OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIALS AND THE POSSIBLE RESPIRATORY SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PIGMENT OF THE NUDIBRANCH CHROMODORIS ZEBRA

1. Oxidation-reduction potential methods have been applied to a study of the blue-purple pigment present in solution in the blood and in the tissue cells of the nudibranch Chromodoris zebra. 2. The blue-purple pigment and its yellow reduction product form a reversible system whose E_o'' = x0.102 volts at pH 7.0 and whose valence change from oxidant to reductant appears to be one. 3. The system is unlike oxyhemoglobin-hemoglobin in the mode of oxygen transfer. Its rôle as a possible respiratory material is discussed.     

EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM ON THE POTENTIAL OF HALICYSTIS

Sea water in which sodium has been replaced by potassium produces about the same degree of negativity in Halicystis and in Valonia. With increasing dilution of this sea water up to 1 ÷ 16 the degree of negativity steadily falls off in Halicystis. This differs from the situation in Valonia where Damon finds that with increasing dilution the negativity passes through a minimum after which increasing dilution produces increasing negativity. But conditions in the two organisms differ so greatly that a comparison is of rather doubtful significance.     

CHANGES IN THE STABILITY AND POTENTIAL OF CELL SUSPENSIONS : II. THE POTENTIAL OF ERYTHROCYTES.

1. Human and sheep erythrocytes, when placed in 0.01 N buffer solutions at reactions more acid than pH 5.2, undergo a progressive change in potential, becoming less electronegative or more electropositive. This change usually occurs within 2 hours at ordinary room temperatures. It did not occur when rabbit erythrocytes were used. 2. This change is due primarily to the liberation of hemoglobin from some of the cells. 3. Hemoglobin, even in very low concentrations, markedly alters the potential of erythrocytes in the more acid reactions. This is due to a combination between the electropositive hemoglobin and the erythrocytes. The effect of the hemoglobin is most marked in the more acid solutions; it occurs only on the acid side of the isoelectric point of the hemoglobin. 4. The isoelectric point of erythrocytes in the absence of salt, or in the presence of salts having both ions monovalent, occurs at pH 4.7. This confirms the observations of Coulter (1920–21). Divalent anions shift the isoelectric point to the acid side. 5. The effect of salts on the potential of erythrocytes is due to the ions of the salts, and is analogous in every way to the effect of salts on albumin-coated collodion particles, as discussed by Loeb (1922–23).     

家兔早期胚胎细胞发育能力的研究

本文利用胚泡注射法制作嵌合体对家兔交配后96,120和144小时的ICM细胞的发育能力进行了研究。供体胚胎取自青紫兰灰免,受体胚胎取自新西兰白兔,结果表明96和120小时供胚的ICM细胞与96小时受胚胚泡组合后均能参与发育,形成嵌合兔,144小时者未获得嵌合体。由于120小时的ICM细胞发育的2只表型为雄性的嵌合兔,其中1只不育,其性腺和外周血核型表明不育兔为xx/xy性嵌合,性腺中有处于不同发育程度的卵巢和精细管,外周血含xx和xy两种核型。本实验结果首次证明家兔交配后120小时胚泡的ICM细胞仍具有参与嵌合体发育的能力。它不仅能参与体细胞的分化,并具有形成生殖细胞的能力。交配后144小时胚泡的ICM细胞其发育能力似乎已发生了局限。     

THE COORDINATION OF POTENTIAL PACEMAKERS IN THE HYDROID TUBULARIA

Sectioning experiments and electrical recording indicate thatthere are many potential pacemakers in polyps of the hydroidTubularia. Functionally the pacemakers are organized primarilyinto pacemaker systems, groups within which there is tight coupling.The different pacemaker systems of a polyp are loosely coupledto one another. There are two principal systems in Tubularia,one in the polyp neck (the NP system) and one in the hydranth(the HP system). In addition, there are pacemakers controllingactivities of individual tentacles. Activity in the NP systemis usually not associated with observable polyp behavior. HPsystem activity is correlated with behavioral responses termedconcerts. Concerts are probably digestive activities; they resultin the mixing of food being digested and the distribution ofthe products of this digestion. The NP systems of polyps ona colony are loosely coupled to one another through one of thethree conducting systems found in Tubularia stalks. The loosecoupling between NP systems of polyps on a colony and the loosecoupling between NP and HP systems within single polyps resultsin there being some coordination of concert activity throughouta colony.     

THE EFFECT OF OXIDANTS AND REDUCTANTS UPON THE BIOELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF NITELLA

Nitella cells were exposed to various oxidants and reductants, to determine their effect upon the bioelectric potential. These included five systems, with an E_h range from +0.454 v. to –0.288 v., a total range of 0.742 v. When proper regard was given to buffering against acidity changes, and concentration changes of Na or K ions in the oxidized and reduced forms, no significant effect upon the bioelectric potential was found: 1. When an oxidant or reductant (K ferri- or ferrocyanide) was applied instead of an equivalent normality of an "indifferent" salt (KCl). 2. In changing from a given oxidant to its corresponding reductant (ferri- to ferrocyanide; oxidized to leuco-dye, etc.). 3. When a mixture of 2 dyes, (indophenol with positive E''₀, and safranin with negative E''₀) was oxidized and reduced, to give better poising at the extremes. It is conduded that the outer surface of this cell is not influenced by the state of oxidation or reduction of the systems employed; at least it does not respond with a manifest change of bioelectric potential to changes in oxidation-reduction intensity of the medium. The cells continued to show, however, at all times their usual response to concentration changes of KCl, NaCl, etc., and to electrical stimulation.     

THE ORIGIN OF THE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES RESPONSIBLE FOR ANOMALOUS OSMOSIS

1. Collodion bags coated with gelatin on the inside were filled with a M/256 solution of neutral salt (e.g., NaCl, CaCl₂, CeCl₃, or Na₂SO₄) made up in various concentrations of HNO₃ (varying from N/50,000 to N/100). Each collodion bag was put into an HNO₃ solution of the same concentration as that inside the bag but containing no salt. In this case water diffuses from the outside solution (containing no salt) into the inside solution (containing the salt) with a relative initial velocity which can be expressed by the following rules: (a) Water diffuses into the salt solution as if the particles of water were negatively charged and as if they were attracted by the cation and repelled by the anion of the salt with a force increasing with the valency of the ion. (b) The initial rate of the diffusion of water is a minimum at the hydrogen ion concentration of about N/50,000 HCl (pH 4.7, which is the point at which gelatin is not ionized), rises with increasing hydrogen ion concentration until it reaches a maximum and then diminishes again with a further rise in the initial hydrogen ion concentration. 2. The potential differences between the salt solution and the outside solution (originally free from salt) were measured after the diffusion had been going on for 1 hour; and when these values were plotted as ordinates over the original pH as abscissae, the curves obtained were found to be similar to the osmotic rate curves. This confirms the view expressed by Girard) Bernstein, Bartell, and Freundlich that these cases of anomalous osmosis are in reality cases of electrical endosmose where the driving force is a P.D. between the opposite sides of the membrane. 3. The question arose as to the origin of these P. D. and it was found that the P.D. has apparently a double origin. Certain features of the P.D. curve, such as the rise and fall with varying pH, seem to be the consequence of a Donnan equilibrium which leads to some of the free HNO₃ being forced from the solution containing salt into the outside solution containing no (or less) salt. This difference of the concentration of HNO₃, on the opposite sides of the membrane leads to a P.D. which in conformity with Nernst''s theory of concentration cells should be equal to 58 x (pH inside minus pH outside) millivolts at 18°C. The curves of the values of (pH inside minus pH outside) when plotted as ordinates over the original pH as abscissae lead to curves resembling those for the P. D. in regard to location of minimum and maximum. 4. A second source of the P.D. seems to be diffusion potentials, which exist even if no membranes are present and which seem to be responsible for the fact that the rate of diffusion of negatively charged water into the salt solution increases with the valency of the cation and diminishes with the valency of the anion of the salt. 5. The experiments suggest the possibility that the establishment of a Donnan equilibrium between membrane and solution is one of the factors determining the Helmholtzian electrical double layer, at least in the conditions of our experiments.     

心外膜标测的技术与方法

本文简述了心外膜标测技术的发展与特点,报告了一种新型心外膜标测系统,其中使用了软基底６４点镀金电极和６４路放大器,标测结果用等时图和新颖的除极矢量图及除极矢量散点图表示。     

THE SPECIFICITY AND SULFHYDRYL SENSITIVITY OF THE INOSITOL TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Abstract— The transport of two cyclohexitol stereoisomers, myo-inositol (inositol) and scyllo-inositol (scyllitol), from blood into the CNS in vivo and into the choroid plexus in vitro was studied. In vitro , the uptake of [³H]scyllitol or [³H]inositol by choroid plexuses, isolated from rabbits and incubated in artificial CSF, was measured. Both scyllitol and inositol inhibited [³H]scyllitol or [³H]inositol accumulation by the choroid plexus. Inositol competitively inhibited [³H]scyllitol accumulation and both isomers had a comparable affinity (K_t= 0.1 m m ) for the single cyclohexitol accumulation system. The other 6 stereoisomers tested had an order of magnitude less affinity for the cyclohexitol accumulation system of choroid plexus. Thiol reagents that penetrate cells inhibited inositol accumulation by choroid plexus more effectively than nonpenetrating thiol reagents. In vivo , in unanesthetized rabbits. the transport of unmetabolized [³H]inositol from blood into CSF, choroid plexus and brain was readily saturated by increasing the plasma levels of myo-inositol but not by the stereoisomer d -chiroinositol. Similarly, the transport of unmetabolized [³H]scyllitol into CSF, brain and choroid plexus was readily saturated by increasing the plasma levels of myo-inositol. Beside documenting the stereospecificity and thiol reagent sensitivity of the inositol transport mechanism of the choroid plexus, these results provide further evidence that the choroid plexus is a locus for cyclohexitol transport between blood and CSF. Moreover, they show that scyllitol, which, like inositol, is present at a higher concentration in brain than plasma, can be transported from blood into CSF and brain by the same system that transports inositol.     

THE RELATIONS OF TEMPERATURE TO THE POTASSIUM EFFECT AND THE BIOELECTRIC POTENTIAL OF VALONIA

The effect of temperature upon the bioelectric potential across the protoplasm of impaled Valonia cells is described. Over the ordinary tolerated range, the P.D. is lowest around 25°C., rising both toward 15° and 35°. The time curves are characteristic also. The magnitude of the temperature effect can be controlled by changing the KCl content of the sea water (normally 0.012 M): the magnitude is greatly reduced at 0.006 M KCl, enhanced at 0.024 M, and greatly exaggerated at 0.1 M KCl. Conversely, temperature controls the magnitude of the potassium effect, which is smallest at 25°, with a cusped time course. It is increased, with a smoothly rising course, at 15°, and considerably enhanced, with only a small cusp, at 35°. A temporary "alteration" of the protoplasmic surface by the potassium is suggested to account for the time courses. This alteration does not occur at 15°; the protoplasm recovers only slowly and incompletely at 25°, but rapidly at 35°, in such fashion as to make the P.D. more negative than at 15°. This would account for the temperature effects observed in ordinary sea water.     

植物内生真菌研究的应用潜力分析

近年来 ,有关植物内生真菌的研究发现 ,内生真菌能产生许多具有潜在经济价值的代谢产物 ,并且在分类学、生物防治等方面都有一定的应用价值。这表明 ,植物内生真菌的研究具有重要的意义     

THE POTENTIAL FOR PALAEOBOTANY IN THE EXPLANATION OF CHINA'S PLANT GEOGRAPHY

The distributions of many plant taxa in China at the present day indicate centres of floristic importance which may be ancient,and have evolutionary significance,or which may be only their latest locations in a Cenozoic history of migrations.This paper summarizes the present and Cenozoic distributions in China of the following taxa:Nitraria,Ephedra,Carya,Liquidamber,Pterocarya,Betulaceae.It is concluded that the centres of importance of the named genera are different now from what they were at some time in the Cenozoic past;each has accomplished major migrations and suffered significant extinctions during that period.The history of the Betulaceae is less clear but in principle soluble.