茶花鸡群体遗传多样性

茶花鸡是我国具有独特遗传特性的地方家禽品种,为了进一步阐明其群体遗传变异和遗传结构状况,采用了33个家鸡特异性的微卫星标记对该鸡种自然群体中30个个体进行了多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到105个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2~5个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数3.20个。群体平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.612 9和0.527 6。结果表明,茶花鸡自然群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

我国地方鸡品种保种群微卫星多态性分析与分子标记档案的建立

利用20个微卫星标记对国家家禽品种资源基因库中保存的11个地方鸡品种保种群进行了遗传检测,计算各群体的等位基因频率、平均基因杂合度、平均多态信息含量及各群体间的遗传距离,并用类平均法进行聚类分析。研究结果表明：20个微卫星标记在11个地方鸡品种保种群共检测到176个等位基因,平均为8.8个,基因频率分布在0.013～0.838之间。检测到等位基因中,有45个等位基因为11个地方鸡品种所共有;11个地方鸡品种平均杂合度在0.6800～0.7432之间。其中藏鸡最高,为0.7432;狼山鸡最低,为0.6800;平均多态信息含量在0.6329～0.7023之间,均大于0.5,表现为高度多态性;11 个鸡品种聚为4类。丝羽乌骨鸡、茶花鸡、仙居鸡、藏鸡、萧山鸡聚为一类,鹿苑鸡、狼山鸡聚为一类,固始鸡、北京油鸡、大骨鸡聚为一类,河南斗鸡单独聚为一类;通过利用20个微卫星基因座检测不同世代群体中等位基因及其频率、群体基因平均杂合度和多态信息含量,建立地方鸡品种保种群微卫星标记档案,并分析世代间的差异,预期可以达到监测保种效果的目的。     

秦川母牛群体遗传特性的微卫星标记研究

为了从DNA分子水平揭示秦川牛群体遗传多态性和群体遗传结构,寻找可用于秦川牛的微卫星标记,本研究选择了12个普通牛（Bos taurus）微卫星标记检测了90头秦川母牛各微卫星位点的遗传变异及多态性。结果表明,在秦川母牛群体中,12个微卫星位点共检测到了247个等位基因,各位点的等位基因数在13（INRA005）～33个（HEL13）之间,平均每个微卫星位点的等位基因数为21个;总有效等位基因数和平均每个位点平均有效等位基因数（Ne）分别分为142．6229和11．8852。各位点平均基因频率取样方差（V（pij））为2．6036×10^-4。12个微卫星位点平均观察杂合度（Ho）和平均期望杂合度（He）在0．7842（INRA005）～0．9775（BM315）和0．7952（BM315）～0．9446（HEL13）之间。12个位点平均多态信息含量（PIC）在0．7653（INRA005）～0．9420（HEL13）之间,平均为0．8965．12个微卫星位点均属于高度多态位点,这表明秦川母牛群体中所检测各微卫星位点具有丰富的遗传多态性,具备较大的选择潜力。12个微卫星位点的平均固定指数（F）为-0．0076,即各位点杂合子的缺陷度不高,即偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡的程度不大。     

应用微卫星标记分析中国地方鸡种的遗传变异

利用 8个微卫星位点对中国 9个地方鸡种和 1个引进品种进行了遗传检测。计算出了各品种的平均杂合度、平均多态信息含量 (PIC)及品种间的遗传距离 ,并进行了系统聚类。结果表明 :8个微卫星位点上共检测到了5 4个等位基因 ,每个位点上平均为 6 .75个。各位点平均多态信息含量为 0 .5 0 71～ 0 .74 34,均表现出了高度多态性。各群体平均杂合度较高 ,为 0 .5 5 6 4～ 0 .7135 ,说明我国地方鸡种有着较丰富的遗传多样性。地方鸡种间的遗传距离相对较远 ,10个鸡种共分为三大类。研究结果对我国鸡种资源的评估、保存和预测杂种优势具有一定的指导意义     

三个虹鳟养殖群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

利用20个微卫星标记对3个虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)养殖群体进行遗传结构分析。结果表明,(1)3个群体检测的平均等位基因数为3·6～4·1,平均观测杂合度为0·5224～0·6328,平均期望杂合度为0·4736～0·5522,平均多态信息含量为0·4354～0·5084,说明这几个群体多态性属于偏高水平,遗传多样性高。通过d值,确定了Hard-Weinberg平衡的偏离情况,发现AY039638、AY039646在3个群体中都表现为不平衡。对3个群体的遗传距离进行了估算,并进行聚类分析,本溪的两个群体先聚为一支,再与渤海群体相聚,显示出明显的地理特征。(2)本溪虹鳟群体在位点AF352770出现部分等位基因消失的现象;AF352754在本溪群体中表现为位点消失,可作为区分本溪群体和渤海群体的分子标记。(3)综合评价3个群体,渤海站虹鳟群体的遗传多样性最高,与前人研究结果一致。     

雪峰乌骨鸡自然群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

雪峰乌骨鸡是具有独特遗传特性的优质肉药兼用地方家禽品种.为了评价雪峰乌骨鸡现有品种资源的遗传背景、群体遗传结构等,提出合理的保种方法和措施,本研究筛选了家鸡基因组23条染色体上的23个微卫星标记,对采自湖南怀化的50只纯种乌骨鸡个体进行了多态性检测.结果表明:23个微卫星座位共检测到79个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2-6个之间,平均为3.435个.群体表现出较高的平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量,分别为0.6285和0.5496,说明雪峰乌骨鸡自然群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性.研究结果将为雪峰乌骨鸡种的保护和利用提供重要的理论依据.     

红色原鸡群体遗传多样性

为了阐明红色原鸡的群体遗传结构,以对其有效保护提供遗传学依据,采用33个微卫星标记对其群体中56个个体进行了PCR-聚丙烯酰胺多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到140个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2～8个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数4.24个,有效等位基因数3.30个。根据等位基因频率,计算出的群体表观杂合度、期望杂合度及多态信息含量分别为0.7980、0.6506和0.5948。结果表明,红色原鸡群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

湘江野鲤养殖群体和自然群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用微卫星技术,用17对微卫星引物对湘江野鲤养殖群体和自然群体的的遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:有15对引物扩增出清晰的条带,其中13对引物在群体间呈现多态性;2个群体中,13对多态性引物分别扩增等位基因2～12个,共90个,其中35个等位基因为2群体共有,55个等位基因具有群体特异性,引物平均等位基因数为6.92个,等位基因频率为0.0667～0.8333;养殖群体和自然群体的平均遗传杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.5688、0.5152,0.5860、0.5347;2个群体间遗传相似性指数为0.6762,遗传距离为0.3238,表明湘江野鲤养殖和自然群体遗传多样性均较为丰富,2个群体间遗传变异程度较高.     

采用微卫星DNA标记分析部分地方鸡种保种场的保种效果

采用28对微卫星引物分析了我国两个地方鸡种大骨鸡和北京油鸡不同保种场的保种效果。检测了大骨鸡和北京油鸡共计125个个体的基因型,通过计算等位基因数、等位基因频率、遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(P,G)、F统计量、Nei氏遗传距离,并采用UPGMA聚类法分析了大骨鸡和北京油鸡群体内与群体间的遗传变异,比较了两个鸡种不同保种场的保种效果。在所检测的4个群体中,各群体均有较高的多态性,其杂合度都超过了0．55,各位点等位基因的数目为2～22。除LE110194和MCW0032外,其余26个微卫星位点都处于基因平衡状态。结果表明,4个保种场均较好的保存了这些品种的遗传多样性,但同一品种保种场间保种群体已经产生了差异。     

广西本地鲢和长丰鲢群体遗传多样性分析

本研究采用32个微卫星标记分析广西本地鲢和长丰鲢两个群体的遗传差异,计算并统计其微卫星遗传参数。结果显示:32个微卫星标记广西本地鲢鱼和长丰鲢群体共检测到等位基因119个,其中两群体所共有为88个;平均观测等位基因数为2.937 5和3.406 2;平均有效等位基因数为1.787 3和2.074 7;多态信息含量(PIC)在0～0.727 1和0～0.748 4之间,平均值为0.293 6和0.360 0,表明两个群体的遗传多样性均不高。两群体平均观测杂合度为0.373 9和0.559 7,平均期望杂合度为0.327 1和0.413 3,均表现为本地鲢群体低于长丰鲢群体,说明两个群体的均不高,并且广西本地鲢群体的遗传多样性低于长丰鲢群体;两个鲢鱼群体间的遗传距离和遗传相似系数分别为0.297 7和0.742 5,表明两个鲢鱼群体间的遗传差异不大。两个群体的遗传分化系数(Fst)在不同微卫星位点间差异明显,平均0.171 7。本研究为广西地方鱼类种质资源保护和利用提供了理论依据。     

利用微卫星技术分析不同类群鸡的遗传多样性

利用8个微卫星标记分析了6个生产类群鸡的遗传多样性。计算了各群体在各位点上的等位基因频率,并据此计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(Ne)。结果表明:6个鸡群在8个微卫星座位上的基因频率存在明显的差异,其平均基因杂合度为0.7317,平均多态信息含量为0.6815。其中,群体平均杂合度最高的是安卡红鸡,为0.7716;平均杂合度最低的是新罗曼鸡,为0.7073。所选的8个微卫星座位均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡群体遗传多样性的分析。     

Genetic Diversity Among Turkish Native Chickens, Denizli and Gerze, Estimated by Microsatellite Markers

The genetic diversity of the Turkish native chicken breeds Denizli and Gerze was evaluated with 10 microsatellite markers. We genotyped a total of 125 individuals from five subpopulations. Among loci, the mean number of alleles was 7.5, expected heterozygosity (H (e)) was 0.665, PIC value was 0.610, and Wright's fixation index was 0.301. H (e) was higher in the Denizli breed (0.656) than in the Gerze breed (0.475). The PIC values were 0.599 and 0.426 for Denizli and Gerze, respectively. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using genetic distance and the neighbor-joining method. Its topology reflects the general pattern of genetic differentiation among the Denizli and Gerze breeds. The present study suggests that Denizli and Gerze subpopulations have a rich genetic diversity. The information about Denizli and Gerze breeds estimated by microsatellite analysis may also be useful as an initial guide in defining objectives for designing future investigations of genetic variation and developing conservation strategies.     

藏鸡群体遗传多样性研究

藏鸡的体型外貌和生活习性与红色原鸡非常相似,是具有自己独特群体遗传特性的高原地方鸡种。为了有效保护并合理利用这一遗传资源,我们采用多重PCR与半自动荧光标记微卫星聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳相结合的方法检测了20个微卫星基因座的多态性,并随机抽取藏鸡群体中部分个体进行个体体形特征与生产性能的统计。结果表明藏鸡群体的20个微卫星基因座的多态等位基因数为4~10个,平均值为7.25个/基因座,多态信息含量（CPI）和杂合度（H）平均值分别为0.67、0.74。大染色体较小染色体的微卫星标记多态性程度要高。藏鸡群体的微卫星基因座多态性丰富,也解释了生产性能不均,外貌表现迥异的群体遗传特性。 Abstract: Morphological traits and living habit of Tibetan chicken, which is an aboriginal chicken breed on plateau with its own characteristic populational genetic features, are in great common with the Red Jungle Fowl, the assumed ancestry of domestic chicken. To fully exploit this chicken resource, Multiplex PCR with semi-automated polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) using fluorescently labeled microsatellite primers was used to detect the polymorphism at 20 microsatellite loci. At the same time, we randomly test the individual morphology and performance. It showed that numbers of polymorphic alleles were 4-10, with mean value 7.25 per locus. Polymorphism Information Content (CPI) and Heterozygosity (H) had mean values 0.67 and 0.74, respectively. Macrochromosomes had relatively higher polymorphism than microchromosomes(P>0.05). In all, high polymorphisms at microsatellite loci related to the uneven production performance and morphological discrepancy of population genetic characteristics in Tibetan chicken.     

Evaluation of the genetic diversity of Laiwu pigs using twenty-seven microsatellite markers

The Laiwu pig, an indigenous pig breed known for extremely high intramuscular fat content, is a well-preserved ancient breed due to long-term natural and artificial selections. In this study, using 27 microsatellite markers jointly recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), we investigated the genetic diversity of the Laiwu pig breed. The genetic diversity of Laiwu pigs is dramatically low, with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.067 to 0.767. Among the 27 microsatellite markers, 10 were high polymorphic loci, 10 were moderate polymorphic loci, six were low polymorphic loci, and no polymorphism was detected at one locus (IGFI). Further analyses with the 10 high polymorphic loci and five moderate polymorphic loci revealed that the Laiwu pig breed was inbred and heterozygous deficient to some extent, but not severely, and that the Laiwu pigs were relatively pure, with almost no hybridization with other breeds. Two subgroups of the current 13 Laiwu pig pedigrees were identified. These results suggest that the Laiwu pig breed has a low diversity and a conservation program must be developed to preserve the “Laiwu pig” gene pool.     

Microsatellite markers based genetic diversity and bottleneck studies in Zanskari pony

Genetic diversity in Zanskari pony breed was evaluated at 48 microsatellite loci using fifty adult, healthy and unrelated animals. Allele frequency data was used to detect genetic diversity and bottleneck. The estimated average number of alleles (±s.e.) was 8.5208±2.5010 with a total of 409 alleles. A high level of genetic diversity within this breed was observed in terms of number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (0.6763±0.1704), expected Leven's heterozygosity (0.7724±0.795), expected Nei's heterozygosity (0.7644±0.0787) and polymorphism information content (>0.5). In-breeding coefficient (F(is)) was 0.115±0.0209, suggesting moderately high in-breeding in Zanskari breed. Although analysis of bottleneck revealed no bottleneck in recent past but population of Zanskari ponies has decreased drastically and only a few thousand pure-bred animals are left. The information is useful for proposing effective population management strategies for future.     

Inbreeding and genetic structure in the endangered Sorraia horse breed: implications for its conservation and management

The Sorraia horse is a closed breed with reduced effective population size and considered in critical maintained risk status. The breed exists in 2 main breeding populations, one in Portugal and one in Germany, with a smaller population size. A set of 22 microsatellite loci was used to examine genetic diversity and structure of the Sorraia horse breed and to compare individual inbreeding coefficient F, estimated from pedigree data, with individual heterozygosity and mean d(2). The Sorraia horse shows lower levels of microsatellite diversity when compared with other horse breeds. Due to management strategies, there are clear differences in the genetic structure of the 2 main Sorraia horse populations. Individual heterozygosity was shown to be a good estimator, used together with or as an alternative to inbreeding coefficient, in predicting fitness and evaluating the inbreeding level of the Sorraia horse. The information gathered in this study, combined with information available from previous studies, offers an important and wide information base for the future development of an effective breeding management of the Sorraia horse in order to preserve this endangered breed.