12种鲟形目鱼类mtDNA ND4L-ND4基因的序列变异及其分子系统学

鲟形目鱼类是一类在鱼类乃至脊椎动物进化史上占有很重要地位的古老濒危鱼类 ,长期悬而未决的系统演化关系为世人瞩目 .采用DNA测序技术首次测定了包括中国特有鲟形目鱼类在内的 1 2种鲟形目鱼类的mtDNA ND4L和ND4基因 ( 70 3bp)的序列 ,并进行了分子系统学分析 .从分子系统学的角度得出了如下结论 :( 1 )鳇属可以归并到鲟属 ;( 2 )达氏鲟与中华鲟的亲缘关系最近 ,很有可能为中华鲟的一陆封类型 ;( 3)环太平洋地区的鲟科鱼类可能有共同的起源 ;( 4)ND4L和ND4基因是进行鲟形目鱼类系统演化研究很好的遗传标记 .     

Molecular phylogenetic systematics of twelve species of Acipenseriformes based on mtDNA ND4L -ND4 gene sequence analysis

Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial ND4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.     

Phylogeography of skinks (Chalcides) in the Canary Islands inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution was investigated in skinks of the genus Chalcides found in the Canary Islands ( Ch. sexlineatus, Ch. viridanus and Ch. simonyi ), together with some North African congenerics ( Ch. polylepis and Ch. mionecton ). Several sites were included within islands to cover areas of known within-island geographical variation in morphology. Skinks from the islands of El Hierro and La Gomera appear to be sister taxa. The relationships between this clade and the Tenerife and Gran Canarian skinks were not fully resolved, although the best working hypothesis indicated monophyly with the former, with the latter forming a closely related outgroup. Ch. simonyi from Fuerteventura was more distantly related to the Western Canary Island skinks and did not show close relationships with the North African species Ch. mionecton and Ch . polylepis . Possible colonization sequences for the four most Western Canary Islands were considered. El Hierro appears to have been colonized relatively recently from La Gomera, commensurate with the recent origin of this island, while dispersal between La Gomera and Tenerife and between Gran Canaria and Tenerife or La Gomera appears to have taken place considerably earlier. Substantial within-island haplotype divergence was found in Gran Canaria and Tenerife. This may be a result of recent periods of intense volcanic activity found within these two islands. Lower levels of within-island differentiation are found in La Gomera and El Hierro and may be explained by lower levels of volcanic activity during recent geological history and a more recent colonization, respectively.     

Molecular phylogenetic systematics of twelve species of Acipenseriformes based on mtDNA ND4L -ND4 gene sequence analysis

Acipenseriformes is an endangered primitive fish group, which occupies a special place in the history of ideas concerning fish evolution, even in vertebrate evolution. However, the classification and evolution of the fishes have been debated. The mitochondrial DMA (mtDNA) ND4L and partial A7D4 genes were first sequenced in twelve species of the order Acipenseriformes, including endemic Chinese species. The following points were drawn from DNA sequences analysis: (i) the two species of Huso can be ascribed to Acipenser; (ii) A. dabryanus is the mostly closely related to A. sinensis, and most likely the landlocked form of A. sinensis; (iii) genus Acipenser in trans-Pacific region might have a common origin; (iv) mtDNA ND4L and ND4 genes are the ideal genetic markers for phylogenetic analysis of the order Acipenseriformes.     

长蠹科几种检疫性害虫的ND4基因序列及系统进化

长蠹科昆虫严重危害林木和仓贮物品。应用非损伤性DNA测序技术测定了来自不同国家的长蠹科害虫的线粒体DNA ND4 基因的部分序列。在获得的204 bp的序列中,5种昆虫的序列变异丰富,多数变异发生在密码子的第3位点上。用PAUP3.1.1数据分析软件构建了5个种的合意简约树。并将实验结果与形态学特征比较分析,探讨5个种及所在属的系统进化。结果表明：双钩异翅长蠹所在的异翅长蠹属分化最早,其次是竹大长蠹所在的大长蠹属、双棘长蠹和黑双棘长蠹所在的双棘长蠹属及红艳长蠹所在的钻木长蠹属。双棘长蠹和黑双棘长蠹隶属同一个属,遗传关系最近,分化最晚,与形态学研究结果相吻合。     

Host isolation and patterns of genetic variability in three populations of Teladorsagia from sheep

We have used a mitochondrial marker to explore the population genetics of an economically important parasite of sheep, Teladorsagia. We examined diversity within and between parasites from three very different host populations, as well as within and between individual hosts. One of our study populations, the Soay sheep on Hirta, St Kilda, is unusually isolated with no sheep having been introduced to the island since 1932. Worm haplotypes from Hirta were compared with those from two other host populations. Remarkably, despite its historical isolation the Hirta population shows similar levels of within-population diversity to the other study populations. No divergence between the three Teladorsagia populations was found, consistent with gene flow between the populations. The high diversity within Teladorsagia populations provides compelling evidence that this variability is a general feature of parasitic nematode populations. Such diversity may be caused by high effective population size, coupled with an increased mutation rate for mtDNA, which has important implications for the spread of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations.     

基于线粒体ND2基因的直翅目部分种类分子系统学发育研究

本文的研究目的是通过对直翅目部分种类的线粒体ND2基因进行分析,重建直翅目内部昆虫的系统发育关系,并探讨分子系统发育关系和传统分类结果的异同。基于80个物种ND2基因的研究结果显示直翅目ND2基因存在碱基偏向性A T含量平均为73%,第三位点A T含量79.9%最高,推测这与氨基酸变异有关。直翅目具有单系性,而蝗亚目内部的剑角蝗科、网翅蝗科、槌角蝗科和斑腿蝗科均不是单系群,锥头蝗科和瘤锥蝗科亲缘关系较近,这与Otte分类系统相一致,建议将锥头蝗科和瘤锥蝗科合并为一个科。癞蝗科的分类地位存在争议有待进一步深入的研究。     

Phylogeography of the prehensile-tailed skink Corucia zebrata on the Solomon Archipelago

The biogeography of islands is often strongly influenced by prior geological events. Corucia zebrata (Squamata: Scincidae) is endemic to the geologically complex Solomon Archipelago in Northern Melanesia. We examined the level of divergence for different island populations of C. zebrata and discussed these patterns in light of Pleistocene land bridges, island isolation, and island age. Corucia zebrata was sampled from 14 locations across the Solomon Archipelago and sequenced at two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and ND4; 1697 bp in total) and four nuclear loci (rhodopsin, an unknown intron, AKAP9, and PTPN12). Measures of genetic divergence, analyses of genetic variation, and Bayesian phylogenetic inference were used and the data assessed in light of geological information. Populations of C. zebrata on separate islands were found to be genetically different from each other, with reciprocal monophyly on mitochondrial DNA. Populations on islands previously connected by Pleistocene land bridges were marginally less divergent from each other than from populations on other nearby but isolated islands. There are indications that C. zebrata has radiated across the eastern islands of the archipelago within the last 1-4 million years. Nuclear loci were not sufficiently informative to yield further information about the phylogeography of C. zebrata on the Solomon Archipelago. Analyses of the mitochondrial data suggest that dispersal between islands has been very limited and that there are barriers to gene flow within the major islands. Islands that have been isolated during the Pleistocene glacial cycles are somewhat divergent in their mitochondrial genotypes, however, isolation by distance (IBD) and recent colonization of isolated but geologically younger islands appear to have had stronger effects on the phylogeography of C. zebrata than the Pleistocene glacial cycles. This contrasts with patterns reported for avian taxa, and highlights the fact that biogeographic regions for island species cannot be directly extrapolated among taxa of differing dispersal ability.     

Conservation genetics of the endangered grassland earless dragon Tympanocryptis pinguicolla (Reptilia: Agamidae) in Southeastern Australia

The grassland earless dragon, Tympanocryptis pinguicolla, islisted as endangered throughout its range. A recent taxonomic studybased on both morphological and allozyme data elevatedpinguicolla from a subspecies of T. lineata to fullspecies status, but the allozyme data showed considerabledifferentiation among pinguicolla populations. To investigatethe magnitude and nature of these differences with an independent dataset, we targeted key pinguicolla populations and sequenced anapproximately 900 base pair DNA fragment of the mitochondrial genomethat includes half of the ND4 gene and three tRNA genes. We obtainedsequence data from 21 individuals drawn from the three T.pinguicolla populations, included representatives of two otherTympanocryptis species and used an Amphibolurusspecies as an outgroup. Seven mitochondrial haplotypes were found amongthe 21 T. pinguicolla samples – two in the AustralianCapital Territory (ACT) and five in the Cooma region, Phylogeneticsignal in the data sets was extremely strong and a variety ofphylogenetic analyses of the data all resulted in the same single fullyresolved tree. There are 37 unique differences in the ND4 gene betweenthe ACT and Cooma populations. This translates into genetic differencesof between 5.76% and 6.23% between the two populations. Incomparison to studies on other reptile groups in which the same fragmentof DNA was used, the differences found between the ACT and Coomapopulations are more in line with species-level differences thandifferences within a single species and suggests that these populationsshould be considered separate taxonomic units.     

新疆东部叶城沙蜥五个居群线粒体ND4-tRNALeu基因序列变异与遗传分化

采用PCR方法测定了新疆东部达坂城(DB)、吐鲁番(TU)、鄯善(SS)、柳树泉(HL)和哈密东郊(HD)的叶城沙蜥(Phrynocephalus axillaris)的5个居群66只个体的线粒体ND4-tRNALeu基因序列,序列比对得到838bp位点,29个变异位点定义了17种单倍型. 除DB居群外,其余居群及5个居群总体均呈现单倍型多样性较高[(0.600±0.113)≤h≤(0.922±0.012)],而核苷酸多样性较低[(0.00082±0.00020)≤π≤(0.00917±0.00037)].系统发育分析支持5个居群形成了Clade Ⅰ(DB+TU+SS)和Clade Ⅱ(HL+HD)两个分支.单倍型网络图也表明,5个居群均有谱系地理结构.分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,81.67%(P<0.01)的遗传分化来自5个居群之间,而距离隔离分析(isolation by distance)显示各居群之间的遗传分化(Fst)与居群间地理距离无显著关系(r=0.5324,P=0.1196).歧点分布(mismatch distributionl分析和Fu's Fs检验显示,TU和HL居群町能经历近期的种群扩张,而SS和HD居群相对稳定.DB居群特殊的栖息生境及遗传多样性的匮乏揭示该种群可能处于瓶颈期.推测更新世以来,这些区域的地质、气候变动引起的叶城沙蜥柄息地变化及遗传漂变共同导致了这5个居群的遗传分化.     

Phylogeny and evolution of dorsal pattern in the Mexican endemic lizard genus Barisia (Anguidae: Gerrhonotinae)

The phylogeny of the Mexican lizard genus Barisia was assessed using an 878 bp fragment of the mtDNA ND4 gene and a section of associated tRNA genes, as well as 16 external morphological characters. The terminal taxa comprised the currently recognized members of Barisia, including the four subspecies of the polytypic Barisia imbricata and individuals from different populations of the widespread B. i. imbricata and Barisia i. ciliaris, although for Barisia levicollis only morphology could be examined. The ‘step‐matrix frequency’ and the ‘step‐matrix gap‐weighting’ coding approaches were employed simultaneously for the morphological data set, and three different scaling methods were evaluated for the last approach. Maximum parsimony (MP) analyses were performed for the separate and combined data sets and Bayesian analysis was also performed for the mtDNA sequence data. The hypothesis obtained from the simultaneous MP analysis strongly supports the monophyly of Barisia, but the ‘exclusivity’ of B. imbricata as well as of B. i. imbricata and B. i. ciliaris were not recovered. Moreover, inclusion of the morphological data showed B. levicollis nested within a clade together with the taxa assigned to B. i. ciliaris. This, together with the genetic distances and geographic concordance among the haplotypes examined, confirms that B. imbricata represents several species, although the actual species limits in this composite taxon are still unclear. Applying previously published rates of molecular evolution to the mtDNA data gives ages of divergence similar to the times proposed for some Pleistocene–Miocene geological and climatic phenomena that occurred in the Mexican territory. Variation of the dorsal pattern within Barisia was mapped onto the simultaneous morphological and molecular phylogeny, indicating that the two main states present in the taxa assigned to B. imbricata, an adult dorsal pattern present in females and absent in males and the absence of any pattern in both sexes, occur each in separate lineages. This suggests a possible scenario, where sexual dichromatism within Barisia has been repeatedly lost in different lineages.