AGRILUS CUPRIPES (CARTER) COMB. N. (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

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Synechocera cupripes Carter is transferred to Agrilus Stephens.
Subfamily BUPRESTINAE
Tribe AGRILINI
Genus Agrilus Stephens
Agrilus Stephens, 1830, Ill. Brit Ent. 3: 239.
Agrilus cupripes (Carter) comb.n.
Synechocera cupripes Carter, 1924, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 49: 31.     

Mammalakis n. g. and Mammalakinae n. subfam. (Nematoda: Heterakoidea: Kiwinematidae): parasites of mole rats (Rodentia: Bathyergidae and spalacidae)

Heterakis macrospiculum Ortlepp, 1939 is redescribed as the type species of Mammalakis n. g., known only from mole rats, and characterised by an absence of cheilostomal flanges to the lips, and the presence of caudal expansions of the lateral alae on males and of massive spicules. H. spalacis Marcu, 1930 and H. spalaxi Kozlov & Jangolenko, 1962 are also referred to the new genus for which the Mammalakinae n. subfam. of the Kiwinematidae is erected. The new evidence, while not clarifying phylogenetic relationships within the Heterakoidea, supports the view that that superfamily had its origins before the separation of Laurasia and Gondwanaland.     

Rhabditis (Oscheius) pheropsophi n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae)

Rhabditis (Oscheius) pheropsophi n. sp., associated with cadavers of the bombardier beetle, Pheropsophus aequinoctialis, is described from material collected in Brazil. Mean body length of the female is 1,217 μm, of the male 872 μm, and of the dauer juvenile 568 μm. The female has six lips with one papilla on each lateral lip and two on each sublateral lip; stoma wall thickened dorsally, metarhabdions with warts, excretory pore near base of esophagus, tail long (c = 8), and phasmids prominent, protruding on scanning electron microscope preparations. The male has 10 pairs of bursal ribs, with the terminal pair considerably smaller than the others; spicules fused distally two-thirds of their length. The new species can be distinguished from other members of the Dolichura-group by its fused spicules.     

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. (Physalopteroidae: Physalopteridae) and Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang) n. comb. (Ascaridoidea: Anisakidae) in marine fishes.

Heliconema minnanensis n. sp. is described from the Chiloscyllium plagiosum south of the Minnan-Taiwan Bank Fishing Ground, Taiwan Strait. It is characterized by having the following combination of features. There are no longitudinal ridges in the posterior part of the body; the male has 4 pairs of precloacal papillae and 6-7 pairs of postcloacal papillae. The right spicule averages 0.2 mm long (1.1% of body length), and the left spicule averages 1.2 mm long (5.6% of body length), making an average spicule ratio of 1:5.2. The female has a vulva located on the left side of a thick membrane and 56-65% of the body length from the anterior end. Raphidascaris trichiuri (Yin and Zhang, 1983) comb. n., known previously from males only, is transferred from Cloeoascaris and redescribed, including material of both sexes from Muraenesox cinereus from the type locality.     

Dryinid (Hym.: Dryinidae) parasitoids ofDalbulus leafhopper (Hom.: Cicadellidae) in Mexico

Little is known about the natural enemies of the leafhopperDalbulus spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Searches for its dryinid (wasps) parasitoids were made in Jalisco, Mexico. Jalisco contains the greatest number ofDalbulus species, and is considered to be near to the center of origin of this leafhopper genus and its host plants: maize, teosintes (Zea spp.) and gamagrasses (Tripsacum spp.). The dryinidGonatopus bartletti was found parasitizingD. maidis on maize and on annual teosinteZea mays spp.parviglumis. G. flavipes was found parasitizingD. elimatus on perennial teosinteZ. perennis; and a new speciesG. moyaraygozai andAnteon ciudadi parasitizingD. quinquenotatus onTripsacum pilosum andT. dactyloides. Parasitism by dryinids was found at altitudes of 680–2,000 m.Dalbulus maidis, the leafhopper species which causes the greatest losses in maize in Latin America, was found to be parasitized from 680–1,760 m. TheDalbulus species associated with annual host plants (maize andZ. mays spp.parviglumis) were parasitized by dryinids during the rainy season, while theDalbulus species associated with perennial host plants (Z. perennis andTripsacum) were parasitized by dryinids during both the rainy and dry season. The greatest diversity of dryinid parasitoids ofDalbulus spp. and the highest levels of parasitism were recorded from perennial plants, indicating that such species are reservoirs of natural enemies ofDalbulus spp.     

Parasrnzatlon of bemisia argentifolii (Hom.: Aleyrodidae) by encarsia pergandiella (Hym.: Apheunidae)

The biology of the arrhenotokous autoparasitoid,Encarsia pergandiella Howard, was studied in the laboratory on the silverleaf whitefly,Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Egg to adult development of parasitoid females averaged ca. 14 days at about 25.3+0.2?C regardless of whether the whitefly host was reared on tomato, eggplant or squash. While all instars ofB. argentifolii were accepted for primary parasitization, a greater percentage of third and fourth instars were parasitized. Mortality of whitefly nymphs in the absence of parasitization did not differ among instars and averaged about 35%. Second instar to pupal parasitoid females were accepted for secondary parasitization although a greater percent of pupal females were parasitized. About 40% of immatureE. pergandiella females more than 4 days old died in the absence of secondary parasitization when exposed to adultE. pergandiella females.     

Ascogregarina saraviae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae) in Lutzomyia lichyi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Ascogregarina saraviae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Lecudinidae) is described from wild-caught Lutzomyia lichyi (Diptera: Psychodidae) females. Gametocysts adhered to the hemocoel side of the genital accessory gland walls and oocysts were injected into their lumina. Sporulated oocysts were ellipsoidal, 12.4 x 5.8 (11.6-13.1 x 5.6-5.9) micrometers, contained eight sporozoites and a refractile residuum. The elongate form of A. saraviae n. sp. oocysts, and their more delicate walls, clearly distinguish them from oocysts of A. chagasi (Adler & Mayrink, 1961).     

Redescription of Paralagenophrys singularis (Kellicott) n. comb. (Ciliophora: Peritricha: Lagenophryidae)1

Lagenophrys singularis is removed from Lagenophrys and designated the type species of Paralagenophrys n. g. Compared to members of Lagenophrys, the oral area of P. singularis is radically distorted. Paralagenophrys apparently also lacks second-type division, a special phase of sexual reproduction characteristic of Lagenophrys and associated with its adaptation to symbiotic life on crustaceans. Members of Lagenophrys are obligate ectocommensals of crustaceans. In contrast, P. singularis (Kellicott, 1887) n. comb. occurs most often on the leaves of aquatic vascular plants.     

Pararhinebothroides hobergi n. gen. n. sp. (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in Urobatis tumbesensis (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from coastal Ecuador.

A new species of tetraphyllidean eucestode inhabiting Urobatis tumbesensis from inshore waters of southeastern Ecuador shares 3 synapomorphies with Rhinebothroides spp.: apical bothridial suckers poorly differentiated from the marginal loculi, internal seminal vesicles, and insertion of the vas deferens dorsally closer to the poral than the aporal end of the cirrus sac. The new species differs from Rhinebothroides spp. by lacking medial bothridial septa and loculi and having symmetrical ovarian arms, and possesses an apparent autapomorphic trait by having the vas deferens tapering to a narrow tube before entering the cirrus sac, extending posteriorly to the posterior end of the cirrus sac where it expands into an external seminal vesicle running ventral to the cirrus sac anteriorly to anterior to the vagina. In Rhinebothroides spp., the vas deferens is expanded into an external seminal vesicle near the insertion into the cirrus sac As the sister group of Rhinebothroides, we propose a new genus to accommodate the new species. Phylogenetic evaluation of phyllobothriids recently assigned to Anthocephalum shows that they represent a paraphyletic assemblage of species of varying degrees of relatedness to Rhinebothroides spp. and the new species. Uncovering the relationships of the new species and the various species assigned to Anthocephalum permitted reevaluation of character transformations used in previous phylogenetic analysis of Rhinebothroides. Transformation series for 3 characters, previously based on functional outgroup comparisons, changed and a new character, length of cirrus sac, was added. The new phylogenetic analysis differs from the previous hypothesis only in placing R. scorzai as the sister species of R. circularisi + R. venezuelae + R. moralarai rather than of R. freitasi + R. glandularis + R. mclennanae. The occurrence of the sister species of Rhinebothroides in a Pacific Ocean stingray adds additional support to the hypothesis of Pacific origins of South American freshwater stingrays.     

1065. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. subsp. tangshen (Oliv.) D.Y. Hong: Campanulaceae

Codonopsis pilosula subsp. tangshen is illustrated: its relationships, history and pollination are discussed. Instructions for its successful cultivation are given, and references are given to its use in Traditional Chinese medicine.     

Biologia deMeteorus rubens (Hym.: Braconidae), parasitoide primario deAgrotis ipsilon (Lep.: Noctuidae)

Resumen El desarrollo del bracónidoMeteorus rubens (Nees) se estudió en condiciones de laboratorio sobre las especies de noctuidosAgrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel),A. puta (Hübner),A. segetum (Denis & Schiffermüller),Peridroma saucia (Hübner),Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) yAutographa gamma (L.). Las larvas deA. ipsilon yA. puta fueron las únicas adecuadas para el desarrollo del parasitoide. EnA. ipsilon este bracónido parasitó y completó su desarrollo en el tercero, cuarto, quinto y sexto estadios larvarios, mostrando preferencia por los dos últimos estadios. El número de hembras que parasitan, el porcentaje de larvas parasitadas y el número de parasitoides emergidos por hospedante estuvo en relación directa con la edad del hospedante en el momento de la parasitación. En las larvas parasitadas en el tercer estadio el tiempo de desarrollo del parasitoide fue significativamente mayor que en los otros tres estadios. Sin embargo, el estadio en que fueron parasitadas las larvas no influyó en la longevidad de los adultos.      

Thaumamermis cosgrovei n. gen., n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) parasitizing terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscoidea)

Summary A new mermithid nematode, Thaumamermis cosgrovei n. gen., n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) was found parasitizing two terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscoidea) in California. The hosts, Armadillidium vulgare (Latr.) (a pillbug) and Porcellio scaber (Latr.) (a sowbug) represent the first cases of isopods attacked by mermithid nematodes. The genus Thaumamermis can be distinguished from all previously described mermithids by the extremely dimorphic spicules, one being short and broad and the other long and filiform. It has been discovered that the nematodes are infected with an iridiovirus which commonly destroys the isopod hosts. ac]19800917     

Oswaldotrema nacinovici gen. nov. sp. nov. (Digenea: Philophthalmidae) from Numenius phaeopus (Aves: Scolopacidae) in Brazil

A new genus, Oswaldotrema gen. nov. is proposed. Oswaldotrema nacinovici sp. nov. is descibed from Numenius phaeopus Latham, 1790. Differentiation from the other related genera, namely Philophthalmus, Pygorchis, Proctobium, Parorchis, Echinostephila, Cloacitrema, Pittacium, Ophthalmotrema, Skrjabinovermis and Paratrema, was based on morphological characters, mainly on those referring to the body surface, body shape, head, esophagus, pharynx, acetabulum, vitellaria, vitelline reservoir and seminal vesicle.     

Biology ofAnastatus biproruli (Hym.: Eupelmidae) a parasitoid ofBiprorulus bibax (Hem.: Pentatomidae)

The effect of temperature on the rate of development ofAnastatus biproruli (Girault) was determined by rearing individuals on eggs ofBiprorulus bibax Breddin under a range of constant temperatures (17.5–40.0°C). Rate of development changed in a linear fashion from 17.5–35.0°C and the lower developmental threshold was estimated to be 12.8°C. An estimated 331.8 degree days were required for development. Survival of developing parasitoids was optimal (72–90%) between 25–35°C. Longevity of virgin adults ranged from 12–26 days at 22.5–35°C but was only 3.6 days at 37.5°C. Mated females produced a mean of 54.6 progeny during an average lifespan of 36.4 days at 30°C. Progeny were produced only during the first 21 days of adulthood but post-reproductive females still attacked and killed hosts. FemaleA. biproruli overwintered successfully, and were able to parasitise host eggs if direct sunlight was available.A. biproruli also overwintered as immature stages in host eggs. The biology ofA. biproruli is discussed with regard to its importance as a natural enemy ofB. bibax.