Description of the novel perchlorate-reducing bacteria Dechlorobacter hydrogenophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Propionivibrio militaris, sp. nov.

Novel dissimilatory perchlorate-reducing bacteria (DPRB) were isolated from enrichments conducted under conditions different from those of all previously described DPRB. Strain LT-1^T was enriched using medium buffered at pH 6.6 with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) and had only 95% 16S rRNA gene identity with its closest relative, Azonexus caeni. Strain MP^T was enriched in the cathodic chamber of a perchlorate-reducing bioelectrical reactor (BER) and together with an additional strain, CR (99% 16S rRNA gene identity), had 97% 16S rRNA gene identity with Propionivibrio limicola. The use of perchlorate and other electron acceptors distinguished strains MP^T and CR from P. limicola physiologically. Strain LT-1^T had differences in electron donor utilization and optimum growth temperatures from A. caeni. Strains LT-1^T and MP^T are the first DPRB to be described in the Betaproteobacteria outside of the Dechloromonas and Azospira genera. On the basis of phylogenetic and physiological features, strain LT-1^T represents a novel genus in the Rhodocyclaceae; strain MP^T represents a novel species within the genus Propionivibrio. The names Dechlorobacter hydrogenophilus gen. nov., sp. nov and Propionivibrio militaris sp. nov. are proposed.     

Microcella flavibacter sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment,and reclassification of Chryseoglobus frigidaquae,Chryseoglobus indicus,and Yonghaparkia alkaliphila as Microcella frigidaquae comb. nov., Microcella indica nom. nov., and Microcella alkalica nom. nov.

A novel Gram-staining positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented actinobacterium, designated strain WY83^T, was isolated from a marine sediment of Indian Ocean. Strain WY83^T grew optimally at 30–35 °C, pH 7–8 and with 0–3% (w/v) NaCl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12, and the major fatty acids were C_19:1 ω9c/C19:1 ω11c, anteiso-C_15:0, C_17:0 3OH, and iso-C_16:0. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained lysine as a diamino acid. The DNA G?+?C content was 72.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and ninety-two bacterial core genes indicated that strain WY83^T formed an evolutionary lineage with Chryseoglobus frigidaquae JCM 14730^T, Chryseoglobus indicus CTD02-10-2^T, Yonghaparkia alkaliphila JCM 15138^T, Microcella alkaliphila DSM 18851^T and Microcella putealis DSM 19627^T within the radiation enclosing members of the family Microbacteriaceae. All pairwise percentage of conserved proteins between strain WY83^T and the closely related phylogenetic neighbors were greater than 65%. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization values were both below the thresholds used for the delineation of a new species. On the basis of the evidence presented, strains WY83^T, Y. alkaliphila JCM 15138^T, C. frigidaquae JCM 14730^T, M. alkaliphila DSM 18851^T and M. putealis DSM 19627^T should belong to different species of the same genus. Strain WY83^T represents a novel species of the genus Microcella, for which the name Microcella flavibacter sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WY83^T (=?KCTC 39637^T?=?MCCC 1A07099^T). Furthermore, Chryseoglobus frigidaquae, Chryseoglobus indicus, and Yonghaparkia alkaliphila were reclassified as Microcella frigidaquae comb. nov., Microcella indica nom. nov., and Microcella alkalica nom. nov., respectively.

     

Proposal of Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov., Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov., Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov

In a survey of rhizobia associated with the native legumes in Yunnan Province, China, seven and nine strains isolated from the root nodules of Psoralea corylifolia, Sesbania cannabina and Medicago lupulina were respectively classified into the novel genomic species groups I and II in the genus Ensifer (former Sinorhizobium) based on the sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Analyses of concatenated housekeeping genes (atpD, recA and glnII) further revealed that they were distinct lineages in the genus, and group I was most similar to Ensifer terangae and Ensifer garamanticus (both with 94.2% similarity), while group II was most similar to Ensifer adhaerens (94.0%). These groups could be distinguished from closely related species by DNA–DNA relatedness, MALID-TOF MS, cellular fatty acid profiles and a series of phenotypic characters. Therefore, two novel species were proposed: Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov. (seven strains, type strain CCBAU 65732^T = LMG 26835^T = HAMBI 3286^T) and Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov. (nine strains, type strain CCBAU 65729^T = LMG 26833^T = HAMBI 3287^T). They had a DNA G + C mol% (T_m) of 58.9 and 60.4, respectively. Both of the type strains formed effective nodules on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and their hosts of origin. In addition, the previously described species Sinorhizobium morelense and Sinorhizobium americanum were renamed as Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov. according to the accumulated data from different studies.     

Mucisphaera calidilacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel planctomycete of the class Phycisphaerae isolated in the shallow sea hydrothermal system of the Lipari Islands

For extending the current collection of axenic cultures of planctomycetes, we describe in this study the isolation and characterisation of strain Pan265^T obtained from a red biofilm in the hydrothermal vent system close to the Lipari Islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, north of Sicily, Italy. The strain forms light pink colonies on solid medium and grows as a viscous colloid in liquid culture, likely as the result of formation of a dense extracellular matrix observed during electron microscopy. Cells of the novel isolate are spherical, motile and divide by binary fission. Strain Pan265^T is mesophilic (temperature optimum 30–33 °C), neutrophilic (pH optimum 7.0–8.0), aerobic and heterotrophic. The strain has a genome size of 3.49 Mb and a DNA G?+?C content of 63.9%. Phylogenetically, the strain belongs to the family Phycisphaeraceae, order Phycisphaerales, class Phycisphaerae. Our polyphasic analysis supports the delineation of strain Pan265^T from the known genera in this family. Therefore, we conclude to assign strain Pan265^T to a novel species within a novel genus, for which we propose the name Mucisphaera calidilacus gen. nov., sp. nov. The novel species is the type species of the novel genus and is represented by strain Pan265^T (=?DSM 100697^T?=?CECT 30425^T) as type strain.

     

Antrihabitans stalagmiti sp. nov., isolated from a larva cave and a proposal to transfer Rhodococcus cavernicola Lee et al. 2020 to a new genus Spelaeibacter as Spelaeibacter cavernicola gen. nov. comb. nov

An actinobacterial strain, designated YC3-6^T, was isolated from a larva cave in Jeju, Republic of Korea. The novel isolate was found to grow at 10–30 °C, pH 5.0–10.0 and 0–4% (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene phylogeny showed that the novel isolate formed a distinct subline within the family Nocardiaceae. Levels of 16S rRNA gene similarity indicated that the close relatives are Rhodococcus cavernicola (98.4% sequence similarity) and “Rhodococcus psychrotolerans” (98.2%) followed by Antrihabitans stalactiti (96.8%). However, the core gene-based phylogeny revealed that the novel isolate formed a tight cluster with A. stalactiti and was separated from R. cavernicola and other members of the family Nocardiaceae. The morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain YC3-6^T are in line with those of the genus Antrihabitans. Strain YC3-6^T showed an average nucleotide identity of 75.5% and a digital DDH of 20.3% with A. stalactiti. In addition, the core gene analysis showed that R. cavernicola formed a distinct subline between an Antrihabitans cluster and Aldersonia kunmingensis, and well separated from members of the genus Rhodococcus. The average amino acid identity values of R. cavernicola to closely related neighbours were 69.3–69.4% with members of the genus Antrihabitans and 67.3% with Ald. kunmingensis, while the POCP values ranged from 56.9 to 63.6%. On the basis of results obtained here, strain YC3-6^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Antrihabitans, for which the name Antrihabitans stalagmiti sp. nov. (type strain, YC3-6^T?=?KACC 19963^T?=?DSM 107561^T) is proposed. Based on overall genome relatedness and chemotaxonomic differences, it is also proposed that R. cavernicola Lee et al. 2020 be transferred to a new genus Spelaeibacter as Spelaeibacter cavernicola gen. nov., comb. nov.

     

Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov., isolated from cow dung

An actinomycete strain, designated M1T8B9^T, was isolated from cow dung in Suwon, Republic of Korea. The isolate was a Gram-positive, nonmotile, and non-spore-forming bacterium. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that this isolate belongs to the genus Microbacterium, with its closest neighbors being Microbacterium soli DCY17^T (98.2%) and Microbacterium esteraromaticum DSM 8609^T (98.0%). The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unknown glycolipid. Strain M1T8B9^T contained the major fatty acids C_15:0 anteiso, C_16:0 iso, C _17:0 anteiso, and C_15:0 iso, and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type B2β. According to DNA-DNA hybridization studies, strain M1T8B9^T showed 42% and 26% relatedness with M. soli DCY17^T and M. esteraromaticum DSM 8609^T, respectively. On the basis of the data presented, strain M1T8B9^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium suwonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is M1T8B9^T (=KACC 14058^T =NBRC 106310^T).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ogataea phyllophila</Emphasis> sp. nov., <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida chumphonensis</Emphasis> sp. nov. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida mattranensis</Emphasis> sp. nov., three methylotrophic yeast species from phylloplane in Thailand

Five strains (LN12, LN14^T, LN15^T, LN16 and LN17^T) representing three novel methylotrophic yeast species were isolated from the external surface of plant leaves by three-consecutive enrichments. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the phylogenetic analysis, the five strains were assigned to be one novel Ogataea species and two novel Candida species. Three strains (LN12, LN14^T and LN16) represent a single novel species of the genus Ogataea, for which the name Ogataea phyllophila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LN14^T (= BCC 42666^T = NBRC 107780^T = CBS 12095^T). Strain LN15^T was assigned to be Candida chumphonensis sp. nov. (type strain LN15^T = BCC 42667^T = NBRC 107781^T = CBS 12096^T). Strain LN17^T represented another novel species of Candida that was named Candida mattranensis sp. nov. (type strain LN17^T = BCC 42668^T = NBRC 107782^T = CBS 12097^T).     

Taxonomic insights into the phylogeny of Bacillus badius and proposal for its reclassification to the genus Pseudobacillus as Pseudobacillus badius comb. nov. and reclassification of Bacillus wudalianchiensis Liu et al., 2017 as Pseudobacillus wudalianchiensis comb. nov.

The species Bacillus badius is one of the oldest members of the genus Bacillus isolated from faeces of children and was classified based on its ability to form endospores [8]. In 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, Bacillus badius DSM 23^T shared low similarity (93.0%) and distant relationship with B. subtilis, the type species of the genus Bacillus indicating that it does not belong to this genus. Additional strains of the species, B. badius DSM 5610, DSM 30822 and B. encimensis SGD-V-25 (which has been recently reclassified as a member of this species) were included in the study to consider intraspecies diversity. Detailed molecular phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis clearly showed that the strains of B. badius were consistently retrieved outside the cluster of Bacillus sensu stricto and also distantly related to the genera Domibacillus and Quasibacillus. Further, the data from biochemical reactions (inability to ferment most carbohydrates), polar lipids profile (presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an aminophosphoglycolipid) and fatty acids supported the molecular analysis. Thus the four B. badius strains; DSM 23^T, DSM 5610, DSM 30822 and SGD-V-25 displayed sufficient demarcating phenotypic characteristics that warrant their classification as members of a novel genus and single species, for which the name Pseudobacillus badius gen. nov. comb. nov. is proposed with Pseudobacillus badius DSM 23^T (= ATCC 14574^T) as the type strain. Additionally, based on our findings from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic parameters, Bacillus wudalianchiensis DSM 100757^T was reclassified as Pseudobacillus wudalianchiensis comb. nov.     

Gilliamella intestini sp. nov., Gilliamella bombicola sp. nov., Gilliamella bombi sp. nov. and Gilliamella mensalis sp. nov.: Four novel Gilliamella species isolated from the bumblebee gut

Spectra of five isolates (LMG 28358^T, LMG 29879^T, LMG 29880^T, LMG 28359^T and R-53705) obtained from gut samples of wild bumblebees of Bombus pascuorum, Bombus lapidarius and Bombus terrestris were grouped into four MALDI-TOF MS clusters. RAPD analysis revealed an identical DNA fingerprint for LMG 28359^T and R-53705 which also grouped in the same MALDI-TOF MS cluster, while different DNA fingerprints were obtained for the other isolates.Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of the four different strains identified Gilliamella apicola NCIMB 14804^T as nearest neighbour species. Average nucleotide identity values of draft genome sequences of the four isolates and of G. apicola NCIMB 14804^T were below the 96% threshold value for species delineation and all four strains and G. apicola NCIMB 14804^T were phenotypically distinct. Together, the draft genome sequences and phylogenetic and phenotypic data indicate that the four strains represent four novel Gilliamella species for which we propose the names Gilliamella intestini sp. nov., with LMG 28358^T as the type strain, Gilliamella bombicola sp. nov., with LMG 28359^T as the type strain, Gilliamella bombi sp. nov., with LMG 29879^T as the type strain and Gilliamella mensalis sp. nov., with LMG 29880^T as the type strain.     

Thermotomaculum hydrothermale gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel heterotrophic thermophile within the phylum Acidobacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney in the Southern Okinawa Trough

A novel heterotrophic, thermophilic bacterium, designated strain AC55^T, was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Hatoma Knoll in the Okinawa Trough, Japan. Cells of strain AC55^T were non-motile, long rods (2.0- to 6.8-μm long and 0.3- to 0.6-μm wide). The strain was an obligatory anaerobic heterotroph capable of fermentative growth on complex proteinaceous substances. Elemental sulfur was reduced to hydrogen sulfide but did not stimulate growth. Growth was observed between 37 and 60°C (optimum 55°C), pH 5.5 and 8.5 (optimum pH 6.6), and in the presence of 1.5–4.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5%, w/v). Menaquinone-7 and -8 were the major respiratory quinones. The G + C content of the genomic DNA from strain AC55^T was 51.6 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain AC55^T was the first cultivated representative of Acidobacteria subdivision 10. Based on the physiological and phylogenetic features of the novel isolate, the genus name Thermotomaculum gen. nov. is proposed, with Thermotomaculum hydrothermale sp. nov. as the type species. The type strain is AC55^T (=JCM 17643^T = DSM 24660^T = NBRC 107904^T).     

Micromonospora haikouensis sp. nov., isolated from mangrove soil

An actinomycete strain 232617^T was isolated from a composite mangrove sediment sample collected in Haikou, China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 232617^T indicated the highest similarity with Micromonospora siamensis TT2-4^T (99.05%), Micromonospora krabiensis A-2^T (98.99%) and Micromonospora carbonacea DSM 43815^T (98.91%). The gyrB gene sequence analysis also indicated that 232617^T should be assigned to the genus Micromonospora. The cell wall contains meso-DAP and glycine. The major menaquinones were MK-10(H₄) and MK-10(H₆), with MK-9(H₄) as minor components. The characteristic whole-cell sugars are xylose, arabinose and glucose. The phospholipid profile comprises phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidlglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The DNA G+C content is 71.5 mol%. Furthermore, a combination of DNA–DNA relatedness and some physiological and biochemical properties indicated that the novel strain could be readily distinguished from the closest related species. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strain 232617^T represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora haikouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 232617^T (= CCTCC AA 201112 ^T = DSM 45626 ^T).     

Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis sp. nov., isolated from Hirudo medicinalis

A Gram-negative, coccoid shaped bacterium isolated from the outer surface of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis was characterized. The 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that the bacterium was closely related to species of the genus Luteolibacter. Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis was the most closely related species (94.6 % sequence similarity), followed by Luteolibacter luojiensis (93.4 %) and Luteolibacter algae (93.3 %). Chemotaxonomic data (major ubiquinone: MK-9; major polar lipids: phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol; and major fatty acids: iso-C_14:0, C_16:0, iso-C_16:1, and anteiso-C_15:0) supported the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Luteolibacter. DNA–DNA hybridizations with the type strain of L. pohnpeiensis was 31 % (reciprocal value 30 %). A phenotypic differentiation of strain E100^T from L. pohnpeiensis and the other Luteolibacter species was possible by several physiological tests. We conclude Strain E100^T represents a novel species, for which we propose the name Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis sp. nov. with the type strain E100^T (=CCM 8400^T = LMG 26924^T).     

Arthrobacter terrae sp. nov., a psychrophilic actinobacterium with multi copies of capA gene isolated from Antarctic soil

A Gram-staining-positive, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated, ellipsoidal, strain Z1-20 ^T belonging to the genus Arthrobacter was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Zhongshan station, Antarctic. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain Z1-20 ^T formed a unique single cluster in the genus Arthrobacter and shared high 16S rRNA sequence similarities of 97.1% and 96.9% with A. glacialis HLT2-12-2 ^T and A. psychrochitiniphilus GP3^T, respectively. Values of Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) between strain Z1-20 ^T against A. glacialis HLT2-12-2 ^T and A. psychrochitiniphilus GP3^T were 20.3% and 13.8%, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) score between strain Z1-20 ^T against A. glacialis HLT2-12-2 ^T and A. psychrochitiniphilus GP3^T were 72.5% and 72.1%, respectively. Genes for the synthesis of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine and higher copies of capA gene encoding cold shock protein were found in genome of Z1-20 ^T that may help Z1-20 ^T in cold-adaptation. Strain Z1-20 ^T comprised lysine as the diagnostic diamino acid. Based on the results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic features, strain Z1-20 ^T represents a novel species of a novel taxon of genus Arthrobacter, for which the name Arthrobacter terrae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

     

Sediminihabitans luteus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cellulomonadaceae isolated from sea sediment

Two novel Gram-positive actinobacteria, designated H97-3^T and H83-5, were isolated from marine sediment samples and their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. Both strains formed vegetative hyphae in the early phase of growth but the hyphae eventually fragmented into coccoid cells. The peptidoglycan type was found to be A4α. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H₄), and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, anteiso-C_17:0 and C_16:0. The DNA G+C content was 74.0–74.9 mol %. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that strains H97-3^T and H83-5 represented novel members of the family Cellulomonadaceae. Their nearest phylogenetic neighbours were the members of the genus Oerskovia, with a similarity of 98.3–98.4 %. However, strains H97-3^T and H83-5 were distinguishable from the members of the genus Oerskovia and the other genera of the family Cellulomonadaceae in terms of chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. The result of the DNA–DNA hybridization indicated that strains H97-3^T and H83-5 belonged to the same species. Therefore, strains H97-3^T and H83-5 represent a novel genus and species of the family Cellulomonadaceae, for which the name Sediminihabitans luteus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of S. lutes is H97-3^T (=NBRC 108568^T = DSM 25478^T).     

Desulfolutivibrio sulfoxidireducens gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a pyrite-forming enrichment culture and reclassification of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans as Desulfolutivibrio sulfodismutans comb. nov

Two strains of sulfate-reducing bacteria (J.5.4.2-L4.2.8^T and J.3.6.1-H7) were isolated from a pyrite-forming enrichment culture and were compared phylogenetically and physiologically to the closest related type strain Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans DSM 3696^T. The isolated strains were vibrio-shaped, motile rods that stained Gram-negative. Growth occurred from 15 to 37 °C and within a pH range of 6.5–8.5. Both strains used sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfite, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as electron acceptor when grown with lactate. Lactate was incompletely oxidized to acetate. Formate and H₂ were used as electron donor in the presence of acetate. Dismutation of thiosulfate and pyrosulfite was observed. The two new isolates differed from D. sulfodismutans by the utilization of DMSO as electron acceptor, 82% genome-wide average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 32% digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), thus representing a novel species. The type strain of the type species Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Essex6^T revealed merely 88% 16S rRNA gene identity and 49% genome-wide average amino acid identity (AAI) to the new isolates as well as to D. sulfodismutans. Furthermore, the dominance of menaquinone MK-7 over MK-6 and the dominance of ai-C_15:0 fatty acids were observed not only in the two new isolated strains but also in D. sulfodismutans. Therefore, the definition of a new genus is indicated for which the name Desulfolutivibrio is proposed. We propose for strains J.5.4.2-L4.2.8^T and J.3.6.1-H7 the name Desulfolutivibrio sulfoxidireducens gen. nov. sp. nov. with strain J.5.4.2-L4.2.8^T defined as type strain. In addition, we propose the reclassification of Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans as Desulfolutivibrio sulfodismutans comb. nov.     

Paraherbaspirillum soli gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from soil

A bacterial strain, designated JS5-2^T, was isolated from soil collected from Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strain were Gram-negative, nonspore forming, catalase- and oxidase-positive, aerobic, nonmotile and rod-shaped. Strain JS5-2^T exhibited 96.2–97.2, 95.1–96.3, and 95.4–95.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the genera Herbaspirillum, Oxalicibacterium, and Herminiimonas, respectively. The highest sequence similarities were with Herbaspirillum autotrophicum IAM 14942^T (97.2%) and Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30^T (97.1%). The major fatty acids of strain JS5-2^T were C_16:0 (35.0%), C_17:0 cyclo (19.9%), C_18:1 ω7c (11.4%), and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_15:0 iso 2-OH) (15.2%), and the major polar lipids of strain JS5-2^T were diphosphatidylglycerol and an unknown aminophospholipid. The strain contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain JS5-2^T and H. autotrophicum IAM 14942^T, and H. frisingense GSF30^T were 32 and 35%, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain JS5-2^T was 59.0 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, and physiological evidence, strain JS5-2^T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Paraherbaspirillum soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain JS5-2^T (=KACC 12633^T =NBRC 106496^T) is proposed.     

Microbotryozyma collariae gen. nov., sp. nov., a basidiomycetous yeast isolated from a plant bug Collaria oleosa (Miridae)

Two strains of a basidiomycetous yeast were derived from an insect trypanosomatid culture isolated from the intestine of a plant bug, Collaria oleosa (Heteroptera: Miridae), collected in Costa Rica. The yeast did not form ballistoconidia but reproduced only by budding. Teliospores were not observed in individual and crossed cultures of each strain. Morphological and other taxonomic characteristics of the yeast were similar to those of the species in the polyphyletic genus Rhodotorula. However, molecular phylogeny inferred from the internal transcribed spacers and D1/D2 region of the large subunit rRNA gene showed that the strains represent a new species placed among the smut fungi in the family Ustilentylomataceae, which includes Aurantiosporium subnitens, Fulvisporium restifaciens, Ustilentyloma fluitans, and Rhodotorula hordea. Given the well distinguished phylogenetic position of this novel species within the Ustilentylomataceae, we propose Microbotryozyma collariae gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate the yeast isolated from C. oleosa, with strain American Type Culture Collection MYA-4666^T (= PRA303-1S = CBS 12537) designated as the type strain.     

Description of four novel species of Xenorhabdus, family Enterobacteriaceae: Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp. nov

The taxonomic affiliation was determined for four Xenorhabdus strains isolated from four Steinernema hosts from different countries. As compared to the five validly described Xenorhabdus species, i.e., X. nematophila, X. japonica, X. beddingii, X. bovienii and X. poinarii, these isolates represented novel species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and riboprint patterns, as well as by physiological and metabolic properties. They were named Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., type strain DSM 16342^T, isolated from Steinernema bicornutum; Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., type strain DSM 16337^T, isolated from Steinernema serratum; Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., type strain DSM 16336^T isolated from Steinernema scapterisci; and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp. nov., type strain DSM 16338^T, isolated from Steinernema rarum.     

Nocardioides soli sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from a mountain soil

Strain SR-1^T, a Gram-positive, strictly-aerobic, short-rod shaped, non-motile bacterium, was isolated from a mountain soil collected in Seoul Women’s University in South Korea. Growth occurred between 15 and 37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0–2 % NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SR-1^T belongs to the genus Nocardioides and is closely related to Nocardioides simplex KCTC 9106^T (96.8 %), Nocardioides caeni MN8^T (96.7 %), Nocardioides aromaticivorans H-1^T (96.6 %), and Nocardioides kongijuensis A2-4^T (96.6 %). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain SR-1^T possesses MK-8(H₄) as predominant menaquinone, ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as predominant polar lipids and iso-C_16:0, 10-methyl-C_18:0, and C_18:1 ω9c are major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of the strain SR-1^T was 72.4 mol%. Based on polyphasic evidence, strain SR-1^T (= KEMC 9004-134^T = JCM 19684^T) should be classified as the type strain of a novel Nocardioides species, for which the name Nocardioides soli sp. nov. is proposed.