采用多种抗原测定静注人免疫球蛋白(pH4)中抗体Fc段生物学活性的初探

目的初步探讨采用多种抗原测定静注人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)(pH4)中抗体的Fc段生物学活性,了解IVIG中抗体的Fc段生物学活性。方法采用补体活化的经典途径中免疫复合物激活补体的方法,将不同浓度的麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、破伤风类毒素、脑膜炎球菌P64k外膜蛋白和白喉类毒素6种抗原分别致敏人O型血红细胞形成红细胞-抗原结合物;然后,6种致敏红细胞分别与IVIG孵育,与特异性抗体形成红细胞-抗原-抗体复合物;最后,此复合物与补体反应,在541 nm波长处读取吸光值,并绘制溶血反应动力学曲线,分别计算IVIG中针对上述6种抗原IgG的Fc段生物学活性。采用此方法,用6种抗原致敏的红细胞测定IVIG的Fc段生物学活性10次,验证此方法的重复性。结果麻疹病毒、风疹病毒、HBsAg、破伤风类毒素和脑膜炎球菌P64k外膜蛋白致敏的红细胞分别与供试品和补体反应后,测定的溶血反应动力学曲线较平缓,而白喉类毒素致敏的红细胞与供试品和补体反应后,测定的溶血反应动力学曲线下降明显,呈典型的"S"型曲线。计算结果显示,IVIG中针对此六种抗原的抗体Fc段生物学活性相对于参考品均大于80%。Fc段生物学检测方法重复性较好。结论采用多种抗原分别致敏红细胞,可以用来检测IVIG中多种抗体的Fc段生物学活性,为深入了解IVIG制品中的多种抗体的Fc段生物学活性奠定了基础。     

不同多糖对史氏鲟非特异性免疫反应的影响

本文旨在探讨注射不同多糖后史氏鲟非特异性免疫反应的差异。分别将4种不同来源的多糖（壳聚糖、水苏糖、酵母聚糖和米糠脂多糖）腹腔注射到史氏鲟体内,注射9d后,观测血液中淋巴细胞α－醋酸萘酯酶（α－naphthyl acetate esterase,ANAE）阳性率、血清溶菌活性（Bacteriolytic activity）和血清旁路补体途径溶血活性（ACP hemolytic activity）。结果显示壳聚糖（Chitosan）在几种多糖中免疫刺激作用最强。壳聚糖组与对照组相比,所有的免疫指标活性均有显著提高。壳聚糖组ANAE活性和溶菌活性与其他实验组相比也有显著提高。水苏糖（Stachyose）组、酵母多糖（Yeast polysaccharide）组和脂多糖（LPSR）组与对照相比血清旁路补体途径溶血活性增强,而对ANAE活性和溶菌活性没有显著影响。     

利用PCR-RFLP检测中国荷斯坦牛遗传缺陷——瓜氨酸血症

瓜氨酸血症(Citrullinemia)是荷斯坦牛尿素循环发生代谢紊乱的一种常染色体隐性遗传缺陷。精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶基因外显子5发生突变(C-T)对这一紊乱负责。本研究应用PCR-RFLP方法和DNA测序技术检测济南市周边120头荷斯坦母牛和山东奥克斯生物技术有限公司种公牛站50头荷斯坦公牛的精氨酸琥珀酸合成酶基因外显子5。结果发现,所检测的公牛未发现瓜氨酸血症突变基因携带者,母牛中有2头为携带者,携带频率为1.18%。     

一株产凝集素的三叶半夏内生真菌的研究

研究三叶半夏内生真菌及其凝集素,旨在为半夏内生真菌及其凝集素的开发利用提供依据。对三叶半夏块茎内生真菌分离、纯化,液体发酵培养代谢产物,无水乙醇提取总蛋白,兔血红细胞检测其凝集活性,筛选出菌株gs1,其总蛋白对兔血红细胞凝集活性显著。使用甘露聚糖-Sepharose 4B亲和层析柱纯化菌株gs1总蛋白,得到凝集素。Brandford法定量检测分析表明,1000 ml gs1发酵培养液中含有9.58 mg 凝集素。SDS-PAGE 电泳分析显示该凝集素为单一条带,分子量约为12 kDa。凝集活性实验表明,该凝集素对兔、大鼠和小鼠的血红细胞具有凝集作用,对兔血红细胞效果最显著;而对人（A＼B＼O＼AB型）和鸡的血红细胞无凝集作用。糖结合活性实验表明,甘露糖对该凝集素的凝集活性具有抑制作用。通过初步分类鉴定,菌株gs1为半知菌亚门,丝孢纲,丛梗孢目,丛梗孢科,曲霉属。     

A、C、Y、W135群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体血清体外杀菌试验方法优化

目的进一步优化脑膜炎奈瑟菌的血清抗体特异性体外杀菌试验,建立更加标准的A、C、W135、Y群脑膜炎奈瑟菌血清杀菌试验(serum bactericidal assay,SBA)方法,并验证其可行性及稳定性。方法 (1)用经典溶血方法测定补体活性,并根据非特异性杀菌率(non-specific killing rates,NSK)筛选出最佳试验补体;(2)对影响最终菌落数的关键因素,如靶菌起始浓度、培养基、染色剂浓度等进行优化;(3)根据质控血清的测定结果,确定补体最佳稀释比例和孵育时间;(4)对优化后的方法进行准确性、线性和精密度验证。结果补体选用Pel-freez-11536,溶血活性约为400 U/m L,除C血清群靶菌孵育时间需在45 min以内,其余血清群靶菌NSK均≤25%;对数期A、C、W135、Y血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌做靶菌的最佳起始浓度为A600 nm的菌液分别稀释10~5、10~5×2、10~5×4、10~5×4倍;4种血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌在BHI+0.5%血平板培养基上生长正常,且培养基颜色较浅,染色效果较明显;4种血清群靶菌的染色剂TTC最佳添加量均为0.001%;补体最佳用量为1∶3稀释,活性单位约133 U/m L;最佳孵育时间除C血清群为45 min外,其余血清群均以60 min为宜;优化后的方法测定质控血清的稀释倍数与对应的SBA滴度呈显著负相关,斜率在-1.1~-0.9之间,Pearson相关系数在-1.0~-0.9之间,P0.001,多次试验的CV均15%。结论对传统的SBA方法进行了优化,建立了更具有可比性、重复性较好的简单、可行、稳定的SBA方法。     

虹鳟补体活化调节因子CD46的分子特征及功能

为进一步研究硬骨鱼类中补体活化调节因子的分子特征和功能,研究克隆了虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的CD46基因,对其分子特征进行了系统分析,结果显示:虹鳟CD46基因由10个外显子和9个内含子组成,cDNA序列全长2812 bp,编码317个氨基酸,蛋白序列由1个信号肽、4个SCR结构域、1个跨膜区和1个胞内区组成,预测分子量为33.9 kD。基因组共线性分析显示,虹鳟CD46基因位于16号染色体,其基因座在脊椎动物中具有保守的共线性。组织和白细胞亚群表达分析显示,虹鳟CD46基因在各种组织和白细胞亚群中均有表达。为了进一步阐明虹鳟CD46的免疫功能,研究原核表达纯化了标签蛋白GST和融合蛋白GST-CD46。溶血活性实验表明,与GST相比, GST-CD46能够显著抑制虹鳟血清对兔红细胞的溶血活性,且呈现剂量依赖效应,表明虹鳟CD46是补体活化的调节因子。此外,研究用HEK293T细胞过表达了GFP和GFP-CD46。细胞损伤实验显示,与GFP相比, GFP-CD46能够显著抑制虹鳟血清对HEK293T细胞的损伤,进一步表明虹鳟CD46是补体活化的调节因子,能够保护细...     

补体与红细胞膜的结合作用

被激活的补体3(C_3),能与红细胞膜结合;C_(3b)与红细胞膜形成的复合物,又激活一系列补体(C_5-C_9),使细胞溶解。有些溶血性疾病与此种补体溶血有关。我们实验曾证明,阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症(PNH)红细胞对补体溶血敏感。为了探讨PNH补体溶血反应的机理,我们曾用对唾液酸专一结合的鲎血凝集素处理PNH红细胞,表明它能降低补体溶血,并证明它与红细胞膜血型糖蛋白结合。看来鲎血凝集素可能影响红细胞膜与C_(3b)的结     

烧伤对兔血红细胞内游离氨基酸浓度的影响

动态观察烧伤兔血红细胞内游离氨基酸的代谢变化。以日立 835 - 5 0型氨基酸自动分析仪测定 30 %TBSA兔烧伤后 1、3、7、15和 2 0d血红细胞内游离氨基酸的含量。结果显示 ,烧伤后多数测试点红细胞内游离氨基酸不同程度降低 ;伤后 1天降低最显著 ;苏、丙、缬、组、精和脯氨酸伤后各个时间点降低 ,多数时间点显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 - 0 .0 1)。结果提示烧伤后红细胞内游离氨基酸依靠易化扩散参与全身氨基酸的再分布     

坛紫菜凝集素的糖结合专一性和细胞凝集作用

坛紫菜的磷酸盐缓冲液浸取液,经硫酸铵沉淀和DEAE－Sepharose,SephadexG-100二步层析纯化,获得纯化的坛紫菜凝集素（PHL）。该凝集素能与3种单糖（阿拉伯糖,半乳糖,木糖）及麦芽糖专一性结合,其中与麦芽糖结合最强。细胞凝集实验结果显示,PHL能凝集兔,绵羊及鸡红细胞而不能凝集鸭,鸽子及人血红细胞,PHL还能凝集海洋微藻－绿色巴夫藻和淡水微藻－蛋白核小球藻,它们的凝集活性与藻细胞密度有关。不同状态的细菌和酵母细胞对PHL反应不同,表明随着细胞状态的改变,细胞表面的凝集素受体也随之发生变化。     

鸡红细胞融合最适条件的探讨

目的:探讨快速、有效的细胞融合条件。方法:用鸡红细胞为材料,聚乙二醇(Mw=4000)为诱导剂,诱导鸡红细胞融合。结果:鸡红细胞融合的最适温度为39℃,最适时间为15min。结论:在该条件下,同时用Giemsa染液对融合细胞染色,实验观察效果明显。     

Presence and characterization of complement-like activity in the amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense

The humoral fluid of Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense was examined for the presence of complement-like activity. The humoral fluid showed hemolytic activity for rabbit erythrocytes and those from species representing mammals, birds, amphibians and fish, but not sensitized sheep erythrocytes. There was no relationship between phylogeny of the target erythrocytes and degree of hemolysis. The hemolytic activity was optimally assayed at 20 degrees C, at pH 7.5, and in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. The hemolytic activity was Mg2+-dependent and heat-sensitive, and was abrogated by treatment with rabbit anti-human C3 serum, zymosan, methylamine, hydrazine, and phenylmethylenesulfonyl fluoride. In addition, Western blotting and titration by turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) revealed that amphioxus humoral fluid contained C3 component, and its concentration is about 1.17 mg/ml, which is comparable to C3 concentration in human or dog sera. These suggest that the hemolytic activities displayed by amphioxus humoral fluid appear to represent the vertebrate complement system probably operating via the alternative pathway.     

Interactions of Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes with complement

Incubation of radioactively labeled parasitized (Plasmodium berghei) erythrocytes (PE) with adherent peritoneal exudate cells in the presence of 10% (v/v) fresh mouse serum (NMS) resulted in the uptake of a proportion of radioactive material (PE). Inactivation of the added serum by heat or zymosan treatment resulted in diminished uptake of radioactivity. These results suggest that PE activated complement. Incubation of fresh NMS with PE reduced the hemolytic complement level of the serum as shown by its subsequent decreased ability to lyse antibody-coated rabbit red blood cells. No such effect was found when uninfected erythrocytes from either infected or uninfected blood were preincubated with fresh NMS. Thus, PE or PE-derived material activated complement. Addition of EGTA during incubation of fresh NMS with PE did not inhibit the decrease in complement level. This indicated that complement was activated by the alternative pathway. Complement levels decreased even when fresh NMS and PE were incubated in the presence of EDTA (which inhibits both classical and alternative pathway activation), suggesting that a complement activating factor (or a complement inhibitor) was released from the PE. However, lysis of PE after incubation with either fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum did not occur unless anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody was added. The production of a complement-activating factor by PE might explain part of the decreasing complement levels during infection and might enable the parasite to escape from a complement-mediated defense mechanism of the host.     

Occurrence of hemolytic activity in the skin secretion of the caecilian siphonops paulensis.

The skin secretion of the caecilian Siphonops paulensis (SpSS) induces a time-and dose-dependent hemolytic response on red blood cells (RBC). When RBC from various animals species were subjected to the action of SpSS, a range of sensitivities was evident, sheep erythrocytes being the most susceptible, human, mouse and rabbit having moderate susceptibility, cow, snake and toad erythrocytes being more resistant, while S. paulensis RBC were entirely resistant. The hemolytic activity of SpSS was inhibited at temperatures higher than 60 degrees C. Both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-treated SpSS were ineffective in inducing RBC lysis. The treatment of SpSS with sheep RBC ghosts reduced its activity. There is no phospholipase activity in the SpSS.     

Comparative Studies of Antigens from Mycoplasma mycoides and Escherichia coli

Extracts of sonically disrupted Mycoplasma mycoides and Escherichia coli were fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The presence of antigen in each of the fractions was determined by complement-fixation and agar-gel diffusion precipitin tests, in which cow, pig, and rabbit anti-M. mycoides sera and rabbit anti-E. coli serum were used. Fractions of M. mycoides, with a buoyant density of 1.225 or lower, fixed complement with cow and pig anti-M. mycoides sera. These fractions also formed precipitin lines with pig antiserum. Fractions in the buoyant density range of 1.10 to 1.20 fixed complement with rabbit anti-E. coli serum, but precipitin lines were not formed. All E. coli fractions fixed complement and gave precipitin lines with homologous serum. But fractions in the buoyant density range of 1.10 to 1.20 had minimal complement fixation with heterologous M. mycoides sera. The cross-reacting antigens in M. mycoides and E. coli had a buoyant density of 1.10 to 1.20; the specific antigens were isolated from M. mycoides at a buoyant density of 1.08 to 1.02.     

Interactions of Plasmodium berghei-Infected Erythrocytes with Complement1

Incubation of radioactively labeled parasitized (Plasmodium berghei) erythrocytes (PE) with adherent peritoneal exudate cells in the presence of 10% (v/v) fresh mouse serum (NMS) resulted in the uptake of a proportion of radioactive material (PE). Inactivation of the added serum by heat or zymosan treatment resulted in diminished uptake of radioactivity. These results suggest that PE activated complement. Incubation of fresh NMS with PE reduced the hemolytic complement level of the serum as shown by its subsequent decreased ability to lyse antibody-coated rabbit red blood cells. No such effect was found when uninfected erythrocytes from either infected or uninfected blood were preincubated with fresh NMS. Thus, PE or PE-derived material activated complement. Addition of EGTA during incubation of fresh NMS with PE did not inhibit the decrease in complement level. This indicated that complement was activated by the alternative pathway. Complement levels decreased even when fresh NMS and PE were incubated in the presence of EDTA (which inhibits both classical and alternative pathway activation), suggesting that a complement activating factor (or a complement inhibitor) was released from the PE. However, lysis of PE after incubation with either fresh rabbit or guinea pig serum did not occur unless anti-mouse erythrocyte antibody was added. The production of a complement-activating factor by PE might explain part of the decreasing complement levels during infection and might enable the parasite to escape from a complement-mediated defense mechanism of the host.     

Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Leishmania promastigotes: parasite lysis and attachment to macrophages

When exposed to normal human or guinea pig sera, promastigotes of Leishmania enriettii and L. tropica activate the complement cascade by the alternative pathway and fix C3 on their surfaces. In high (25%) serum concentrations, the result of complement activation is parasite lysis. At lower concentrations (4%), complement fixation results in enhanced parasite binding and uptake into murine peritoneal macrophages. Parasites are lysed in normal guinea pig, C4-deficient guinea pig, normal human, and C2-deficient human sera when they are incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Fetal calf and normal mouse sera are poorly lytic. Lysis requires Mg++ but not Ca++, is mediated by heat labile (56 degrees C, 30 min) component(s), and does not occur when the incubations are maintained at 4 degrees C. Guinea pig serum preadsorbed with promastigotes of L. tropica in EDTA at 4 degrees C for 30 min is fully lytic. Immunofluorescence studies with anti-C3 antibodies show that under these conditions C3 is deposited on the surface of the parasite. The serum-dependent binding of parasites to macrophages is also mediated by heat-labile, nonadsorbable factor(s) present in normal guinea pig and mouse sera, as well as C2-deficient and C4-deficient sera. The serum-dependent macrophage recognition mechanism is trypsin sensitive but relatively resistant to chymotrypsin. Parasites but not macrophages can be presensitized at room temperature with low levels (8%) of serum to enhance their binding to macrophages. Presensitization does not occur at 4 degrees C. These results show that Leishmania promastigotes of several species can fix complement by activating the alternative complement pathway. This may then result either in parasite lysis or in an accelerated uptake of the parasite into phagocytic cells. In vivo, the biologic outcome of infection may reflect a balance between extracellular lysis and enhanced uptake into phagocytic cells.     

Activation of complement by Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula: killing of parasites by the alternative pathway and requirement of IgG for classical pathway activation.

Living Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula incubated with normal chicken, guinea pig, human, and monkey sera were killed after 4 hr contact at 37 degrees C. The following data indicate that this action is dependent on the activation of the alternative complement pathway (AP): a) the inactivity of RB, RD, and zymosan-treated serum against schistosomula; b) the partial activity of RD restored in FD; c) the full effect of the C4-deficient guinea pig, C2-deficient human, and the agammaglobulinemic human sera; d) the consumption of both the AP and FB after the incubation of NHS with schistosomula; e) the detection of C3d breakdown product during the contact of the C2-deficient human serum with these young parasites. Killing by serum was decreased as the immature schistosomes developed and was completely absent against 4-day-old lung schistosomula (LS). In other experiments, it was demonstrated that schistosomula, in the presence of IgG, were able to initiate complement activation also through the classical pathway (CP). However, the CP does not appear to play a role in the schistosomulicidal activity of complement. The in vivo relevance of these observations is considered.     

Guinea pig complement potently measures vibriocidal activity of human antibodies in response to cholera vaccines

The vibriocidal assay using guinea pig complement is widely used for the evaluation of immune responses to cholera vaccines in human clinical trials. However, it is unclear why guinea pig complement has been used over human complement in the measurement of vibriocidal activity of human sera and there have not been comparison studies for the use of guinea pig complement over those from other species. Therefore, we comparatively investigated the effects of complements derived from human, guinea pig, rabbit, and sheep on vibriocidal activity. Complements from guinea pig, rabbit, and human showed concentration-dependent vibriocidal activity in the presence of quality control serum antibodies. Of these complements, guinea pig complement was the most sensitive and effective over a wide concentration range. When the vibriocidal activity of complements was measured in the absence of serum antibodies, human, sheep, and guinea pig complements showed vibriocidal activity up to 40-fold, 20-fold, and 1-fold dilution, respectively. For human pre- and post-vaccination sera, the most potent vibriocidal activity was observed when guinea pig complement was used. In addition, the highest fold-increases between pre- and post- vaccinated sera were obtained with guinea pig complement. Furthermore, human complement contained a higher amount of V. cholerae- and its lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies than guinea pig complement. Collectively, these results suggest that guinea pig complements are suitable for vibriocidal assays due to their high sensitivity and effectiveness to human sera.     

Cytotoxic effects of normal sera on lymphoid cells. I. Antibody-independent killing of heterologous thymocytes by guinea pig, rabbit, and human sera: role of the alternative pathway of complement activation.

The mechanisms whereby normal sera may cause the death of xenogeneic lymphoid cells in vitro have been reviewed in this study using guinea pig, rabbit and human sera as the source of activity and rat and mouse thymocytes as target cells. In all of the combinations analyzed the cytotoxic reactions were found to be mediated by complement (C) as evidenced by sensitivity of the sera towards either heat inactivation (56 °C, 30 min) or treatment with cobra venom factor or sodium ethylenediaminotetraacetate (EDTA). C activity was provided via the alternative pathway in every instance: (i) both C4-deficient guinea pig serum and C2-deficient human serum displayed cytotoxicity on the target cells; (ii) sera from all three sources were active in the absence of free Ca²⁺, which is required to activate C via the classical pathway; and (iii) GPS incubated at 50 °C for 20 min to destroy the activity of factor B of the alternative pathway lacked significant cytotoxic activity while still able to lyse sensitized sheep red blood cells, a reaction proceeding via the C142 pathway. Two independent lines of evidence appeared to exclude the possible role of antibodies in nonspecific serum cytotoxicity. First, the cytotoxic capacities and the titers of guinea pig and rabbit sera were not significantly affected after absorption with target cells in the presence of EDTA, i.e., in the absence of free divalent cations, a condition which does not interfere with antigen antibody binding. By contrast, the activity was eliminated when absorption was performed in the absence of chelating agents or in the presence of a selective Ca²⁺ chelator, sodium ethyleneglycoltetraacetate, plus excess Mg²⁺ These observations also highlight the Mg²⁺-dependence of the removal of activity by absorption. Second, γ-globulins isolated from a highly cytotoxic guinea pig serum were not toxic for rat thymocytes when tested in the presence of rat C. These results suggest that conventional antibodies, whether of “natural” origin or otherwise, are unlikely to play a role in serum-produced nonspecific cytotoxicity. Furthermore, and since incubation of human serum with rat or mouse thymocytes produced conversion of factor B, “absorption” of cytotoxic activity would seem to be more likely a consequence of the consumption of C activity via the C3 shunt than of the removal of any antibodies.     

Lysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes in human sera deficient in the second component of complement

Analysis of C-dependent lysis of sensitized SRBC by C2-deficient sera (C2D) led to the characterization of a C2 bypass pathway. Lysis in the total hemolytic C assay by C2D sera was Ca2+-dependent and required a high concentration of hemolysin to sensitize E. Selective component depletion indicated a requirement for C1 and C4 of the classical pathway (CP) and proteins B, P, and probably D of the alternative pathway (AP). Total hemolytic C could be restored to normal in these C2D sera by utilizing heavily sensitized E or by the addition of a supranormal concentration of B. This system most closely resembles a pathway described by J. E. May and M. M. Frank which requires antibody, C1, and the AP but not C4 or C2. It differs in its requirement for C4. We hypothesize that this pathway represents vestiges of a more primitive C pathway. It becomes evident and possibly clinically important in the setting of C2 deficiency, by allowing C activation, other than the AP, and perhaps in normal individuals, by damaging microorganisms that have evolved means to inhibit early components of the CP.