有机相脂肪酶催化合成乙酸肉桂酯

对有机相中酶法催化合成乙酸肉桂酯的转酯化反应进行研究。结果发现:Candida anatarctic脂肪酶(Novozyme435)、根霉脂肪酶(Rhizopus niveus lipase)和荧光假单胞菌脂肪酶(Pseudomonas fluore lipase)均有较好的催化活性。同时考察各反应参数(温度、反应溶剂、体系水活度、酰化剂类型、肉桂醇与酰化剂摩尔比、肉桂醇浓度等)对脂肪酶Novozyme435合成乙酸肉桂酯反应的影响,确定了反应体系最优工艺条件:在10 mL甲基叔丁基醚中,肉桂醇200 mmol/L,n(肉桂醇)∶n(乙酸乙烯酯)=1∶1.5,初始水活度αw=0.84,温度35℃,酶加量0.02 g,反应3 h后肉桂醇转化率可达到99%,产物经质谱(MS)鉴定。固定化酶经过10个批次反应,反应转化率都保持在90%以上。     

脂肪酶协同催化猪油合成生物柴油工艺研究

探讨了以乙酸甲酯为酰基受体两种脂肪酶协同催化猪油转酯合成生物柴油的工艺条件。首先利用单因子试验确定2种固定化脂肪酶Novozym435、Lipozyme TLIM单独作为催化剂时的最佳酶用量为40％,反应温度为50℃,乙酸甲酯用量为14（相对于油的摩尔比）。在此基础上,采用3因素5水平和3个中心点的中心组分旋转设计法研究了上述2种脂肪酶协同使用时脂肪酶用量（g/g）、混合酶的配比（%/%）以及乙酸甲酯用量诸因素共同作用对转酯反应转化率的影响。优化后的反应条件为：总酶用量为40％,混合酶配比为50/50,乙酸甲酯用量为14,在该条件下甲酯得率可达97.6％,比同质量的Novozym435、Lipozyme TLIM的催化活性分别高出7.6％、22.3％。表明脂肪酶协同催化猪油合成生物柴油工艺可以较好地提高甲酯得率,并且节约生产成本。     

超声辅助酶促合成丙二酸单对硝基苄酯

为了研究超声对固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435催化合成丙二酸单对硝基苄酯反应的影响。对超声辅助酶促酯化反应条件进行了优化,确定最佳反应条件:以甲苯为溶剂,固定化脂肪酶Novozym 435质量浓度为3.0 g/L,对硝基苄醇质量浓度为4.0 g/L,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为5 h,超声声强为0.8 W/cm2,超声频率为20 k Hz,丙二酸单对硝基苄酯收率为89.7%。与振荡水浴条件相比,超声辅助酶催化反应能强化传质,在反应温度降低15℃,时间缩短3 h和固定化酶浓度减少1.5 g/L的同时,产物收率增加了18.2%。超声作用下,Novozym 435重复使用性能较佳,应用于酯化反应8次后,丙二酸单对硝基苄酯收率为69.3%。     

微环境对脂肪酶催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯立体选择性氨解的影响*

系统研究了反应介质、水活度、温度、pH等因素对脂肪酶Novozym435催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯立体选择性氨解反应的影响。以正己烷为反应介质,酶表现出较高的催化活性和对映体选择性;适宜的反应温度为25℃～35℃;最适反应体系初始水活度为0.33;较适宜的pH范围为6～7。     

儿茶素单体EGCG酶法修饰研究及其产物抗氧化活性评价

利用Novozym 435脂肪酶在非水介质中催化儿茶素单体EGCG(表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯)的酶促酰化反应,以增加EGCG的脂溶性。探讨了溶剂种类、水活度、加酶量、反应时间、反应温度、酰基供体等条件对酰化反应的影响。借助液质联用仪及红外光谱仪对合成产物进行鉴定,表明在叔戊醇体系中,脂肪酶可催化EGCG与丁酸乙烯酯的反应,酰化后EGCG主体结构不变,其分子中引入了四碳链的烷基。对修饰后EGCG抗氧化活性的评价表明:在相同的添加量下,酶修饰EGCG活性略低于未改性EGCG,但是清除DPPH·、O-·2自由基能力总体高于TBHQ、维生素C,清除·OH自由基能力低于TBHQ,高于维生素C。     

脂肪酶YCJ01拆分对位取代α-苯乙醇

利用脂肪酶YCJ01催化拆分对位取代α-苯乙醇衍生物。以异丙醚为反应介质,采用乙酸乙烯酯作为酰基供体,对180 mmol/L的1-(4-甲基苯基)乙醇进行选择性酯化,脂肪酶粗酶粉添加量为5 g/L,50℃反应21 h后,底物转化率可达49.96%,对映体过量值e.e.s、e.e.p值分别为97.1%和97.2%,对映体选择性E200;同样,对1-(4-甲氧基苯基)乙醇进行选择性酯化,酰基供体为丁酸乙烯酯,底物浓度150 mmol/L,脂肪酶粗酶粉添加量为2.5g/L,30℃反应12 h后,底物转化率为49.8%,e.e.s、e.e.p值分别为97.7%和98.4%,对映体选择性E200,显示了很好的手性拆分效果。     

固定化脂肪酶催化毛棉籽油制备生物柴油

研究了固定化脂肪酶Lipozyme TL IM和Novozym435催化毛棉籽油和乙酸甲酯制备生物柴油的过程。通过向反应体系中添加甲醇,可减少乙酸的抑制,明显提高生物柴油得率,确定最佳反应条件为:正己烷作溶剂,乙酸甲酯与油摩尔比9:1,添加油重3%的甲醇、油重10%的LipozymeTLIM和5%的Novozym435复合使用,温度55°C,反应8h,生物柴油得率达到91.83%。最后探索了酶催化毛棉籽油合成生物柴油的动力学,得到动力学方程。     

微水相脂肪酶催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯立体选择性氨解反应

从4种不同来源的脂肪酶,2种不同来源的蛋白酶中筛选出了具有较高活性和对映体选择性的能催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯氨解反应的脂肪酶Novozym 435。进一步探讨了氨源、酶浓度、底物等因素对该酶反应的影响。结果表明,在优化条件下,氨解反应6h,转化率为51.6%,残留底物中（－）－乙酸甲基苯甲酯对映体过剩值可达99％以上。     

微环境对脂肪酶催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯立体选择性氨解的影响

系统研究了反应介质、水活度、温度、pH等因素对脂肪酶Novozym435催化乙酸甲基苯甲酯立体选择性氨解反应的影响。以正已烷为反应介质,酶表现出较高的催化活性和对映体选择性;适宜的反应温度为25℃～35℃;最适反应体系初始水活度为0.33;较适宜的pH范围为6～7。     

硬脂酸和月桂酸在Novozym 435催化下对芦丁酯化及分子筛对酯化率的影响

为了增加芦丁的脂溶性从而使其具有更优秀的抗氧化活性,以硬脂酸和月桂酸为酰基供体,在脂肪酶Novozym 435催化下对芦丁选择性酯化.经色谱柱提纯,得到两种带不同长度烃基的芦丁脂肪酸酯.用红外光谱和核磁共振波谱对芦丁硬脂酸进行了结构鉴定,表明该类酯化物的酯化反应位为鼠李糖的C4′″位羟基.以高效液相色谱监测酯化反应进程,分子筛添加时间对酯化率的研究结果显示,分子筛对酯化率和反应速率有提高的作用.分子筛添加时间对酯化率有影响.对于硬脂酸为酰基供体的情况,反应24h后添加分子筛的酯化反应可以得到最大的酯化转化率46%.以月桂酸为酰基供体的酯化反应,反应11 h后添加分子筛可以得到最大的酯化转化率64.5%.     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.