濒危植物矮沙冬青开花物候研究

对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus Cheng f.)的形态学特征、开花物候及花空间分布进行了研究,结果表明:在单花、花序、单株、居群水平上的开花物候都表现出很强的开花不同步性,在单花、单花序水平主要表现在单花寿命4~9 d不等,平均(6.74±1.23)d,以7 d出现的频率最高;单花序开花持续时间范围在4~13 d,平均(8.33±2.63)d,以10 d出现的频率最高;单株及居群水平上表现更为明显.矮沙冬青的花具有虫媒传粉的特征,花主要分布在花枝的上部,下部花所占比例很小,有很多花枝花全部为上部花.相关性分析表明上部花和总花数相关性极显著(r=0.990,P<0.01),而中部花、下部花和总花数的相关性不显著,甚至呈负相关.单株不同方位开花数量差异不显著(F=0.0579,P>0.05).     

科尔沁沙地两种蒿属固沙半灌木的开花物候比较研究

对科尔沁沙地的乌丹蒿和差不嘎蒿的开花物候进行了调查研究,从头状花序、花序枝、个体以及群体水平比较两种植物的开花物候特性。结果表明:(1)乌丹蒿的群体始花期为6月18日,较差不嘎蒿的早9 d,持续时间为19 d,差不嘎蒿开放持续16 d,两种植物群体花期重叠约10 d。在个体水平上,乌丹蒿始花日期比差不嘎蒿早7 d,单株花期长2 d;(2)乌丹蒿二级花序枝上头状花序数比差不嘎蒿的少,开放持续时间更长。两种植物开花频率均为单峰型,二级花序枝开放持续时间频率均以8 d为最高,其次为9 d,头状花序水平上两者开放持续时间频率较高的均为5 d、4 d、6 d,5 d频率最大;(3)差不嘎蒿二级花序枝上近基部的头状花序先开放,自基部向上的第2和第3个位置最先开放的频率相对为高,分别为12.7%和11.9%。而乌丹蒿则是顶端的头状花序先开放,最先开放的频率高达56.3%;(4)两种植物的开花振幅曲线均呈单峰曲线,其中乌丹蒿开花后第9 d开花量达到高峰,差不嘎蒿开花后第6 d开花量达到高峰。两种植物开花物候的相似性反映出它们的亲缘关系及对共同环境的适应性,不同点尤其是最先开放顺序的差异性,表明了两者长期进化的遗传差异。     

朱鹮迁地保护研究

朱鹮（Nipponia mppon）是当今世界最濒危的鸟类之一,现存总数不过 40余只。由于生存环境的改变和种群生命力的脆弱,朱鹮数量急剧下降。中国自1986年开始人工繁殖朱鹮,1992年人工孵化并育活3只幼鸟,这是人工繁殖朱鹮成功的首次记录。这篇文章总结了朱鹮的野外生态,实验室研究及人工饲养、繁殖。     

稀有濒危植物坡垒的迁地保护

国家二级保护树种坡垒（ＨｏｐｅａｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＭｅｒｒ．ｅｔＣｈｕｎ）原产海南岛。在西双版纳勐仑热带植物园迁地栽培,年平均增高０．４４～０．９ｍ,胸径加粗０．５４～１．３１ｃｍ,比原产地野生或其他迁地保护地区的植株生长快。花期８～１０月,果熟期翌年３～５月。种子发芽率达９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。已繁衍了３代并扩大种植２８４株,说明坡垒在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

渐危树种青梅的迁地保护研究

国家三级保护树种青梅Ｖａｔｉｃａｍａｎｇａｃｈａｐｏｉ原产海南省,在西双版纳热带植物园迁地栽培,树高年平均生长量达０．６１～０．７３ｍ,胸径年平均生长量达０．８２～１．１５ｃｍ,超过原产地野生和其他引种地同龄的植株。花期５～６月,果熟期９～１０月,种子发芽率９６．７％。经多年观察,未见寒害和严重的病虫害。现已繁衍了３代并扩大种植１８６株,说明青梅在西双版纳热带植物园迁地保护获得成功。     

虎舌红迁地保护技术的研究

虎舌红是一种极为罕见的观赏植物.本文探讨了虎舌红的繁殖技术,从根本上解决虎舌红的迁地保育问题.规模化繁殖以种子繁殖为主,但这样繁殖的周期较长,而且观赏性有所降低;扦插繁殖成活率低,观赏价值最高;组培繁殖的技术还需深入研究.     

短命植物角茴香的开花物候与生殖特征

为了研究角茴香的开花物候特征及其对生殖成功的影响,于2015年对其自然种群各水平的开花物候指数、开花过程中的花部特征变化和结实特性进行了观察和统计。结果表明：（1）角茴香种群花期为4月下旬至5月下旬,种群水平的花期持续时间为36 d。（2）单花具有独特的花瓣结构,其内层花瓣由白色的侧裂片和黄色的兜状中裂片构成,中裂片是角茴香植物花粉二次呈现的关键功能器官;开花进程依其外层花瓣开裂大小可分为4个阶段,即外层花瓣顶端未张口、外层花瓣顶端张口5~7 mm、外层花瓣顶端张口12~14 mm和外层花瓣顶端张口3~5 mm。（3）花序水平的开花振幅曲线呈渐进式单峰曲线,开花同步指数为0.748,个体水平表现出较高的相对开花强度,其分布频度的偏斜率为0.45,主要频度范围分别集中在20%~30%和50%~70%之间。（4）花序水平的始花日期与花期持续时间存在显著负相关关系,开花数与座果数存在显著正相关关系。（5）自然状态下,角茴香结实率和结籽率分别是82.7%±0.1%和93.6%±0.8%。角茴香开花强度分布频度上出现的高、低强度的分异趋势是吸引传粉者、促进结实的有效生殖对策。     

珍稀植物水禾的迁地保护

水禾Hysrorszaaristata（Retz．）Nces为禾本科（Gramineae）单种属的多年生浮水草本植物。分布于广东、海南、江西和福建等省,成片地生长在池沼、湖塘中‘”。它的叶具有独特的观赏价值。根据调查、收集的结果看,水禾的自然资源越来越少,我们于1993年在海南万宁采集,并引种到武汉植物园水生植物专类园中栽培驯化与保存。在此之前,该植物未有人栽培。随着基础设施的建设（高速公路。水库、防洪道修建和房地产开发等）,以及对水体的过度开发（养鱼、养鸭、水体游乐等）,造成了对水禾及水生植被的破坏,使水禾这一珍稀植物的生长发育…     

版纳植物园龙脑香科植物迁地保护成效与应用探讨

龙脑香科植物广泛分布于热带亚洲,被认为是亚洲热带雨林的标志性物种.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园从建园开始就注重龙脑香科植物的研究、收集与保护,并建立了龙脑香科植物专类园.经过几十年收集,现已成为我国龙脑香科植物重要的保育基地.该文结合历年的引种保育、物候及生长量观测等资料,系统整理了版纳植物园在龙脑香科植物引种保育和研...     

吐鲁番沙漠植物园部分食果脊椎动物口宽和刺山柑果实大小和形状的关系

口宽是动物能够获取食物大小的限制性因素之一。2016年7月至10月在吐鲁番沙漠植物园对当地食果动物进行观察记录并采集新鲜刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)果实, 测量果实的重量和长/短径, 并和食果脊椎动物的口宽进行了比较分析。结果刺山柑果实的大小对大耳猬(Hemiechinus auritus)、子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus)和吐鲁番沙虎(Teratoscincus roborowskii)的口宽来说不存在限制(果实大小匹配度指数<0), 吐鲁番沙虎的口宽和刺山柑果实大小最为接近。刺山柑果实长径增长速率显著大于短径增长速率, 由于上述三种没有口宽限制的物种中, 大耳猬和子午沙鼠有切割和咀嚼食物的能力, 这一异速增长现象可能是吐鲁番沙虎的口宽对刺山柑果实的形状产生了选择压力的结果。研究结果支持刺山柑果实大小和形状与采用吞食方式的食果脊椎动物口宽大小匹配的假说。     

Extraction,Separation and Measuration of the Thermal Hysteresis Activity of Antifreeze Proteins from Ammopiptanthus nanus (Leguminosae)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) , because of their ability of adsorbing onto the surface of ice crystals and modifying their growth , have been found in many different organisms that are exposed to chilling and freezing temperatures . It is very important to increase the resisting and coercing ability at low temperature . DE-52 ion- exchange cellulose was used to extract and separate the antifreeze proteins from Ammopiptanthus nanus leaves. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the thermal hysteresis activity (THA) . The results reveal that when the concentration of the protein is 20mg/ml , the THA of the AFPs is 0 . 46℃ . Its molecular weight is about 119. 24 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylam ide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) .     

Relationships between flowering phenology,plant size and reproductive success in shape Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae)

Over three years the flowering phenology of individuals of Lotus corniculatus has been studied in relation to fruit set and seed predation to determine the relationships between four components of flowering time, plant size and reproductive success. Timings of first and peak flowering, and duration and synchrony of flowering differed between individuals in the same years. Between years, timing of first flowering was highly correlated for the same individuals, and was closely correlated with plant size and duration of flowering–larger plants flowered earlier and for a longer period. Peak flowering and synchrony were not correlated between-years for individuals.Fruit production and seed predation were correlated with some of the components of flowering phenology in some years, but not in others. The inconstancy of these relationships suggests that directional or stabilising selection is not acting consistently on the aspects of reproductive success studied in this work. The inconstancy of selection may result in the rather asynchronous flowering phenologies of individuals of L. corniculatus observed.We emphasize the importance of studying different components of flowering phenology in relation to individual plant size over several seasons. This work has shown that plant size not only has a direct effect on individual plant fecundity but also can influence flowering time and hence indirectly affect reproductive output.     

Soil seed bank and seed dormancy in wild populations of lima bean (Fabaceae): considerations for in situ and ex situ conservation

Seed dormancy and its impact on the soil seed bank for wild Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) populations were studied in the Central Valley of Costa Rica. Five populations were selected in contrasted environments. In all cases, distribution of seeds in the soil was limited to 3 cm depth. No innate dormancy was observed but combination of hard seed coat and hilum opening controlled by environmental conditions were responsible for an induced dormancy and the constitution of a persistent seed bank. Breaking of this dormancy was obtained by a brief elevation of temperature from 25° to 45°C. Impacts of this phenomenon concern both genetic and demographic aspects of in situ conservation of the species. Consequences on ex situ conservation are mainly related with the regeneration of the seed collection.     

Reproductive phenology in three Genisteae (Fabaceae) shrub species of the W Mediterranean Region

We studied the flower duration, the phenology of flowering and fruiting, and flower, fruit, and seed production in three Genisteae shrub species of the W Mediterranean Region: Cytisus multiflorus, C. striatus , and Retama sphaerocarpa . Flower duration was negatively correlated with temperature, and in the case of C. striatus it was also influenced by pollination. In Cytisus multiflorus , which flowers during winter in the population studied, two floral morphs were recognized differentiated by flower size, phenological pattern, and production of the reproductive organs: morph LF (large flowers) and morph SF (small flowers). The former is earlier in phenology but its reproductive success is less than the second since it not only produces significantly fewer flowers/plant, but also a smaller crop of fruit and seeds. The flowering of the LF morph lasted some three months and of the SF morph 11 weeks. The winter-spring flowering C. striatus , with a four month duration of flowering time, is sympatric with C. multiflorus and their flowering periods overlap, but the former is more successful reproductively. Retama sphaerocarpa is clearly spring flowering, with an extremely short duration of flowering (c. 6.5 weeks), but, unlike the other two species which disperse their seeds in the same season in which they are produced, it staggers the dispersal of its diaspores over more than one year. Despite the great flower per plant production, especially in Retama sphaerocarpa , and of the number of fruit initiated, the final crop of fruit and seed/plant is low in the three species (C. multiflorus : fruit 8.40% and seeds 1.96%; C. striatus : fruit 13.09% and seeds 4.12%; Retama sphaerocarpa : fruit 5.65% and seeds 1.33%).     

Reversion of flowering in Glycine Max (Fabaceae)

Photoperiodic changes, if occurring before a commitment to flowering is established, can alter the morphological pattern of plant development. In this study, Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Ransom plants were initially grown under an inductive short-day (SD) photoperiod to promote flower evocation and then transferred to a long-day (LD) photoperiod to delay flower development by reestablishing vegetative growth (SD-LD plants). Some plants were transferred back to SD after 4-LD exposures to repromote flowering (SD-LD-SD plants). Alterations in organ initiation patterns, from floral to vegetative and back to floral, are characteristic of a reversion phenomenon. Morphological features that occurred at the shoot apical meristem in SD, LD, SD-LD, and SD-LD-SD plants were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Reverted plants initiated floral bracts and resumed initiation of trifoliolate leaves in the two-fifths floral phyllotaxy prior to terminal inflorescence development. When these plants matured, leaf-bract intermediates were positioned on the main stem instead of trifoliolate leaves. Plants transferred back to a SD photoperiod flowered earlier than those left in LD conditions. Results indicated that in plants transferred between SDs and LDs, photoperiod can influence organ initiation in florally evoked, but not committed, G. max plants.     

新疆沙冬青抗冻蛋白的提取分离及其热滞活性测定

抗冻蛋白被发现于低温环境下生存的生物体中,它能够吸附在冰晶表面并改变冰晶的生长形态,对于增加植物的抗低温胁迫能力有重要作用。用纤维素DE-52离子柱层析提取分离出了冬季新疆沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)叶片中的抗冻蛋白(AFPs)。差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定结果表明,当蛋白浓度为20mg/ml时,抗冻蛋白的热滞活性(THA)为0·46℃。经SDS-PAGE电泳分析,此抗冻蛋白的分子量为119·24kDa。     

濒危植物矮沙冬青的等位酶多样性及居群分化

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术,对珍稀濒危植物矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)6个自然居群的等位酶遗传多样性进行了初步研究。8个酶系统、l9个酶位点的检测结果表明,矮沙冬青具有较低的遗传变异水平。物种水平上的遗传多样性参数为：P=21．05％,A=1．21,Ht=0．040;居群水平上的平均遗传多样性为：P=14．04％,A=1．14(0．04),Ht=0．036(0．018),比长寿命多年生木本的狭域分布种和特有种的多样性水平都低。F-统计量分析显示,矮沙冬青在居群水平(F15=0．129)和总居群水平(FIT=0．202)上都表现为杂合子缺乏;Fsr=0．085表明居群问遗传分化较小,这与居群间较高的遗传一致度(I=0．997)的结果一致。据研究结果推测矮沙冬青进化历史上经历过遗传瓶颈,是造成遗传多样性水平偏低的重要原因。基于研究结果,提出应当重点保护遗传变异相对丰富的何依儿佣克尔(KE)居群,并且可将其作为引种的种源地。