玉米杂种优势与几种酶活性关系

对８个杂交优势明显的玉米单交种进行过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性的比较研究,结果表明：８个组合的杂种胚中过氧化物酶活性介于双亲之间,６个组合的杂种胚过氧化氨酶活性介于双亲之间,这可能与杂种中互补酶的存在有关。并测定了酸性磷酸脂酸的活性,４个组合杂种胚酶活性高于双亲,另外４个组合杂种胚活性介于双亲之间,表明酸性磷酸酯酶活性与杂种优势有一定相关性。     

棉属二倍体野生棉与四倍体栽培棉种间杂交的胚珠培养

用棉属二倍体野生种与四倍体栽培种陆地棉杂交及四倍体栽培种海岛棉、陆地棉与二倍体栽培种亚洲棉杂交,以陆地棉自交作对照。将杂交和自交授粉后2天(部分材料为1天)的胚珠在液体培养基上进行飘浮静置暗培养。培养50—70天,7个杂交组合及2个自交品种的胚珠均获得一定频率的胚(包括成熟和不成熟胚)及成熟胚萌发的苗。其中陆地棉与澳洲野生棉、阿拉伯棉、亚洲棉、海岛棉与亚洲棉等4个杂交组合已得到杂种一代植珠。试验结果表明,同一组合的胚珠,在不同的培养基上获得胚的频率和胚萌发率有明显差异;不同组合的胚珠,在同一培养基上培养的结果也不一致。陆地棉X亚洲棉、海岛棉×亚洲棉两个组合授粉后1天的胚珠培养也获得一定频率的胚发育。     

杂交鹅掌楸体胚发生过程中ATP酶活性的超微细胞化学定位

利用透射式电镜,通过胚性细胞的超微切片观察,对杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生和发育过程中ATP酶活性进行了超微细胞化学定位.结果表明,非胚性细胞的质膜、液泡膜等膜系统当中存在ATP酶活性,质体、核膜、细胞壁以及细胞间隙上有少许沉积;早期胚性细胞ATP酶反应产物主要沉积于质膜、液泡膜上、淀粉粒、细胞壁加厚处;胚性细胞后期ATP酶活性从质膜逐渐转移入细胞内,细胞质、壁旁体、胞间连丝、细胞膜与细胞间隙、细胞核等处均有ATP酶活性反应.随着胚性细胞的发育及分裂,包裹细胞的厚壁、细胞核、核仁与染色质等处也出现ATP酶活性反应沉淀物.说明杂交鹅掌楸体细胞胚胎发生及发育过程中存在丰富的能量代谢.     

中国部分野生百合自交和组内及组间杂交亲和性研究

以百合属(Lilium)4个组13种野生百合为试验材料,配置80个杂交组合,分析中国野生百合自交、组内及组间杂交的亲和性.采用延迟授粉和切割柱头两种授粉方式和胚拯救技术,以克服受精前、后的障碍,提高育种效率.结果显示:百合自交亲和性存在一定差异,大花卷丹(L.leichtlinii)和兰州百合(L.davidi‘ unicdor cotton')自交不亲和;卷瓣组组内杂交在所配置的杂交组合中,仅有3个组合[垂花百合(L.c ernuum)×细叶百合(L.pumilum)、兰州百合×垂花百合以及兰州百合×大花卷丹]通过延迟授粉获得杂交胚,并通过组培获得杂交苗;卷瓣组与钟花组组间杂交亲和性较好.研究表明,对于大多数的杂交组合,延迟授粉比切割柱头对克服受精前障碍有效;而对于绝大多数的自交和杂交组合,组培能有效克服受精后障碍,并获得子一代苗.     

植物体细胞胚发生中ATP酶活性时空分布动态与内源激素的变化

本文以我们的研究结果为基础,并结合国内外近几年有关研究报道,对植物体细胞胚发生中的超微结构和ATP酶活性时空分布动态及内源激素的变化和作用进行专题评述。⑴ 超微结构的变化：当植物体细胞一旦转化为胚性细胞后,各种细胞器相继增加,不仅丰富而且活跃,特别是线粒体内嵴发达,有的正处于分裂状态;核糖体聚集成多聚核糖体;质体中含大量淀粉粒,接着出现高尔基体等。早期胚性细胞与周围细胞还存在胞间连丝,随着胚性细胞壁的加厚,胞间连丝也随之消失。⑵ ATP酶时空分布动态：早期的胚性细胞中ATP酶反应产物主要沉积于质膜和液泡膜上,后期ATP酶活性转入细胞内,液泡和细胞核中,而且在胚性细胞壁加厚处有活跃的ATP酶活性反应,并证明ATP酶活性是在胚性细胞发生过程中形成的。⑶ 内源激素的变化与作用：在体细胞胚诱导过程中内源激素起着关键性作用,内源生长素含量的提高为胚性细胞的诱导奠定了基础,细胞分裂素含量的增加可促进胚性细胞的分裂和增殖,ABA不仅提高了体细胞胚的诱导频率,而且促进了体细胞胚的正常发育。     

植物体细胞胚发生中ATP酶活性时空分布动态与内源激素的变化

本文以我们的研究结果为基础,并结合国内外近几年有关研究报道,对植物体细胞胚发生中的超策结构和ATP酶活性时空分布动脉及内源激素的变化和作用进行专题评述。（1）超微结构的变化：当植物体细胞一量转化为胚性细胞后,各种细胞器相继增加,不仅丰富而且活跃,特别是线粒体内发达,有的正处于分裂状态;核糖体聚集成多聚核糖体;质体中含大量淀粉粒,接着出现高尔基体等。早期胚性细胞与周围细胞还存在胞间连丝,随着胚性细胞壁的加厚,胞间连丝也随之消失。（2）ATP酶时空分布动态：早期的胚性细胞中ATP酶反应产物主要沉积于质和液泡上,后期ATP酶活性转入细胞内,液泡和细胞核中,而且在胚性细胞壁加厚处有活跃的A5P酶活性反应,并证明ATP酶活性是在胚性细胞发生过程中形成的。（3）内源激素的变化与作用：在体细胞胚诱导过程中内源激素起着关键性作用,内源生长素含量的提高为胚性细胞的诱导奠定了基础,细胞分裂素含量的增加可促进胚性细胞的分裂和增殖,ABA不仅提高了体细胞胚的诱导频率,而且促进了体细胞胚的正常发育。     

小麦与玉米及鸭茅状摩擦禾远缘杂交的胚发育过程中同工酶和蛋白质的变化

通过比较小麦与玉米及鸭茅状摩擦禾属间杂交获得的胚与小麦正常自交的胚之间在不同发育时期过氧化物酶和酯酶的同工酶谱,发现过氧化物酶同工酶表现出时空顺序的特异性变化。在同一发育时期,远缘杂交的具胚子房和无胚子房之间存在过氧化物酶同工酶谱的差异,这可能涉及到与胚发育相关的同工酶的出现。远缘杂交的具胚子房和正常自交的小麦子房之间也有一定的酶谱差异。同时,同一材料还表现出不同发育时期的过氧化物酶酶谱差别。在远缘杂交后的胚发育期间,酯酶同工酶的时空表达不如过氧化物酶显著。此外,对远缘杂交后的胚中的水溶性蛋白质进行了SD S-PAGE分析,初步的分析结果表明,可能存在与胚发育相关的蛋白质。     

体细胞胚发生的生化基础

在胚性细胞分化和分裂过程中ATP酶活性和分布的动态变化表明,这些胚性细胞进行着旺盛的主动物质吸收和活跃的新陈代谢过程。在多种植物的体细胞胚发生中过氧化物酶的活性与同工酶的种类都高于对照,而且在大麦中发现过氧化物酶、酯酶和酸性磷酸酶同工酶的结合应用可以作为体细胞胚发生的标志酶。胚性愈伤组织中可溶性蛋白质含量与组分远高于或多于非胚性愈伤组织。大多数材料中都存在45kD-55kD的胚胎发生特异性蛋白质组分。而且在体细胞胚发生中蛋白质和核酸代谢动态呈规律性变化,首先是RNA合成速率增加,继而是蛋白质的迅速合成,并在胚性细胞分化和发育过程中一直保持相对较高水平,其中mRNA种类丰富,不同发育时期mRNA种类不同,因此转译形成多种蛋白质。DNA的代谢相对较稳定,但在胚性细胞系中DNA合成量仍高于非胚性细胞系。加入蛋白质或核酸合成抑制剂,不仅抑制了蛋白质和核酸的合成,同时也抑制了体细胞胚的发生与发育,而且抑制剂加和时间愈早,影响愈严重。由此表明,蛋白质与核酸的合成为体细胞胚的分化和发育奠定了分子基础。     

大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交结实率研究初报

取3个大花蕙兰品种与1个墨兰品种进行自交与杂交。共设计10个组合,成功获得4个杂交组合;共授粉257朵花,成功获得21个果荚,结实率为8.1%。大花蕙兰与墨兰杂交正反交的结实率差异不大。各组合果荚生长曲线走势大致相同,授粉后10~12 d,子房开始膨大,并于60~80 d趋于平稳。大部分落果于授粉后30d内发生,部分于生长中后期黄化脱落,双亲遗传物质的不协调性及栽培管理可能是重要影响因素。     

丁香杂交胚的组织培养

植物名称:丁香属植物(Syringa)。材料类别:①授粉40～50天的丁香(Syringameyeri×S.microphylla)杂交胚;②授粉60～110天的丁香。(Syringa persica×S.VuZgarls"Albaplena”)杂交胚。培养条件:基本培养基为MS培养基,蔗糖浓度3％,pH=5.8,培养温度25±2℃,光照强度1000～2500lx,每日光照14小时。杂交组合①取授粉后40～50天的杂交幼胚进行培养。杂交组合②取授粉后60～110天的杂交胚培养,从授粉后60天开始,每周取胚培养1次。当授粉90天后,每隔1天取胚培养1次,直到110天     

A Cgmparative Study on Morphology and ATPase Activities of Maize Hybrid and Its Parents During Early Embryogeny

We observed tissue sections of single hybrid of maize 328 and its parents during early embryogeny, determining ATP ase activities and observing plant features. The results obtained show that maize embryogeny can be divided into three periods, that is, 1) The period of 3–7 days after pollination is known as an original embryonic period. 2) The period of 9–20 days after pollination is known as the period of undergoing rapid differentiation of all the tissue organs. 3) The period of 25–45 days is known as the period of further differentiation, perfection and elongation of organal system. The size of volume of hybrid embryo is between its parents during the second period. That of the hybrid embryo during other two periods is larger than that of its parents. Hybrid embryo always shows that the number of its cells is more, its cells are closer together, the colour of the stained cells is darker, the cells differentiate clearly, the time that embryonic organs differentiates lasts longer. The results of determinig ATP ase activities it may be seen that during 1–2 days after pollination ATP ase activities in hybrid ovaries are obviously higher than in its parents’ ovaries. On the third day after pollination ATP ase activities in hybrid ovaries once go down. After that ATP ase activities go up again. During 15–45 days ATP ase activities in hybrid embryo (unincloding endosperm) are all higher than those in its parents. Hybrid 328 has advantage over its parents in yielding capacity, plant height, spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000 seed weight. The results show close correlation and supplement among cell differentiation ability, ATP ase activities and plant features.     

杂交柑桔的胚胎发育(英文)

柑桔类珠心胚现象对研究其进化和种质保存方面有着重要意义,但是给其有性杂交育种工作造成相当大的麻烦：它不仅使杂交后代难于区分合子苗和珠心苗,而且会使合子胚发育中途天折。解决的途径是适时分离合子胚进行单独培养。为此,本工作于柑桔胚胎发育的不同时期取样、固定、观察,研究其合子胚发育规律,确定珠心胚侵入胚囊的时期。结果表明：一般情况下,授粉后３０ｄ,合于处于单细胞状态（Ｆｉｇ．１Ａ）;授粉后４０ｄ;合子开始分裂（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｂ）;授粉后４５ｄ,合子胚形成８－１６个细胞,珠心胚开始分裂（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｃ）;授粉后５０ｄ,合子形成球形胚,珠心胚尚未侵入胚囊（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｄ＆Ｅ）;授粉后５５ｄ,合子胚为球形胚或早心形胚,开始有少数珠心胚侵入胚囊（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｄ＆Ｅ）;授粉后６０ｄ,合子胚为心形胚（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｇ）。授粉后８０ｄ,合子胚为晚心形,珠心胚巨大量侵入并迅速发育（Ｆｉｇ．１Ｈ）。杂交的组合对合子,胚珠及果实发育均有一定影响,主要取决于杂交亲本。与种间杂交相比,属间杂交其合子分裂较迟,合子胚发育较慢,珠心胚侵入时期也较迟（Ｔａｂｌｅｌ,Ｆｉｇ．２）。这种发育速度的差异,引起所产生的合子胚的大小（Ｔａｂｌｅ２）珠心胚侵率（Ｔａｂ     

Gibberellin like Substances in Parts of Developing Barley Grain

In husks, the activity of gibberellin-like substances extracted with aqueous methanol (M-“free” GAs) showed a maximum on the 9th day after pollination. In developing embryos, M-“free” GAs showed no biological activity, whereas biological active component(s) were obtained when the embryos were extracted with Tris buffer. The “free” GAs found in the buffer homogenates (B-“free” GAs) of developing embryos showed a maximum of activity on the 33rd day after pollination. Bound GAs recovered from the precipitated protein of the buffer homogenate (“Protein-bound” GAs) were found in embryo and endosperm. Developing endosperm generally contains the major amount of the extractable gibberellin-like substances. In this tissue, the amount of all examined fractions (M-“free” GAs, B-“free” GAs and “protein-bound” GAs) increased after pollination to reach a maximum on the 21st day, before decreasing to a minimum at grain maturity. Moreover, the curves for dry weight increase and gibberellin like substances follow a remarkably similar course, with the latter reaching its maximim slightly earlier than the former one. This result indicates that gibberellines may participate in the regulation of the accumulation process in the endosperm of barley grain.     

Characterization of photosynthesis of flag leaves in a wheat hybrid and its parents grown under field conditions

Two wheat cultivars, one with high yield and the other with a high tolerance against oxidative stress, were compared with a hybrid of these two cultivars by investigating their photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves. From the beginning of flowering to the 17th day, CO(2) assimilation rate (P(max)) was maintained and there were no appreciable differences between the hybrid and its parents. P(max) showed no decrease at noon compared to that in the morning. From the 20th to the 30th day of flowering, P(max) decreased significantly, and this decrease was significantly less in the hybrid than in its parents. The actual photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Phi(PSII)) and the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F(v)/F(m)) showed a significant decrease only on the 30th day after anthesis; this decline was much less marked in the hybrid relative to its parents, both in the morning and at noon. A decrease occurred in Phi(PSII) and F(v)/F(m) at noon when compared to that in the morning, but this decrease was less marked in the hybrid than in its parents. Rubisco activity decreased significantly from the 13th day of flowering and was higher in the morning than at noon both in the hybrid and its parents. However, the hybrid always showed a higher value of Rubisco activity. The activities of posphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate phosphate dikinase showed similar changes to those in Rubisco activity, particularly from the 20th to 30th day. The results of this study suggest that the higher photosynthetic capacity of the flag leaf in the hybrid can help to accumulate more dry material, and may be the physiological basis for higher yield over its parents.     

Changes in electrical potential difference and sodium-potassium ATPase of canine mucosa after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery

Changes in electrical potential difference and sodium-potassium ATPase activity of rectal mucosa in dogs were examined before and after jejunal-ileal bypass surgery. The potential difference in the postoperative period was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than the preoperative value. The potential difference increased by 160% at the 3rd day after the surgery, and then gradually declined with prolonged recovery periods. Ouabain-sensitive sodium-potassium ATPase activity also increased at the 3rd day (160%) and at the 10th day (86%) after the surgery. Fourteen days after the surgery the sodium-potassium ATPase activity returned almost to the preoperative value. These results indicated a close correlation between changes in transmucosal potential difference and sodium-potassium ATPase activity of rectal mucosa, suggesting a significant participation of sodium-potassium ATPase in changes of potential difference induced by jejunal-ileal bypass surgery.     

Cytological Studies on the Embryogenesis of Hybrids between Oryza sativa L.(Pennisetum sp.

(1) The pollen grains of Pennisetum can germinate normally on the stigma of rice and the pollen tubes can grow into the style and enter the embryo sacs. However, the process of double fertilization is slow and more or less abnormal and phenomenon of simple fertilization often occurs. (2) It has been found that in the majority of cases the development of the embryos is slow and stays long in the stage of globular embryos, thus, the differentiation of the embryos is very difficult and degeneration of the embryos appears many times. Simple differentiation was observed only in some embryos during 16–24 days after pollination. Normal differenting and developing embryos were not observed. The cause of the degeneration of the embryos is related to the state of endosperm development and also to the non-coordination of the genomes of both parents. (3) The development of the endosperm is abnormal. The change from the free nuclei into the cells in the endosperm is delayed as late as the 8th day after pollination. The whole endosperm tissue is composed of the cell masses which are quite different both in shape and function, a part of these endospemn cells lacks the ability to synthesize starch. The disintegration of the endosperm could be frequently observed during their development. (4) A lots of starch are accumulated in the nucellar cells near the antipodals, It is shown that there was some metabolic confusion resulted from the crossing in the embryo sacs. Based on the above mentioued results the authers consider that the failure of producing seeds by crossing is at least related to the nutrient condition which are essential for the development of embryos. If embryo culture technique is employed at the early stage of the embryo development the hybrid seeds could be obtained.     

荞麦亲和与不亲和授粉后柱头和花粉管中ATP酶的超微细胞化学定位

利用磷酸铅沉淀技术对荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Month.)pin型植株分别进行亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后的柱头、花粉粒、花粉管进行了ATPase的超微细胞化学定位。结果表明(1)亲和授粉和不亲和授粉后0.5h,柱头细胞的ATPase活性反应水平较低或基本无酶活性;柱头表面、柱头上附着的花粉粒内ATPase活性在不亲和授粉时较低,亲和授粉时较高,花粉粒内ATPase主要定位于线粒体和精子细胞;(2)授粉后1.5h,不亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较低,花粉管停止生长,细胞质开始解体;而亲和授粉的柱头细胞及花粉管的ATPase活性均较高,ATPase主要定位于柱头细胞的质膜、胞基质以及花粉管的壁、质体的膜、高尔基体、线粒体上。根据不同时期不同部位ATPase活性的差异,我们认为荞麦发生自交不亲和时,花粉管在花柱中停止生长不仅是因为花粉管得不到花柱中的营养物质而引起的,可能也与花粉管自身物质代谢发生障碍有关。     

阿维菌素中毒患者血清C反应蛋白的浓度变化及意义

目的探讨口服阿维菌素中毒患者血清C反应蛋白浓度变化与病情严重程度及预后的关系。方法将39例口服阿维菌素中毒患者分为轻度中毒组和中重度中毒组,42例健康体检者为对照组。轻、中重度中毒组患者分别于入院时及入院第3、5天检测血清C反应蛋白浓度,并进行组间比较。结果中毒组血清CRP水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;轻度中毒组血清CRP水平在入院时及入院第3、5天变化较小,各时点血清CRP水平比较无显著统计学意义（P〉0.05）;中重度中毒组血清CRP水平在入院时即显著升高,入院第3天达最高值,各时点血清CRP水平比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论血清C反应蛋白浓度可作为判断口服阿维菌素中毒患者病情严重程度及预后的敏感指标。     

Plant Nucleases: VI. GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABILITY IN RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY IN INBRED AND HYBRID CORN ENDOSPERMS

The nuclease activity of developing corn endosperms was found to consist mainly of plant RNase I during the period of major deposition of dry weight. The RNase concentrations in most inbred lines and hybrids increased throughout development, but there were large differences among genotypes in the enzyme levels at all stages. Crosses were made among inbreds classified as containing high or low RNase levels. In most cases, the general patterns of enzyme levels during development of the hybrid endosperms were not changed greatly, or showed intermediate levels of activity compared to the inbred parents. When Oh43 was used as a maternal parent, two contrasting developmental patterns were produced by using two low RNase inbreds as pollen parents. There appear to be genetic controls not only on the gross RNase levels, but also on the timing of RNase synthesis and on its stability after the cells mature. Environmental influences on RNase levels in the endosperm were noted one year.At 18 days after pollination, the RNase levels in the endosperm crown were as much as 10 times higher than in the base. By 35 days after pollination, the enzyme levels were generally uniform; at 50 days, the basal tissue usually contained the highest levels. In some genotypes, however, the enzyme levels fell in the crown while they rose in the base. These changes suggest that RNase may be associated with developmental controls that operate as the different portions of the endosperm cease cell division and begin synthesis of starch and zein.     

甘蓝型油菜与紫罗兰属间杂交的植物遗传学研究

为探索属间杂种的遗传特点以及改良甘蓝型油菜油分品质,进行了甘蓝型油菜和紫罗兰的属间杂交。杂交母本为甘蓝型油菜奥罗（Brassica napusL.cv.oro)。父本为紫罗兰（Motthiola incana(L.)R.Br.)。将授粉7d后的油菜子房切下,消毒后,培养了添加适当植物激素的MS培养基。从750个离体培养的油菜授粉子房中,获得了2粒成熟胚胎,其结籽率为0.26%。将胚胎取出,转接于MS培养基（添加2.0mg/L6-BA和0.1mg/LNAA）,获得了丛生芽,将丛生芽分割为许多单芽,转接到新鲜培养基中,长成了22株小苗,杂种一代植株呈中间性,它的许多性状介于两个亲本之间,一些性状倾向母本,少数性状表现显著的超亲杂种优势,植株结实性差。杂种后代（F2）植株表现多样性,多数植株的性状倾向母本,能育。部分植株表现中间性,育性差,少数植株发育不良,不育,染色体研究表明,杂种一代植株为混倍体。在杂种体细胞中,许多细胞的染色体数为2n=26。为两个亲本的配子染色体数之和。杂种后代（F2）中,倾母植株的染色体数为2n=38。矮小植株的许多细胞具非整倍染色体数。如2n-1=37,2n 1=39。从杂种后代中获得了种子油分品质较好的植株,有可能用于油菜的品质育种。