17种桤木属植物的亲缘关系研究及模糊种鉴定

利用AFLP分子标记结合形态学指标,采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析,对桤木属17个种57份材料进行了亲缘关系研究及一个模糊种鉴定。结果表明：7对引物扩增出369条带,其中346个多态位点,多态位点百分率为93.77%;根据AFLP标记位点聚类分析,在相似系数为0.782时,17种桤木属植物可分为4类,第一类为日本桤木(Alnus japonica);第二类为绿桤木(A.viridis)、意大利桤木(A.cordata)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、模糊种、四川桤木(A.cremastogyne)、江南桤木(A.trabeculosa)、斑点桤木(A.incana ssp.rugosa)、东北亚灰桤木(A.hirsuta)、台湾桤木(A.formosana)、日本特有桤木(A.firma)和裂叶桤木(A.sinuata);第三类为灰桤木(A.incana)、红桤木(A.rubra)及薄叶桤木(A.tenifolia);第四类喜马拉雅灰桤(A.nitida)和尼泊尔桤木(A.nepalensis)。根据形态学聚类分析,在距离为1.4时可分为三类,意大利桤木(A.cordata)单独为一类;日本桤木(A.japonica)、台湾桤木(A.formosana)、喜马拉雅灰桤木(A.nitida)、江南桤木(A.trabeculosa)和东北亚灰桤木(A.hirsuta);第三类包括模糊种、灰桤木(A.incana)、斑点桤木(A.incana ssp.rugosa)、裂叶桤木(A.sinuata)、红桤木(A.rubra)、欧洲桤木(A.glutinosa)、绿桤木(A.viridis)、四川桤木(A.cremastogyne)、薄叶桤木(A.tenuifolia)和尼泊尔桤木(A.nepalensis)。经形态特征和AFLP分析鉴定模糊种为欧洲桤木。形态学聚类与AFLP聚类结果基本一致,但仍存在一定的差异,说明桤木属植物遗传背景丰富,种的分子分类地位和形态学分类地位具有一定的差异。     

中国列蛾属分类研究及二十三新种记述(鳞翅目,列蛾科)

报道了中国列蛾属Autosticha 33种昆虫,其中有23新种和中国3新纪录种.新种包括:连斑列蛾A.conjugiopuncla sp.nov.,茨坪列蛾A.cipingensis sp.nov.,小喜列蛾A.microphilodema sp.nov.,多斑列蛾A.maculosa sp.nov.,勐仑列蛾A.menglunica sp.nov.,粗鳞列蛾A.squarrosa sp.nov.,南昌列蛾A.nanchangensis sp.nov.,淡黄列蛾A.flavida sp.nov.,二瓣列蛾A.valvifida sp.nov.,复瓣列蛾A.complexivalvula sp.nov.,迷列蛾A.fallaciosa sp.nov.,直斑列蛾A.rectipunctata sp.nov.,齿瓣列蛾A.valvidentata sp.nov.,天目山列蛾A.tianmushana sp.nov.,异域列蛾A.heteramalla sp.nov.,沈氏列蛾A.shenaesp.nov,五峰列蛾A.wufengensis sp.nov.,奇异列蛾A.mirabilis sp.nov.,弓瓣列蛾A.arcivalvaris sp.nov.,刺列蛾A.oxyacantha sp.nov.,棒列蛾A.bacilliformis.sp.nov.,赤水列蛾A.chishuiensis sp. nov.和涉县列蛾A.shexianicasp.nov..中国新纪录种有:和列蛾A.modicella(Christoph,1882),粗点列蛾A.pachysticta(Meyrick,1936)和截列蛾A.truncicola Ueda,1997.此外,还报道了1个新组合--喜列蛾A.philodema(Meyrick,1938),comb.nov..文中提供了新种的外生殖器特征图.模式标本保存在南开大学生物系.     

Allozymic differentiation of the Antirrhinum majus and A. siculum species groups

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Fifty-two populations were sampled in order to establish the taxonomic delimitation and relationships of eight taxa belonging to the A. majus L. and A. siculum Miller groups. METHODS: Data on 13 allozyme loci were recorded after extraction of fresh leaves and electrophoresis on horizontal 10% starch gels. KEY RESULTS: Genetic distances between conspecific populations are lower than for other species of the genus. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the recognition of A. majus, A. tortuosum, A. linkianum, A. cirrigherum, A. litigiosum and A. barrelieri at specific rank. The genetic distances, together with the lack of morphological differences and the sympatric distribution ranges, support the inclusion of A. australe into A. tortuosum, A. dielsianum into A. siculum, and A. latifolium subsp. intermedium as a synonym of A. latifolium. The results support separation of the taxa studied into two groups, coinciding with series Sicula Rothm. and Majora, but disagreeing with the arrangement of species into them. According to our results, Sicula consist of A. siculum and Majora consists of A. latifolium, A. majus, A. tortuosum, A. linkianum, A. cirrigherum, A. litigiosum and A. barrelieri.     

七种蒿属植物种子重量形状及萌发特性的比较研究

在实验室条件下 ,对 7种蒿属植物种子 (差巴嘎蒿、乌丹蒿、万年蒿、大籽蒿、黄蒿、野艾蒿和冷蒿 )进行重量、形状及萌发特性的比较研究。沙生先锋植物乌丹蒿和差巴嘎蒿的种子重量较大、形状扁平 ,这些特征是植物对流沙环境进化的适应机制之一。黄蒿种子小且呈圆形 ,具有持久土壤种子库 ,因此黄蒿抗干扰能力较强。 7种蒿属植物有 3种萌发格局 :大籽蒿、万年蒿、差巴嘎蒿和冷蒿的萌发前期快 ,后期平缓 ;野艾蒿和黄蒿整个萌发过程平缓 ;乌丹蒿早期和后期萌发平缓 ,中间快。乌丹蒿推迟萌发高峰是它比差巴嘎蒿更适应流沙环境的机制之一。从种子萌发格局分析 ,黄蒿种子具有生理后熟或休眠机制 ,大籽蒿种子萌发是典型的机会主义。黄蒿、野艾蒿和冷蒿种子具有风险分摊的萌发机制。种子重量和形状与发芽率之间无相关性 ,重量和形状则显著相关。     

Taxonomic Review of the Genus Anterhynchium Saussure (Eumeninae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera) from East Asia

ABSTRACT Taxonomic study of the genus Anterhynchium from the Eastern Asia is carried out. A total of 15 forms included in four species were reviewed: A. melanopterum, A. flavopunctatum flavopunctatum, A. flavopuntatum opulentum, A. yunnanensis, A. flavomarginatum flavomarginatum, A. f. koreanum, A. f. tsushimarum, A. f. umenoi, A. f. micado, A. f. procella, A. f. insulicola, A. f. sulphreum, A. f. amamense, A. f. hanedai and A. f. formosicola. However, the A. flavopunctatum opulentum and A. yunnanensis are only cited for future work, due to the lack of available materials. Key to the other species and subspecies are revised, and photos showing diagnostic characters and coloration are presented. The male genitalic characters for accurate identification were separately discussed.     

Crossing experiments in Allium L. section Cepa

VAN RAAMSDONK, L. W. D., WIETSMA, W. A. & DE VRIES, J. N., 1992. Crossing experiments in Allium L. section Cepa . A full diallel was carried out with six diploid species of Allium section Cepa and A. roylei of section Rhizirideum , High isolation barriers were found between the related species A. cepa and A. oschaninii , between A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii , and between A. galanthum and A. pskemense . On the contrary, the species A. cepa and A. roylei , belonging to different sections, show only slight isolation barriers. The Wallace effect, which is the development of internal isolation barriers as such, is likely to have taken place in the evolution of A. oschaninii and A. vavilovii , and possibly also between A. galanthum and A. pskemense .     

Cullin-4A·DNA damage-binding protein 1 E3 ligase complex targets tumor suppressor RASSF1A for degradation during mitosis

Tumor suppressor RASSF1A (RAS association domain family 1, isoform A) is known to play an important role in regulation of mitosis; however, little is known about how RASSF1A is regulated during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. In the present study, we have identified Cullin-4A (CUL4A) as a novel E3 ligase for RASSF1A. Our results demonstrate that DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) functions as a substrate adaptor that directly interacts with RASSF1A and bridges RASSF1A to the CUL4A E3 ligase complex. Depletion of DDB1 also diminishes intracellular interactions between RASSF1A and CUL4A. Our results also show that RASSF1A interacts with DDB1 via a region containing amino acids 165-200, and deletion of this region abolishes RASSF1A and DDB1 interactions. We have found that CUL4A depletion results in increased levels of RASSF1A protein due to increased half-life; whereas overexpression of CUL4A and DDB1 markedly enhances RASSF1A protein ubiquitination resulting in reduced RASSF1A levels. We further show that CUL4A-mediated RASSF1A degradation occurs during mitosis, and depletion of CUL4A markedly reverses mitotic-phase-stimulated RASSF1A degradation. We also note that overexpression of CUL4A antagonizes the ability of RASSF1A to induce M-phase cell cycle arrest. Thus, our present study demonstrates that the CUL4A·DDB1 E3 complex is important for regulation of RASSF1A during mitosis, and it may contribute to inactivation of RASSF1A and promoting cell cycle progression.     

Classification of A1- and A24-supertype molecules by analysis of their MHC-peptide binding repertoires

At the functional level, the majority of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I MHC variants can be classified into about ten different major groups, or supertypes, characterized by overlapping peptide binding motifs and repertoires. Previous studies have detailed the peptide binding specificity of the HLA A2, A3, B7, and B44 supertypes, and predicted, on the basis of MHC pocket structures, known motifs, or the sequence of T cell epitopes, the existence of the HLA A1 and A24 supertypes. Direct experimental validation of the A1 and A24 supertypes, however, has been lacking. In the current study, the peptide-binding repertoires and main anchor specificities of several common HLA A molecules (A*0101, A*2301, A*2402, A*2601, A*2902, and A*3002) predicted to be members of the A1 or A24 supertypes were analyzed and defined using single amino acid substituted peptides and a large peptide library. Based on the present findings, the A1 supertype includes A*0101, A*2601, A*2902, and A*3002, whereas the A24 supertype includes A*2301 and A*2402. Interestingly, A*2902 is associated with a motif and peptide binding repertoire that overlaps significantly with those of all of the A1- and A24-supertype molecules studied, representing—to our knowledge—the first report of significant cross-reactivity among molecules belonging to different supertypes.     

Substitution of methionine 63 or 83 in S100A9 and cysteine 42 in S100A8 abrogate the antifungal activities of S100A8/A9: potential role for oxidative regulation

S100A8 and S100A9 and their heterocomplex calprotectin (S100A8/A9) are abundant cytosolic constituents in human neutrophils previously shown to possess antifungal activity. This study was designed to investigate mechanisms involved in the modulation of the antifungal properties of S100A8/A9. S100A8, S100A9 and site-directed mutants of both proteins were tested for their antifungal effect against Candida albicans in microplate dilution assays. Whereas S100A8 alone did not inhibit fungal growth, S100A9 by itself had a moderate antifungal effect. Combining both proteins had the strongest effect. Supporting a potential role for oxidation in S100A8/A9, substitution of methionine 63 or 83 of S100A9 resulted in the loss of antifungal activity. Additionally, the substitution to alanine of cysteine 42 of S100A8 also caused a loss of S100A8's ability to enhance S100A9's antifungal effect. Overall, our data indicate that both S100A8 and S100A9 are required for their fully active antifungal effect and that oxidation regulates S100A8/A9 antifungal activity through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated and evaluated. Finally, together with our previous work describing the oxidation-sensitive anti-inflammatory effects of S100A8/A9, we propose that S100A8/A9 exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in healthy state and that conditions associated with oxidative stress activate the antifungal activity of S100A8/A9.     

Genetic characterization of Artemia tibetiana (Crustacea: Anostraca)

The brine shrimp Artemia consists of a number of bisexual species and a large number of parthenogenetic forms, which collectively, inhabit a wide range of hypersaline habitats. A recently described species (A. tibetiana) from a carbonate lake (Lagkor Co) in Tibet at an altitude of 4490 m has been tested with New World (A. franciscana USA, and A. franciscana feral population Vietnam) and Old World species (A. salina, A. urmiana, A. sinica) for cross fertility. These tests show complete infertility between A. tibetiana and A. franciscana . Between A. tibetiana and A. urmiana, A. sinica partial fertility through to F₂ and F₃ generations is evident. Allozyme and RAPD comparison of A. tibetiana with A. franciscana (USA), A. franciscana (Vietnam), A. sinica (Mongolia) and A. urmiana (Iran) show that A. tibetiana is similar to other bisexual species in mean heterozygosity (0.074) but has a somewhat higher proportion of polymorphic loci (40%, similar to that of A. urmiana ). The genetic distance between A. tibetiana and A. franciscana is 0.730, between A. tibetiana and A. urmiana is 0.475 and that between A. tibetiana and A. sinica is 0.114. F_IS estimates for A. tibetiana differ significantly from zero for six loci, mainly because of lack of fit to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. This may suggest that even within the limited area of Lagkor Co there are Genétically distinct populations. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 75 , 333–344.     

Identification of Anguilla anguilla (L.) and Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) and their hybrids based on a diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphism in nuclear 18S rDNA

The variability of the nuclear 18S rDNA was examined for 10 species of freshwater eels: Anguilla anguilla, A. australis, A. dieffenbachii, A. japonica, A. marmorata, A. mossambica, A. nebulosa labiata, A. obscura, A. reinhardtii and A. rostrata. We observed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) separated A. anguilla and A. japonica from the remaining taxa. While this SNP marker may be used to identify hypothetical hybrids of A. japonica and sympatric eel species, we focused on Atlantic eels to evaluate the potential for this diagnostic chromosomal marker to discriminate between individuals of A. anguilla, A. rostrata and their hybrids.     

广义青篱竹属(Arundinaria)核糖体DNA ITS序列及亲缘关系研究

利用PCR扩增产物直接测序的方法分析广义青篱竹属(Arundinaria)中有关争议类群的代表种或模式种(毛竹为外类群)等18种竹种的核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacers,ITS)序列。通过最简约性分析产生的ITS系统发育树表明,供试竹种形成一个自然的单系类群,这说明广义青篱竹属中这些不同的类群归属青篱竹属是合理的。17种竹种可聚为2大分支：其中斑苦竹(A,oleosa)、仙居苦竹(A．hsienchuensis)、茶秆竹(A．amabilis)、长叶苦竹(A．chino)、苦竹(A．amara)、宜兴苦竹(A．yixingensis)、菲白竹(A．fortunei)、翠竹(A．pygmaea)为一个分支;而大明竹(A．graminea)、巴山木竹(A．fargesii)、冷箭竹(A．faberi)、凤竹(A．hupehense)、鼓节矢竹(Pseudosasa japonica cv．Tsutsumiana)、矢竹(Pseudosasa japonica)、短穗竹(Brachystachyum densiflorum)、肿节竹(A．oedogonata)、少穗竹(A．sulcata)组合在另一分支。ITS系统发育树还表明,大明竹与巴山木竹、鼓节矢竹与矢竹、少穗竹与短穗竹和肿节竹关系极为密切,均得到较高的Bootstrap(分别为99％、100％和87％)的支持;茶秆竹与仙居苦竹关系非常密切,茶秆竹可归隶到青篱竹属中;翠竹和菲白竹关系密切,且与苦竹类竹种分为两个分支。     

Adenosine A2A receptor is involved in cell surface expression of A2B receptor

The A2A and A2B adenosine receptors (A2AR and A2BR) are implicated in many physiological processes. However, the mechanisms of their intracellular maturation and trafficking are poorly understood. In comparative studies of A2AR versus A2BR expression in transfected cells, we noticed that the levels of cell surface expression of A2BR were significantly lower than those of A2AR. A large portion of the A2BR was degraded by the proteasome. Studies of cell surface expression of A2BR chimeric molecules in transfectants suggested that A2BR does not have the dominant forward transport signal for export from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. A2BR surface expression was increased in A2BR chimeras where the A2BR carboxyl terminus (CT) was replaced or fused with the A2AR CT. Co-transfection of A2AR with A2BR enhanced surface expression of A2BR though the F(X)(6)LL motif in the A2AR CT. The requirements of A2AR expression for better A2BR cell surface expression was not only established in transfectants but also confirmed by observations of much lower levels of A2BR-induced intracellular cAMP accumulation in response to A2BR-activating ligand in splenocytes from A2AR(-/-) mice than in wild type mice. The results of mechanistic studies suggested that poor A2BR expression at the cell surface might be accounted for mainly by the lack of a dominant forward transport signal from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane; it is likely that A2BR forms a hetero-oligomer complex for better function.     

Molecular mechanisms involved in the adenosine A and A receptor-induced neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma cells and striatal primary cultures

Adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) and adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) are the major mediators of the neuromodulatory actions of adenosine in the brain. In the striatum A1Rs and A(2A)Rs are mainly co-localized in the GABAergic striatopallidal neurons. In this paper we show that agonist-induced stimulation of A1Rs and A(2A)Rs induces neurite outgrowth processes in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and also in primary cultures of striatal neuronal precursor cells. The kinetics of adenosine-mediated neuritogenesis was faster than that triggered by retinoic acid. The triggering of the expression of TrkB neurotrophin receptor and the increase of cell number in the G1 phase by the activation of adenosine receptors suggest that adenosine may participate in early steps of neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, protein kinase C (PKC) and extracellular regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) are involved in the A1R- and A(2A)R-mediated effects. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) activity results in a total inhibition of neurite outgrowth induced by A(2A)R agonists but not by A1R agonists. PKA activation is therefore necessary for A(2A)R-mediated neuritogenesis. Co-stimulation does not lead to synergistic effects thus indicating that the neuritogenic effects of adenosine are mediated by either A1 or A(2A) receptors depending upon the concentration of the nucleoside. These results are relevant to understand the mechanisms by which adenosine receptors modulate neuronal differentiation and open new perspectives for considering the use of adenosine agonists as therapeutic agents in diseases requiring neuronal repair.     

Effect of Lesion of A5 and A7 Brainstem Noradrenergic Areas or Transection of Brainstem Pathways on Sympathoadrenal Activity in Rats During Immobilization Stress

Both A5 and A7 brainstem noradrenergic cell groups innervate dorsal horns of the spinal cord. Moreover, A5 cell group directly innervates sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Thus, A5 and A7 noradrenergic neurons could modulate the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) activity. We investigated the role of A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups in regulation of the SAS activity under control and stressful conditions. We evaluated the effect of electrolytical lesions of A5 or A7 cell groups and also the effect of bilateral brainstem cuts interrupting brainstem pathways on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in A5 and A7 areas and on the SAS activity measured by plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. We have found that immobilization stress increases activity of the A5 and A7 brainstem areas and also levels of the gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme. Immobilization of sham-operated and brainstem pathways transected or A5 or A7 lesioned animals induced a similar, highly significant increase in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in both sham-operated and A5 or A7 destroyed or transected groups. Our data suggest that both A5 and A7 noradrenergic cell groups are activated during immobilization stress. However, transection of brainstem pathways innervating A5 and A7 neurons or lesion of A5 or A7 cell groups is not sufficient enough for changes in immobilization stress-induced activation of the SAS. We suggest that neither A5 and A7 noradrenergic neurons nor the transected brainstem pathways represent structures crucial for an activation of the SAS during immobilization stress. We hypothesize that during regulation of the stress response, various areas and pathways are involved and the elimination just one of them might be compensated by the remained intact areas and pathways.Special Issue Dedicated to Miklós Palkovits.     

中南半岛紫金牛科植物志预报

紫金牛科是一个典型的热带分布科,中南半岛种类非常丰富。Ｐｉｔａｒｄ（１９３０）在“Ｆｌｏｒｅ Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｅ ｄｅ Ｌ＇Ｉｎｄｏｃｈｉｎｅ”中记录了６属１０９种。此后,对这一地区的种类无人作过全面深入的研究。最近作者在编研《柬埔寨、老挝和越南植物志》的过程中,对紫金牛科作了全面的修订,被确认的种类增加到７属１４２种,其中包括紫金牛属,酸藤子属和杜茎山属的３０个新种,１０个新变种,另外还有紫金牛属     

Taxonomy and preliminary phylogeny of the parasitic genus Apocephalus, subgenus Mesophora (Diptera: Phoridae)

Abstract. The species of Apocephalus , subgenus Mesophora , are revised and twenty-eight species are recognized, including the following twenty-two new to science: from the Nearctic Region A. brunnipes, A. gemursus, A. pristinus, A. setialvus and A. unitarsus , and from the Neotropical Region A. absentis, A. adustus, A. anfractus, A. angustistylus, A. bisetus, A. brevicercus, A. curtus, A. gracilis, A. hansoni, A. leptotarsus, A. longistylus, A. micrepelis, A. moraviensis, A. prolatus, A. trisetus, A. tritarsus and A. truncaticercus. Additionally, three species known only from female specimens are described but not formally named. A lectotype is designated for A. mortifer Borgmeier, and immature stages of A. borealis, A. antennatus and A. mortifer are described. Unlike larvae of other Apocephalus species, all of which are parasites of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), those of Mesophora species are parasites of various other hosts.     

Contribution of conserved polar glutamine, asparagine and threonine residues and glycosylation to agonist action at human P2X1 receptors for ATP

The role of conserved polar glutamine, asparagine and threonine residues in the large extracellular loop, and glycosylation, to agonist action at human P2X1 receptors was tested by generating alanine substitution mutants. For the majority of mutants (Q56A, Q95A, T104A, T109A, Q112A, Q114A, T146A, N153A, T158A, N184A, N191A, N242A, N300A) alanine substitution had no effect on ATP potency. The mutants Q95A, Q112A, Q114A and T158A showed changes in efficacy for the partial agonists BzATP and Ap5A, suggesting that these polar residues may contribute to the gating of the channel. The mutants T186A, N204A and N290A had six-, three- and 60-fold decreases in ATP potency, respectively. For T186A and N290A, the partial agonists BzATP and Ap5A were no longer agonists but still bind to the receptor as shown by the ability to modulate the response to co-applied ATP. N153, N184 and N242 are glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum and N300 acquires complex glycosylation in the golgi. These results aid in refining a model for ATP binding at the P2X1 receptor where the residues F185T186, and the conserved triplet N290F291R292, are likely to play a role in ATP action at the receptor.