Radiation of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Haplogynae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: The island of Gran Canaria

This study continues studies on the taxonomy and distribution of Dysdera in the Canarian archipelago. Four new species are described: Dysdera andamanae sp. n., D. arabisenen sp. n., D. tibicena sp. n. and D. yguanirae sp. n. Four new synonymies are reported: D. bailadero Wunderlich, 1991 and D. pauciserae Wunderlich, 1991 = Dysdera iguanensis Wunderlich, 1987, D. tamadabaensis Wunderlich, 1991 = D. paucispinosa Wunderlich, 1991; D. sinuosa Wunderlich, 1994 = D. tilosensis Wunderlich, 1991. Six species are redescribed: D. bandamae Schmidt, 1973, D. iguanensis Wunderlich, 1987, D. insulana Simon, 1883, D. paucispinosa Wunderlich, 1991, D. tilosensis Wunderlich, 1991 and D. verneaui Simon, 1883; and neotypes are designated for D. insulana and D. verneaui . The presence of the following species in Gran Canaria is reported for the first time: D. iguanensis , formerly only collected on Tenerife, D. insulana , previously of doubtful location, and D. levipes , known from Tenenfe and La Gomera. Morphological affinities, ecology and distribution of the species are discussed.     

Metabolic adaptations for isopod specialization in three species of Dysdera spiders from the Canary Islands

The spider genus Dysdera is considered to comprise specialist isopod feeders, although the degree of specialization varies between species, depending on morphological (shape of chelicerae), behavioural (attack tactics) and metabolic (food quality of prey) adaptations. Dysdera has radiated extensively in the Canary Islands (currently 47 endemic species are described) and codistributed species have different cheliceral shapes and body sizes indicating different feeding niches. In the present study, we investigate the existence of metabolic adaptations to feeding on isopods by three endemic species (Dysdera insulana Simon, Dysdera macra Simon and Dysdera verneaui Simon) from Tenerife. We hypothesize that there is enhanced extraction efficiency of fundamental macronutrients from isopods compared with control prey in species with special morphological and behavioural adaptations for this prey type. We measure quantitatively spider growth, dry mass consumption, lipid and nitrogen consumption, and calculate growth efficiency and efficiency of utilization of dry mass, lipid and nitrogen. The results show that all three species are able to utilize both prey types, indicating that none of them are strict isopod specialist. Dysdera insulana shows enhanced growth efficiency and D. macra shows enhanced nitrogen extraction efficiency compared with D. verneaui when feeding on Porcellio rather than on Musca. Both traits indicate likely adaptations for the utilization of isopods. Spider species, sex and prey type all affect lipid and nitrogen extraction efficiencies, indicating that spiders do not simply extract nutrients in the proportions available. The results support the hypothesis that adaptations for enhanced digestion of focal prey evolve in species that already have adaptations for enhanced capture success.     

Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from the deep-sea fish, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883.

Abyssotrema pritchardae gen. et sp. n. is described from the benthic teleost, Alepocephalus agassizi Goode and Bean 1883 (Alepocephalidae), taken from Hudson Canyon in the western North Atlantic. The new genus is placed in the subfamily Monascinae Dollfus 1947 and relationships among Abyssotrema, Elopsium Fischthal and Thomas 1972, and Monascus Looss 1907 are discussed.     

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of Meladema diving beetles on the Atlantic Islands and in the Mediterranean basin (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae)

The phylogeny and population history of Meladema diving beetles (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) were examined using mitochondrial DNA sequence from 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome oxidase I genes in 51 individuals from 22 populations of the three extant species (M. imbricata endemic to the western Canary Islands, M. lanio endemic to Madeira and M. coriacea widespread in the Western Mediterranean and on the western Canaries), using a combination of phylogenetic and nested clade analyses. Four main lineages are observed within Meladema, representing the three recognized species plus Corsican populations of M. coriacea. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate the sister relationship of the two Atlantic Island taxa, and suggest the possible paraphyly of M. coriacea. A molecular clock approach reveals that speciation within the genus occurred in the Early Pleistocene, indicating that the Atlantic Island endemics are not Tertiary relict taxa as had been proposed previously. Our results point to past population bottlenecks in all four lineages, with recent (Late-Middle Pleistocene) range expansion in non-Corsican M. coriacea and M. imbricata. Within the Canary Islands, M. imbricata seems to have independently colonized La Gomera and La Palma from Tenerife (although a colonization of La Palma from La Gomera cannot be discarded), and M. coriacea has independently colonized Tenerife and Gran Canaria from separate mainland lineages. In the Mediterranean basin this species apparently colonized Corsica on a single occasion, relatively early in its evolutionary history (Early Pleistocene), and has colonized Mallorca recently on multiple occasions. On the only island where M. coriacea and M. imbricata are broadly sympatric (Tenerife), we report evidence of bidirectional hybridization between the two species.     

On the distinction between Modisimus and Hedypsilus (Araneae, Pholcidae), with notes on behavior and natural history

Evidence is presented that the genera Hedypsilus Simon, 1893 and Modisimus Simon, 1893 are subjective synonyms. Precedence is given to Modisimus over Hedypsilus. The type species of both genera (M. glaucus Simon, 1893 and H. culicinus Simon, 1893) are redescribed. Hedypsilus lawrencei Lessert, 1938 is synonymized with Hedypsilus culicinus Simon, 1893. It appears to be a pantropical, synanthropic species. Preliminary notes on its natural history are presented. Two closely related new species are described, Modisimus simoni sp. n. (Venezuela) and Modisimus david sp. n. (Central America). Modisimus globosus Schmidt, 1956 (Colombia?) is redescribed and illustrated for the first time. Notes on the usefulness of the curvature of eye rows and of leg formulae for the systematics of pholcids are given.     

A revision of the Chinese Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera,Trigonalyoidea)

The Chinese fauna of the family Trigonalyidae Cresson, 1887, is revised, keyed and fully illustrated for the first time. Eight genera of this family (Bakeronymus Rohwer, 1922, Bareogonalos Schulz, 1907, Jezonogonalos Tsuneki, 1991, re-instated, Lycogaster Shuckard, 1841, Orthogonalys Schulz, 1905, Pseudogonalos Schulz, 1906, Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906 and Teranishia Tsuneki, 1991) are recorded from China. The genus Ischnogonalos Schulz, 1907, is synonymized with Taeniogonalos Schulz, 1906. In total 40 valid species are recognized. Twenty species are new for science: Jezonogonalos elliptifera sp. n., J. jiangliae sp. n., J. luteata sp. n., J. nigrata sp. n., Lycogaster angustula sp. n., L. flavonigrata sp. n., L. nigralva sp. n., Orthogonalys cheni sp. n., O. clypeata sp. n., O. robusta sp. n., Pseudogonalos angusta sp. n., Taeniogonalos bucarinata sp. n., T. cordata sp. n., T. geminata sp. n., T. sculpturata sp. n., T. triangulata sp. n., T. tricolorisoma sp. n., T. uncifera sp. n., Teranishia crenulata sp. n. and T. glabrata sp. n. Two species are reported new for China: Orthogonalys elongata Teranishi, 1929 and Nanogonalos flavocincta Teranishi, 1929 (renamed to Taeniogonalos subtruncata nom. n.). Seven new synonyms are proposed: Poecilogonalos yuasai Teranishi, 1938, and P. maga taiwana Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos taihorina (Bischoff, 1914); Taiwanogonalos minima Tsuneki, 1991, and T. similis Tsuneki, 1991, of Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991); P. intermedia Chen, 1949, and P. unifasciata Chen, 1949, of Taeniogonalos formosana (Bischoff, 1913). Six taxa are recognised as valid species: Bakeronymus seidakka Yamane & Terayama, 1983, Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), Taeniogonalos alticola (Tsuneki, 1991), T. flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949) and T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908). Five new combinations are made: Jezonogonalos laeviceps (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., J. satoi (Tsuneki, 1991), comb. n., Taeniogonalos flavoscutellata (Chen, 1949), comb. n., T. gestroi (Schulz, 1908), comb. n. and T. lachrymosa (Westwood, 1874), comb. n. Lectotypes are designated for Lycogaster violaceipennis Chen, 1949, Poecilogonalos flavoscutellata Chen, 1949, P. rufofasciata Chen, 1949, and P. tricolor Chen, 1949.     

Advances in the Taxonomy of Spiders in Miocene Amber from the Dominican Republic (Arthropoda: Araneae)

Trachelas poinari sp. nov. (Corinnidae), Miagrammopes sp. indet. (Uloboridae) and the first indisputable fossil Lycosidae (gen. et sp. indet.) are newly identified and described in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic. The following are junior synonyms: Nops segmentatus Wunderlich, 1988 of N. lobatus Wunderlich, 1988 (Caponiidae); Azilia muellenmeisteri Wunderlich, 1988 of A. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988 (Tetragnathidae); and Lyssomanes galianoae Reiskind, 1989 of L. pristinus Wunderlich, 1986 (Salticidae). The specimens described as Nops sp. (Caponiidae), Selenops beynai Schawaller, 1984, S. sp. 1, and S. sp. 2 (Selenopidae) by Wunderlich (1988) are unrecognizable as distinct species. The following new combinations are presented: gen. indet. clypeatus (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Anelosimus clypeatus ) (Theridiidae); Meioneta bigibber (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta bigibber ), M. fastigata (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta fastigata ), M. separata (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Agyneta separata ) (Linyphiidae); Enacrosoma verrucosa (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Cyclosa verrucosa ) (Araneidae); Pseudosparianthis pfeiferi (Wunderlich, 1988) (= Tentabunda pfeiferi ) (Sparassidae). Theridion wunderlichi nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for T. ovale Wunderlich, 1988 (nom. preocc.). The previously unknown male of Styposis pholcoides Wunderlich, 1988 (Theridiidae) is described. Additional features of Argyrodes crassipatellaris Wunderlich, 1988 (Theridiidae) are described; this species is transferred from the trigonum to the cancellatus species group. Nine specimens belonging to six previously described species, and six juvenile Selenops sp. (including one exuvium) are newly identified. These are the first fossil records of Trachelas, Enacrosoma and Pseudosparianthis, giving them stratigraphic ranges of 15–20 my; the genera Anelosimus, Cyclosa and Agyneta are unknown in the fossil record.     

Spider biodiversity patterns and their conservation in the Azorean archipelago,with descriptions of new species

Abstract

In this contribution, we report on patterns of spider species diversity of the Azores, based on recently standardised sampling protocols in different habitats of this geologically young and isolated volcanic archipelago. A total of 122 species is investigated, including eight new species, eight new records for the Azorean islands and 61 previously known species, with 131 new records for individual islands. Biodiversity patterns are investigated, namely patterns of range size distribution for endemics and non‐endemics, habitat distribution patterns, island similarity in species composition and the estimation of species richness for the Azores. Newly described species are: Oonopidae ‐ Orchestina furcillata Wunderlich; Linyphiidae: Linyphiinae ‐ Porrhomma borgesi Wunderlich; Turinyphia cavernicola Wunderlich; Linyphiidae: Micronetinae ‐Agyneta depigmentata Wunderlich; Linyphiidae: Erigoninae ‐ Acorigone gen. nov. with its type species Acorigone zebraneus Wunderlich; Clubionidae ‐ Cheiracanthium floresense Wunderlich; Cheiracanthium jorgeense Wunderlich; Salticidae ‐ Neon acoreensis Wunderlich. Other major taxonomic changes are: Diplocentria acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 (Linyphiidae) is transferred to Acorigone (comb. nov.), Leucognatha Wunderlich 1995 (Tetragnathidae) is not an endemic genus of the Azores but an African taxon and synonymous with Sancus Tullgren, 1910; Leucognatha acoreensis Wunderlich, 1992 is transferred to Sancus. Minicia picoensis Wunderlich, 1992 is a synonym of M. floresensis Wunderlich, 1992. For each species additional information is presented about its known distribution in the islands, its colonisation status, habitat occurrence and biogeographical origin.     

A survey of oonopid spiders in Taiwan with descriptions of three new species

The oonopid spiders of Taiwan are surveyed. Seven genera and 13 species are recognized, including 3 new species: Ischnothyreus kentingensis sp. n., Xyphinus hwangi sp. n. and Xestaspis shoushanensis sp. n. Seven species are newly recorded from this region: Brignolia parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Opopaea apicalis s (Simon, 1893), Opopaea cornuta Yin & Wang, 1984, Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891, Orchestina sinensis Xu, 1987, Pseudotriaeris karschi (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) and Xestaspis loricata (L. Koch, 1873).     

Review of Erigonine spider genera in the Neotropics (Araneae: Linyphiidae,Erigoninae)

The Neotropical genera of the linyphiid spider subfamily Erigoninae are revised at the genus level. Emphasis was placed on genera endemic to the Neotropics and species with dubious relationships to their nominal genera, especially species from the older literature. This work recognizes 50 genera in the Neotropics, of which 39 genera are strictly endemic to the Neotropics, three are represented outside the Neotropics by one species, and eight genera have significant representation both in and beyond the Neotropics. Three additional genera, Ceraticelus Simon, 1884, Idionella Banks, 1893, and Eulaira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1933, are represented in northern Mexico and/or the West Indies, but are best classified as having a Nearctic or Holarctic distribution. Species previously placed in the typically northern hemisphere genera Gongylidiellum Simon, 1884, Leptorhoptrum Kulczynski, 1894, Macrargus Dahl, 1886, Minyriolus Simon, 1884, Oedothorax Bertkau, 1883, Phanetta Keyserling, 1886, and Tmeticus Menge, 1868 are found to be misplaced or nomina dubia; two genera endemic to the Neotropics, Clitistes Simon, 1902 and Zilephus Simon, 1902 are nomina dubia. The genus Beauchenia Usher, 1983 is an erigonine, not a mynoglenine; there are no known representatives of the Mynogleninae in the Neotropics. One hundred and forty new combinations are established; 19 genera are synonymized including Micromaso Tambs‐Lyche, 1954, revalidation rejected; 34 species are synonymized. The following new genera are established: Gigapassus gen. nov. , Intecymbium gen. nov. , Moyosi gen. nov. , Orfeo gen. nov. and Toltecaria gen. nov. Malkinella Millidge, 1991 and Valdiviella Millidge, 1985 are preoccupied; Malkinola nom. nov. and Valdiviola nom. nov. are established as replacement names. The following new species are described: Asemostera daedalus sp. nov. , Asemostera enkidu sp. nov. , Asemostera janetae sp. nov. , Fissiscapus attercop sp. nov. , Gonatoraphis lysistrata sp. nov. , Gravipalpus standifer sp. nov. , Microplanus odin sp. nov. , Moyosi chumota sp. nov. , Myrmecomelix leucippus sp. nov. , Neomaso damocles sp. nov. , Notiomaso exonychus sp. nov. , Paraletes pogo sp. nov. , Psilocymbium acanthodes sp. nov. , Smermisia holdridgi sp. nov. and Smermisia parvoris sp. nov. The following species remain misplaced in inappropriate genera: Erigone fellita Keyserling, 1886, Erigone zabluta Keyserling, 1886, and Oedothorax fuegianus (Simon, 1902). For 23 species, type specimens could not be located and the species could not be unambiguously identified; the type of Macrargus pacificus Berland, 1924 could not be located, but it is transferred to Laminacauda Millidge, 1985. The female of Onychembolus subalpinus Millidge, 1985 described by Millidge in 1991 is mismatched; this female is Notiomaso exonychus sp. nov. ; the true female of Onychembolus subalpinus was described as both Neomaso bidentatus Millidge, 1991 syn. nov. and Neomaso tridentatus Millidge, 1991 syn. nov. The male and female of Asemonetes[now Asemostera]arcana (Millidge, 1991) are not conspecific; a male thought to be conspecific with the female of A. arcana is newly described; the true female of A. arcana is unknown. The transfer of Emenista dentichelis Berland, 1913 to Laminacauda comb. nov. renders Laminacauda dentichelis Millidge, 1991 a junior homonym; the replacement name Laminacauda baerti nom. nov. is provided for Laminacauda dentichelis Millidge. The following species were erroneously placed in erigonine genera: Oedothorax bisignatus Mello‐Leitão, 1945 is synonymized with Theridion calcynatum Holmberg, 1876 syn. nov. (Theridiidae); Liger incomta O. Pickard‐Cambridge, 1896 is transferred to Theridion Walckenaer, 1805 (Theridiidae) [Theridion incomtum comb. nov. ]; Erigone ectrapela Keyserling, 1886 is transferred to Dictyna Sundevall, 1833 (Dictynidae) [Dictyna ectrapela comb. nov. ]; Erigone peruana Keyserling, 1886 is transferred to Thymoites Keyserling, 1884 (Theridiidae) [Thymoites peruanus comb. nov. ]; Adelonetria dubiosa Millidge, 1991 is not a linyphiid and will be dealt with elsewhere. Lomaita darlingtoni Bryant, 1948 is confirmed as a linyphiid, not a mysmenid. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149 (Suppl. 1), 1–263.     

The genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Canary Islands

This paper offers a detailed taxonomic revision of all Canarian Pholcus species described before 2003, all of which are newly described and newly illustrated. Pholcus guadarfia sp. nov. is described, while a neotype for Pholcus malpaisensis Wunderlich, 1992 is also provided. In addition, we propose Pholcus gomerae Wunderlich, 1980 as a senior synonym for Pholcus gomeroides Wunderlich, 1987. More importantly, cladistic analysis based on the morphological characters of the Macaronesian Pholcus species was conducted for the first time. Parsimony analyses of 73 morphological characters revealed the close relationships between those species from the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Macaronesian enclave in Africa (between Agadir and Nouadhibou).  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 151 , 59–114.     

中国隙蛛属一新种及平静隙蛛的再描述(蜘蛛目:暗蛛科)

记述了暗蛛科隙蛛属1新种：光先隙蛛Coelotes guangxiansp．nov．,并对平静隙蛛Coelotes modestus Simon,1880重新进行了描述,同时确认喙状隙蛛C．gypsarpageus Zhu et Wang,1991应为平静隙蛛C．modestus Simon,1880的异名。     

Origin and evolution of the endemic genera of Gonosperminae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) from the Canary Islands: evidence from nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA

The Gonosperminae (Asteraceae) are composed of three genera endemic to the Canary Islands (GONOSPERMUM: Less., and LUGOA: DC.) and southern Africa (INULANTHERA: K?llersj?), and they are considered an example of a floristic link between these two regions. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences reveal that the Canarian genera are not sister to INULANTHERA: and do not support the monophyly of the Gonosperminae. These results, coupled with previous phylogenetic studies of other groups, suggest that many of the putative biogeographic links between Macaronesia and southeast Africa need to be evaluated by rigorous phylogenetic analyses. INULANTHERA: forms part of the basal southern African radiation of the Anthemideae, and therefore it is closely related to other taxa from this region. Maximum likelihood and weighted parsimony analyses support a monophyletic group in the Canary Islands, that includes LUGOA:, Gonospermum, and three TANACETUM: species endemic to the island of Gran Canaria. Bootstrap support for the monophyly of this Canarian group is weak, and it collapses in the strict consensus tree based on unweighted parsimony. LUGOA: is nested within Gonospermum, and both interisland colonization among the western islands of La Gomera, El Hierro, La Palma and Tenerife, and radiation on the central island of Gran Canaria have been the major patterns of species diversification for these Canarian endemics.     

Four new species of Gomphocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa

Four new species of the ostracod genus Gomphocythere are described from Lake Tanganyika (East Africa): Gomphocythere downingi n. sp. G. coheni n. sp., G. wilsoni n. sp., and G. woutersi n. sp. All species are endemic to the lake and are found within a variety of substrates and depths. The addition of these four new species brings the total number of endemic Gomphocythere species in Lake Tanganyika to nine. Other Gomphocythere species are known from water bodies throughout East and South Africa and in the Levant. Brooding is an important, but not a unique, preadaptation for the persistence and taxic prolific speciation of this lineage in Lake Tanganyika.     

Two new species of Hyalella from Lake Titicaca,and redescriptions of four others in the genus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

The amphipod genus Hyalella has its highest diversity in the Andean Lake Titicaca. This genus is the only epigean amphipod present in South America. Eleven endemic and one non-endemic species are known from Lake Titicaca. An additional endemic species, Hyalella nefrens n. sp. and one non-endemic species Hyalella tiwanaku n. sp. are described here. Hyalella cuprea(Faxon, 1876), Hyalella latimanus (Faxon, 1876), Hyalella montforti Chevreux, 1907, and Hyalella neveulemairei Chevreux, 1904 are redescribed. The high diversity of Hyalella in the lake is not well understood, and it has been compared with the spectacular diversity of Lake Baikal.     

Reconciling gene trees with organism history: the mtDNA phylogeography of three Nesotes species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on the western Canary Islands

The processes of island colonization and speciation are investigated through mtDNA studies on Canary Island beetles. The genus Nesotes (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is represented by 19 endemic species on the Canary Islands, the majority of which are single island endemics. Nesotes conformis is the most widespread, occurring on Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. Nesotes conformis forms a paraphyletic assemblage, with a split between Gran Canaria and the other three islands. Nesotes conformis of the western Canary Islands cluster with Nesotes altivagans and Nesotes elliptipennis from Tenerife. Fifty‐two individuals from this western islands species complex have been sequenced for 675 base pairs of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase II gene, representing Tenerife, La Palma and El Hierro. A neighbour joining analysis of maximum likelihood distances resulted in three distinct mtDNA lineages for N. conformis, two of which also include mitotypes of N. altivagans and N. elliptipennis. Through application of parametric bootstrap tests, we are able to reject hypotheses of monophyly for both N. conformis and N. altivagans. Nesotes altivagans and N. elliptipennis are poorly separated morphologically and mtDNA sequence data adds support to this being one species with a highly variable morphology. We propose that N. altivagans/N. elliptipennis is recently derived from two ancestral mtDNA lineages within N. conformis from the Teno region of Tenerife. We further propose colonization of the younger islands of La Palma and El Hierro by N. conformis from a mitochondrial lineage within the Teno massif (colonization; diversification; mitochondrial DNA; Canary Islands; Coleoptera).     

Revision of the genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) in the Cape Verde Islands, W Africa

The genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) in the Cape Verde Islands, W Africa, is revised. Nine taxa are accepted, of which five are described as new: D. antoniensis sp. nov., D. glauca, D. gorgadensis sp. nov., D. gorgadensis ssp. brochmannii ssp. nov., D. gracilis, D. hirta, D. sundingii sp. nov., D. varia sp. nov., and D. vogelii . All species are suffruticose, yellow-flowered perennials and belong to sect. Catocarpum . The species are endemic to the Cape Verde Islands, but show morphological and karyolog-ical affinity to the N African and Mediterranean D. harra s. lat. Analyses of morphological variation in 90 populations (400 plants) revealed a complex pattern, in particular in vegetative characters, most likely evolved by parallel ecogeographical differentiation in different islands. The chromosome number is 2n = 26 (n = 13) in the five taxa investigated. Self-pollination experiments indicate that the species are self-incompatible and outcrossing. Experimental F₁ hybrids with full seed set after open pollination were obtained in 30 interspecific combinations, and the taxa are considered fully interfertile. The taxa are thus isolated mainly by geographical and partly by ecological barriers and have evolved by vicariant evolution (most islands) and adaptive radiation (one island).     

Typhlonesticus gocmeni sp. n., a new cave-dwelling blind spider species from the Aegean region of Turkey (Araneae,Nesticidae)

A new species of the troglobitic spider genus Typhlonesticus is described from specimens found in Keloğlan Cave (Denizli Province, Dodurgalar Town), Turkey. Typhlonesticus gocmeni sp. n. is described on the basis of both sexes; and its phylogenetic relationships with closely related European genera and species are discussed based on morphological and molecular data (the cox1, rrnL and H3 genes). Three new combinations are proposed: Typhlonesticus idriacus (Roewer, 1931), comb. n., Typhlonesticus morisii (Brignoli, 1975) comb. n. and Typhlonesticus obcaecatus (Simon, 1907), comb. n. all ex Nesticus.     

Distribution of secondary metabolites in two subspecies of Todaroa aurea

When Todaroa aurea, endemic to the Canary Islands, was studied, the substances found in the plant from Tenerife proved to be different from those in the plant gathered in La Palma and it seems likely that two subspecies are involved: T. aurea subspq aurea (Tenerife) and T. aurea subsp, suaveolens (La Palma).