C3、C4和C3-C4中间型植物的进化

介绍了有关C3、C4和C3-C4中间型植物进化的形态学、生理学、分子生物学、遗传学等方面的证据;推断地球上首先出现C3植物,然后是C3-C4中间类型植物,最后出现C4植物.     

C4 polymorphism in the dog: Molecular heterogeneity of the C4α and C4γ subunit chains

Using an immunoblotting technique and goat antihuman C4, we observed five distinct electrophoretic variants of C4 in a panel of 60 random dogs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of immunoprecipitated C4 showed that dog C4 is composed of three polypeptide subunit chains (, , and ) and that structural variability occurs within the - and -chain regions. Two distinct molecular weight forms of both the C4- ( _A and _B) and C4-( _A and _B) chain were detected. The variant forms of C4 and C4 were found in association with particular C4 allotypes.     

C4植物的光呼吸

自50年代 Decker 发现光呼吸后的一段时间里,有些学者认为 C_4植物是非光呼吸型的。70年代以后,越来越多的人证明 C_4植物是有光呼吸的。本文报道我们近年来对 C_4植物光呼吸测定的结果。     

Molecular properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from C3, C3−C4 intermediate,and C4 Flaveria species

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) from Flaveria trinervia Mohr (C₄), F. floridana Johnston (C₃–C₄), and F. cronquistii Powell (C₃) leaves were compared by electrotransfer blotting/enzyme-linked immunoassay (Western-blot analysis), mobility of the native enzyme in polyacrylamide gels and in isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels, peptide mapping, and in-vitro translation of RNA isolated from each plant. The PEPCases from the C₃ and C₃–C₄ plants were very similar to each other in terms of electrophoretic mobilities on gels and isoenzyme patterns on IEF gels, and identical in peptide mapping. Quantitative differences were noted, however, in that the C₃–C₄ intermediate plant contained more PEPCase overall and that the relative activity of individual isoenzymes shifted between the C₃ and C₃–C₄ intermediate PEPCases. The PEPCase from the C₄ plant had a different isoenzyme pattern, a different peptide map, and was far more abundant than the other two enzymes. Western blot analysis demonstrated the cross-reactivity of PEPCases from all three Flaveria species with antibody raised against maize PEPCase. The results provide evidence, at the molecular level, that supports the view of C₃–C₄ intermediate species as C₃-like plants with some C₄-like photosynthetic characteristics, but there are differences from the C₃ plant in the quantity and properties of the PEPCase from the C₃–C₄ intermediate plant.Abbreviations IEF isoelectric focusing - kDa kilodalton - PEPCase phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - Rubisco Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase     

C3植物中C4途径的研究进展

综述了C3植物中C4途径的发现及研究现状;阐述了C3植物中C4途径的几种作用机理;根据C3植物中C4途径的存在,探讨了改造C3植物的遗传特性;并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

如何快速鉴别C3与C4植物

在农业实践和科学研究中经常需要知道某种植物是C_3植物还是C_4植物,例如在干旱少雨的地区种植C_4作物就易获得较高的产量;用甲醇喷洒植物能使植物增产,但这种技术只适用于C_3植物而不适用于C_4植物等。从理论上讲,C_3植物光合作用固定CO_2的最初产物是三碳的3—磷酸甘油酸,C_4植物光合作用固定CO_2的最初产物是四碳的苹果酸或天冬氨酸。我们在研究农田杂草光合碳同化途径时,摸索了一些快速区分C_3植物与C_4植物的经验,介绍如下。 从植物进化方面区分 我们知道,C_3植物较原始,C_4植物较进化,实际上较原始的蕨类植物和裸子植物就没有C_4植物,只有较进化     

C3植物中C4途径的研究进展

综述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的发现及研究现状：阐述了Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的几种作用机理;根据Ｃ３植物中Ｃ４途径的存在,探讨了改造Ｃ３植物的遗传特性;并展望了这一领域的研究前景。     

C3和C4植物的氮素利用效率

Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４植物的氮素利用效率何新华,ＡｎｎＯａｋｓ,李明启（云南师范大学生物系,昆明６５００９２）（圭尔夫大学植物系,加拿大ＮＩＧ２Ｗ１）（华南农业大学农业生物系,广州５１０６４２）关键词Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４植物,ＮＯ吸收与积累,硝酸还原酶酶蛋白,硝酸...     

Ecotypic differences in the C3 and C4 photosynthetic activity in Mollugo verticillata,a C3−C4 intermediate

Four populations of Mollugo verticillata L. were compared on the basis of their photosynthetic products, photosynthetic rates, enhancement under low oxygen concentration, and CO₂ compensation points. In addition, pulse-chase labeling experiments were conducted using one of the four populations. Depending on the plant population, C₄ acids ranged from 40% to 11% of the primary products under short-term exposure to ¹⁴CO₂. These compounds were also metabolized during pulse-chase experiments. All four populations had significantly different photosynthetic rates and those rates were correlated with the amounts of labelled C₄ acids produced and C₄-acid turnover. Three populations of M. verticillata had similar compensation points (40 l/l) and degrees of photosynthetic enhancement under low [O₂] (20%), the fourth population was much lower in both characteristics (CO₂ compensation, 25 l/l; low-O₂ enhancement, 12%). The results verify the intermediate nature of photosynthesis in this species, and illustrate populational differences in its photosynthetic and photorespiratory carbon metabolism.Abbreviations PGA 3-phosphoglyceric acid - Kan Kansas - Mass Massachusetts - Mex Mexico     

C4途径教学的探讨

从能量转换角度来看,光合过程中的碳同化乃是将ATP和NADPH中活跃的化学能转换为储存在糖类中稳定化学能的过程.从物质生产角度来看,占植物干重90%以上的有机物都是通过碳同化转化而来的.     

C3和C4禾本科作物的氮素利用效率

Ｃ＿３和Ｃ＿４禾本科作物的氮素利用效率何新华安·奥克斯（云南师范大学生命科学系,昆明６５００９２）（加拿大圭尔夫大学植物系圭尔夫ＮｌＧ．ＺＡ１）李明启（华南农业大学农业生物系广州５１０６４２）ＴＨＥＥＦＦＣＩＥＮＣＹＯＦＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＵＴＩＬＩＺＡ...     

C3和C4植物的氮素利用机制

提高植物的氮素利用效率(NUE)不仅有利于保障全球粮食安全, 也是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。近半个世纪以来, 植物氮素利用机理研究已取得重要进展, 但NUE的调控机制仍不明确, NUE的提高仍然十分有限。高等植物集光合碳素同化和氮素同化于一体, 只有碳氮代谢相互协调, 才能维持植物体内的碳氮平衡, 保证植物正常生长发育。由于C₃和C₄植物的光合氮素利用率(PNUE)存在差异, 对氮素的利用效率也会存在差异。为了更有效地提高作物的NUE, 须更全面地了解C₃和C₄植物对氮素吸收、转运、同化和信号转导等关键因子的功能和调控机制。此外, 面对大气CO₂浓度增高和全球气候变暖条件下的植物碳氮同化及其机理的研究也不容忽视。该文综述了C₃和C₄植物氮素利用关键因素的差异及其调控机制, 并对提高C₃禾本科作物氮素利用效率的遗传改良途径进行了展望。     

Interspecific variation in assimilation of 14CO2 into C4 acids by leaves of C3, C4 and C3−C4 intermediate Flaveria species near the CO2 compensation concentration

The assimilation of ¹⁴CO₂ into the C₄ acids malate and aspartate by leaves of C₃, C₄ and C₃–C₄ intermediate Flaveria species was investigated near the CO₂ compensation concentration ^* in order to determine the potential role of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) in reducing photorespiration in the intermediates. Relative to air concentrations of CO₂, the proportion of CO₂ fixed by PEP carboxylase at ^* increased in all six C₃–C₄ intermediate species examined. However, F. floridana J.R. Johnston and F. ramosissima Klatt were shown to be markedly less responsive to reduced external CO₂, with only about a 1.6-fold enhancement of CO₂ assimilation by PEP carboxylase, as compared to a 3.0- to 3.7-fold increase for the other C₃–C₄ species examined, namely, F. linearis Lag., F. anomala B.L. Robinson, F. chloraefolia A. Gray and F. pubescens Rydb. The C₃ species F. pringlei Gandoger and F. cronquistii A.M. Powell exhibited a 1.5- and 2.9-fold increase in labeled malate and aspartate, respectively, at ^*. Assimilation of CO₂ by PEP carboxylase in the C₄ species F. trinervia (Spreng.) C. Mohr, F. australasica Hook., and the C₄-like species F. brownii A.M. Powell was relatively insensitive to subatmospheric levels of CO₂. The interspecific variation among the intermediate Flaverias may signify that F. floridana and F. ramosissima possess a more C₄-like compartmentation of PEP carboxylase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) between the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. Chasing recently labeled malate and aspartate with ¹²CO₂ for 5 min at ^* resulted in an apparent turnover of 25% and 30% of the radiocarbon in these C₄ acids for F. ramosissima and F. floridana, respectively. No substantial turnover was detected for F. linearis, F. anomala, F. chloraefolia or F. pubescens. With the exception of F. floridana and F. ramosissima, it is unlikely that enhanced CO₂ fixation by PEP carboxylase at the CO₂ compensation concentration is a major mechanism for reducing photorespiration in the intermediate Flaveria species. Moreover, these findings support previous related ¹⁴CO₂-labeling studies at air-levels of CO₂ which indicated that F. floridana and F. ramosissima were more C₄-like intermediate species. This is further substantiated by the demonstration that F. floridana PEP carboxylase, like the enzyme in C₄ plants, undergoes a substantial activation (2.2-fold) upon illuminating dark-adapted green leaves. In contrast, light activation was not observed for the enzyme in F. linearis or F. chloraefolia.Abbreviations and symbols PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - Rubisco ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - CO₂ compensation concentration - ^* a subatmospheric level of CO₂ approximating Published as Paper No. 8832, Journal Series, Nebraska Agricultural Research Division     

海南具C4、C3解剖特征的禾本科植物

为了充分认识海南地区现有禾本科植物的光合途径类型,为该地区禾本科植物的种质资源学、生理生态学研究提供可靠的资料,通过调查并收集整理海南禾本科牧草种质资源,以C3、C4植物在解剖结构上的差异为基础,利用石蜡制片技术鉴定海南禾本科植物光合途径的类型。结果表明,在224份研究材料中,有189种禾草属于C4光合类型,35种禾草属于C3光合类型,分别占禾草种数的84%和16%,说明该区域禾草以高光效的C4类型为主。     

Short-term carbon-isotope discrimination in C3−C4 intermediate species

Short-term discrimination in assimilation of stable isotopes of carbon was measured for leaves of the C₃ speciesPhaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Hawkesbury Wonder andFlaveria pringlei Gandoger, the C₄ speciesAmaranthus edulis Speg., and the C₃–C₄ intermediate speciesPanicum milioides Nees ex. Trin,Flaveria floridana Johnson, andFlaveria anomala B.L. Robinson. Discriminations in the C₃ and C₄ species were similar to those expected from theoretical considerations. When ambient CO₂ pressure was 330 bar the mean discriminations in the C₃ species andPanicum milioides were similar, whereas the mean discriminations inF. floridana andF. anomala were less than discrimination in C₃ species andPanicum milioides. When ambient CO₂ pressure was 100 bar the mean discriminations inPanicum milioides andF. anomala were greater, and that inF. floridana was less, than that inPhaseolus vulgaris. We conclude that the pattern of discrimination inPanicum milioides is consistent with the presence of a glycine shuttle; inF. floridana andF. anomala, discrimination is consistent with the presence of a C₄ pathway coupled with the operation of a glycine shuttle.Abbreviations and symbols PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - Rubisco ribulose, 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39) - p _a ambient CO₂ pressure - p _i intercellular CO₂ pressure - carbon-isotope discrimination - carbonisotope composition relative to PeeDee Belemnite