻占有优势,存在春季和秋季高峰,主要优势类群依次是角毛藻、骨条藻、拟菱形藻等;甲藻只存在春季高峰,代表种类有裸甲藻、原甲藻等。主要优势种类的生长与调查水域的盐度没有明显关系,但全年水温的季节性变化对优势种类的消长影响显著。Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、均匀度的年平均值分别是0.611、2.107、0.557,多样性指数没有明显的季节变化规律和水平分布规律。       

大亚湾潮间带软体运动的物种多样性初步研究

1999年7月在大亚湾潮间带4种不同生境（岩石岸、砾石滩、泥沙滩、沙滩）10个样方采集软体动物38种,隶属于23个科。采用丰富度指数和多样性指数对不同生境软体动物的多样性进行研究。研究结果表明,大亚湾软体动物物种丰富度指数砾石滩、岩石岸(D=4.328～9.378)>泥沙滩(D=4.328～6.493)>沙滩(D=2.886)。多样性指数也显示砾石滩、岩石岸(H′=0.429～0.842)>泥沙滩(H′=0.315～0.450)>沙滩(H′=0.182)。对上述样方聚类结果表明,软体动物种类分布及数量受底质、浪击和污染的影响。     

Dynamic analysis of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay is a large bay along the southern coast of China. The composition, abundance, community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in Daya Bay were investigated to assess its status in different seasons in 2002, and a total of 48 genera and 114 species of phytoplankton were identified. The cell abundance of phytoplankton varied from 5.79 × 10⁴ cells/m³ to 5.37 × 10⁶ cells/m³ with an average of 1.14×10⁶ cells/m³. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 84 taxa, and its average abundance was 1.08 × 10⁶ cells/m³. Annual abundance variations show a typical one-peak cycle, with the highest peak recorded during summer and the lowest recorded during autumn. The ecotypes of phytoplankton were mostly alongshore warm-water species; however, marine warm-water species and eurytopic species during winter and autumn are more abundant than during the other seasons. The dominant species were diverse and varied with seasons. The species diversity index of phytoplankton in Daya Bay was low during summer, especially near the nuclear power station (NPS) and the aquaculture farms during summer and autumn. Community structure and cell abundance were categorized in relation to monsoon, current and anthropological activities. It is presented that the temperature and hydrodynamics in conjunction with the pattern of nutrients (DIN, DIP and N/P) availability and depletion affect the composition, abundance, community structure, community succession and diversity of phytoplankton.     

Characterization of Prorocentrum elegans and Prorocentrum levis (Dinophyceae) from the southeastern Bay of Biscay by morphology and molecular phylogeny

Benthic Prorocentrum species can produce toxins that adversely affect animals and human health. They are known to co‐occur with other bloom‐forming, potentially toxic, benthic dinoflagellates of the genera Ostreopsis, Coolia, and Gambierdiscus. In this study, we report on the presence of P. elegans M.Faust and P. levis M.A.Faust, Kibler, Vandersea, P.A. Tester & Litaker from the southeastern Bay of Biscay. Sampling was carried out in the Summer‐Autumn 2010–2012 along the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, but these two species were only found in the northeastern part of the Peninsula. Strains were isolated from macroalgae collected from rocky‐shore areas bordering accessible beaches. Morphological traits of isolated strains were analyzed by LM and SEM, whereas molecular analyses were performed using the LSU and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1‐5.8S‐ITS2 regions of the rDNA. A bioassay with Artemia fransciscana and liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry analyses were used to check the toxicity of the species, whose results were negative. The strains mostly corresponded to their species original morphological characterization, which is supported by the phylogenetic analyses in the case of P. levis, whereas for P. elegans, this is the first known molecular characterization. This is also the second known report of P. elegans.     

Dynamic analysis of phytoplankton community characteristics in Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay is a large bay along the southern coast of China. The composition, abundance, community structure and diversity of phytoplankton in Daya Bay were investigated to assess its status in different seasons in 2002, and a total of 48 genera and 114 species of phytoplankton were identified. The cell abundance of phytoplankton varied from 5.79 × 10⁴ cells/m³ to 5.37 × 10⁶ cells/m³ with an average of 1.14×10⁶ cells/m³. The largest community was Bacillariophyta containing 84 taxa, and its average abundance was 1.08 × 10⁶ cells/m³. Annual abundance variations show a typical one-peak cycle, with the highest peak recorded during summer and the lowest recorded during autumn. The ecotypes of phytoplankton were mostly alongshore warm-water species; however, marine warm-water species and eurytopic species during winter and autumn are more abundant than during the other seasons. The dominant species were diverse and varied with seasons. The species diversity index of phytoplankton in Daya Bay was low during summer, especially near the nuclear power station (NPS) and the aquaculture farms during summer and autumn. Community structure and cell abundance were categorized in relation to monsoon, current and anthropological activities. It is presented that the temperature and hydrodynamics in conjunction with the pattern of nutrients (DIN, DIP and N/P) availability and depletion affect the composition, abundance, community structure, community succession and diversity of phytoplankton.     

大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构

利用2004年3月、5月、9月和12月的大型底栖动物定量采样数据,对大亚湾大型底栖动物的群落结构进行研究.结果表明,大亚湾大型底栖动物大致可分为3个群落,分别分布于湾顶及湾中大部分海域、湾中部和湾口海域,湾中部海域群落的变化较为显著.大型底栖动物整体群落结构的季节变化总体较小,但雨季对大型底栖动物群落的影响较大,存在较明显的干湿季差异.大亚湾海域生态环境受到明显的扰动,处于扰动状态中的大型底栖动物群落稳定性较差;湾顶和湾中大部分海域内的群落Ⅰ,为大亚湾的主体群落,以软体动物为主,种类组成单一、季节变化小,以小鳞帘蛤Veremolpa micra和粗帝汶蛤Timoclea scabra 为特征种.该群落的稳定性最差,处于较强烈的扰动之中;稳定分布于湾口的群落Ⅲ稳定性最好,未受到扰动,以多毛类为主,种类组成较为复杂、变化较大;湾中部海域大型底栖动物群落结构变化较为复杂,主要变化区域为马鞭州附近海域.该群落系经强烈的人为扰动后,经次生演替而形成的新群落,其种类组成的季节变化非常显著,各季的种类几乎完全不同,群落的独立性和抗干扰能力均较弱;与1980's相比,大亚湾大部分区域内大型底栖动物基本保持了原有的群落,但群落稳定性大幅下降,群落的分布范围和种类组成发生较大程度的改变,主体群落组成呈明显的简单化趋势.在人类活动影响下,湾内同一区域内群落完全演替、湾中部海域出现新的群落.     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

Composition and distribution of ciliates inner and outer of Daya Bay, China

Daya Bay was undergoing eutrophication process by increased nutrient loading, and the changes in nutrients have strongly influenced the phytoplankton community structure. Ciliates are common component of planktonic community, what role do ciliates play in Daya Bay was still unknown. In this study, ciliates were enumerated and identified from the inner and outer Daya Bay during three seasons. Thirty-one species belong to 16 genera of ciliates were recorded, and Cyclotrichida, Strombidiida, Tintinnida were most common. In spring, ciliates abundance of D2 was lower than D1 and D3, abundance in the surface of D1 and D3 were higher than in the bottom, while D2 showed the opposite character. The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the E1 in summer. In fall, Ciliates abundance of D3 was lower than in fall, and abundance in the surface was lower than in the bottom, which was different compared to in spring. Different hydrographic character was shown between the surface (high temperature, low salinity and nutrients) and bottom layer (low temperature, high salinity and nutrients) at E1 in summer. Ciliate abundance had no significant variation between the surface and bottom at E1 in summer, but ciliates community structure changed a lot.     

大亚湾人工鱼礁海域浮游植物的群落特征

近年来,随着大亚湾沿岸城镇社会经济的快速发展和人类活动的增加,大亚湾海域生态环境日益恶化。人工鱼礁是修复、改善和优化海洋生态环境,保护和增殖渔业资源最有效的措施之一。根据投礁前、后大亚湾大辣甲南人工鱼礁海域浮游植物垂直拖网调查结果,初步分析了大亚湾人工鱼礁区浮游植物的群落特征。结果表明:投礁后,浮游植物的平均丰度呈逐年递增趋势,礁区内的平均丰度明显高于同期对照海区;浮游植物的多样性指数和均匀度都比投礁前有了明显增加。上述结果表明,投放人工鱼礁有助于改善海域生态环境和提高水域的初级生产力水平。