水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律

人工模拟施水冲刷试验研究结果表明,随施水冲刷强度的增大,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的０．９％－３．５％和８．２％－１９．７％,硝酸铵主要随径流流失,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与〉２０μｍ团聚体相关系数分别为－０．８９３５、－０．７９２８和－０．８１５     

鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态研究

本文用离子交换树脂袋法（ｌｏｎｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒｅｓｉｎｂａｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ）,测定了鼎湖山马尾松人工林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮动态情况。结果表明,鼎湖山马尾松林土壤硝态氮和铵态氮均具有明显的季节性变化,以春季最高和夏季最低。硝态氮在０～１０ｃｍ和１０～２０ｃｍ两土层的年平均值分别为１．７２２和１．４２９μｇ．ｄ－１．ｇ－１干树脂,铵态氮在０～１０ｃｍ和１０～２０ｃｍ的年平均值则分别为１９．１３７和１４．６９６μｇ．ｄ－１．ｇ－１干树脂。硝态氮和铵态氮在试验的大部分季节表现出显著的直线相关关系（ｐ＜０．０５）,表明了铵态氮供应是调节硝化速率的一个重要因子。     

棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫,中华草蛉分布格局的关系研究

通过田间调查,研究了棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫、中华草蛉空间分布的关系．研究表明,棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫、中华草蛉在棉株垂直各层上的数量间相关系数６ 月分别为０ ．５６９６ 、０ ．８６２０ ,７ 月为０ ．８３００ 、０ ．９２８２ ,８ 月为０ ．９０８３ 、０ ．８２０１ ,除６ 月龟纹瓢虫外,其余皆达显著或极显著水平;垂直格局上棉铃虫卵和龟纹瓢虫扩散系数和久野指数间相关系数分别为０ ．８２１１ 、０ ．７７９１ ,皆达极显著水平;水平格局上棉铃虫卵和中华草蛉扩散系数和久野指数间相关系数分别为０ ．７９２５ 、０ ．５２２８ ,分别达极显著和显著水平．     

白洋淀浮游植物现状

本文研讨了白洋淀重新蓄水后的浮游植物种类组成、数量分布与环境理化因子的关系,并依据多样性指数标准及指示种评价了白洋淀水质。１９９０年５月至１９９２年７月共鉴定到浮游植物８门,１０纲,２５自,５０科,１３５属,３９８种,２０变种。其中绿藻门６５属１９１种８变种;硅藻门２７属９８种１１变种;蓝藻门２７属６８种;隐藻门最少,仅有１属４种。白洋淀重新蓄水后浮游植物的数量分布以南刘庄最高,年沟值９７３．７ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ;韩村最低,仅２６．０ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ。白洋症水样含浮游植物细胞密度春季最高,平均值为４１１．４ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,并以绿藻占绝对优势,平均值为３５３．２ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,占春季总量的８５．８５％,占绿藻全年总量的４０．６２％。不同淀区浮游植物种类组成的多样性指数在０．６１７—０．９１９（Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）和３．１９０—４．５０１（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｅａｖｅｒ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）范围。     

惠州西湖生态修复对浮游植物功能类群的影响

】该文于2010 年5 月—2011 年3 月对惠州西湖生态修复区和未修复区的浮游植物功能类群进行了调查。结果表明：修复区和未修复区浮游植物功能类群共计 21 个,其中修复区R1和R2分别有20 个和21 个,未修复区UR有18 个。在修复区,以适应生长在清水态、较低营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群为主,而在未修复区以适应生长在浑水态、较高营养盐水平的功能类群为主;冗余分析(RDA)结果表明适应生长在清水态、较低营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群与沉水植物呈正相关关系,而与总氮、总磷呈负相关关系;相反,适应生长在浑水态、较高营养盐水平的浮游植物优势功能类群与沉水植物呈负相关关系,而与总氮、总磷呈正相关关系。因此营养盐的降低和沉水植物的出现是影响浮游植物功能类群发生改变的主要环境因子。     

池塘浮游植物生态种组的研究

本文在对池塘浮游植物生物量研究的基础上发现:池塘浮游植物根据它们对环境的适应方式可划分为四个生态种组,生态种组A是一个环境适应能力强,但竞争力弱的类群;生态种组B的动态变化过程与水体中无机氮的含量密切相关;而生态种组C的动态变化过程受水体无机氮含量影响较小;生态种组D是与生态种组A和B相抗衡的一个类群。     

于桥水库浮游植物丰度与环境因子的相关性

2012 年5月-11 月,对天津于桥水库浮游植物丰度及其环境因子进行监测,并运用灰色关联分析方法对浮游植物丰度与环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明于桥水库浮游植物丰度时间分布以11 月最高,为117.30×105 ind/L;9 月最低,为60.52×105 ind/L;空间分布表现为5 月、11 月均为5#采样点最高,分别为239.25×105 ind/L,142.80×105 ind/L;8 月、9月最高均为1#采样点,分别为111.75×105 ind/L,78.05×105 ind/L。灰关联分析结果表明,对于桥水库浮游植物丰度影响最大的环境因子是总磷,总磷的相关性系数是0.782 2,因此控制外源性磷的输入,对于维持于桥水库的生态系统的健康是非常重要的。     

不同时期羊草群落光合速率与环境条件之间的关系模型

利用１９８１－１９８５年间,内蒙古典型草原羊草群落光合速率和环境因子观测资料,按４个不同时期进行逐步多元回归,得到４个回归方程如下：１．６月上中旬植物生长初期,群落光合主要与光照强度和温度有关。其回归方程是ｙ＝－０．６８３＋０．４４４ｘ１－０．０３９１ｘ＋０．０７４２ｘ３－０．００１６４ｘ＾２３（式中ｙ为羊草群我合速率ｇＣｏ２／ｍ＾７２．ｈ,ｘ１是光照强度１０ｋｌｘ,ｘ３为空气温度Ｃ）。方程的复相     

亚天花粉蛋白突变体(R163H n-TCS和R163Q n-TCS)的晶体结构研究

用悬滴汽相扩散法得到了Ｒ１６３Ｈｎ－ＴＣＳ和Ｒ６１３Ｑｎ－ＴＣＳ的晶体,Ｍａｒ－Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ面探测器系统上分别收集了０．２００和０．２０５ｎｍ分辨率的Ｘ－射线衍射数据,采用同晶差值傅立叶法解析结构,用Ｘ－ＰＬＯＲ软件包进行修正,最后的晶体学Ｒ因子分别为０．１８４和０．１８５,键长偏差分别为０．００１３ｎｍ和０．００１４ｎｍ,键角偏差分别为２．５９０和２．８１５,结构测定显示Ｒ１６３Ｈｎ－ＴＣＳ     

三门湾健跳港网箱养殖区浮游生物多样性的夏季调查

调查了三门湾健跳港海水养殖区夏季浮游生物的种类组成、密度和多样性指数,并将浮游生物群落指标与水质理化因子进行相关分析。共发现浮游生物29种,其中浮游植物14种,第一优势种为中勒骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum);浮游动物15种,第一优势种为太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)。表层浮游植物的平均密度为43 328ind·L^-1,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为0.826;浮游动物平均密度为389ind.m^-3,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为2.964。相关分析结果表明:无机氮、无机磷促使了浮游植物大量繁殖,并使浮游动物多样性指数提高。网箱养鱼区水体富营养化指数与浮游植物多样性指数之间有一定的正相关关系,与浮游动物多样性指数之间呈显著的正相关关系。     

Composition of photosynthetic products in Lake Biwa, Japan; vertical and seasonal changes and their relation to environmental factors

The seasonal and vertical changes in photosynthetic productswere determined in Lake Biwa, which is the largest lake in Japan,by combined ¹³C and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (¹³C-GC-MS).The temperature dependence of the production rates differedamong organic compounds. The seasonal change in the proteinspecific production rate (SPR) showed a strong temperature dependence,indicating that photoplankton growth rate was primarily governedby water temperature. In August and September, low protein SPRwas, however, observed, probably due to low inorganic nitrogenconcentration. Nitrogen deficiency in the late stagnation periodwas also suggested by high C:N ratios both in paniculate matterand photosynthetic products. The glucose SPR did not show anysignificant correlation with water temperature, irradiance andinorganic nitrogen concentration. Highly variable glucose SPRmight be due to high turnover of glucose, and vertical mixingin the mixed surface layer may be one of the most importantfactors causing variability of glucose SPR.     

利用叶色特征监测小麦叶片的碳氮状况

研究了不同土壤水氮条件下小麦 (Triticumaestivum) 抽穗后叶片碳氮状况及其比例与叶片叶色 (SPAD值 ) 的关系。结果表明, 小麦中后期叶片氮含量和可溶性糖含量与顶部 3张叶片叶色 (SPAD值 ) 均呈显著的指数正相关, 其相关程度大小为L1>L2 >L3, 但与不同叶位叶色间的差值或比值相关并不显著 ;而叶片碳氮比与各叶位叶色相关不显著, 但与顶 1叶和顶 3叶的叶色差值呈极显著直线相关, 据此建立了基于叶色特征的叶片氮含量、可溶性糖含量和碳氮比监测模型, 检验结果显示, 顶 1叶叶色和顶 1叶与顶 3叶叶色的差值可用来有效地评估小麦叶片的碳、氮含量及碳氮比状况。     

增温对湿润亚热带杉木幼林和成熟林土壤无机氮的影响

全球变暖可能加快或抑制森林土壤氮循环,进而影响森林生态系统生产力,而且这种影响随时间的持续而更加复杂。本研究以亚热带杉木幼林和成熟林土壤为对象,通过土壤电缆增温模拟未来气候变化情景,分析土壤无机氮含量对模拟增温的响应。结果表明:经过持续3年的增温试验(4℃),亚热带地区增温显著降低了杉木幼林和成熟林土壤总无机氮和铵态氮含量。其中杉木幼林土壤的降幅更大,其0～10、10～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量的降幅分别为32.1%、37.1%、20.8%、19.9%。增温导致2种林分土壤可溶性有机氮减少和N₂O排放加快,土壤矿化基质输入减少和气态氮损失增大是土壤中现存无机氮含量减少的原因。杉木幼林土壤矿化基质降幅和气态氮排放升高幅度均比成熟林土壤大,杉木幼林土壤对增温更为敏感。3年的增温造成杉木幼林和成熟林土壤无机氮含量下降,可能对杉木人工林生产力产生不利的影响。     

Gender Differences in Correlations Between the Content of Elements in Rain Water and the Frequency of Hospitalization for Arterial Hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Psoriasis in Opole Voivodship, Poland, During 2000–2002

The aim of this work is to show and give a plausible explanation to gender-dependent differences in correlations between the content of selected elements in rainwater and the frequency of hospitalization by reason of arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and psoriasis in the area of Opolskie Voivodeship, Poland, during the period 2000-2002. The elements analyzed were sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate. Hospitalization due to arterial hypertension was more frequent in women, whereas those for COPD and psoriasis were more frequent in men. In the case of women hospitalized for arterial hypertension, the correlations were low, except for zinc (r = 0.47) and for cadmium (r = 0.43). In men hospitalized for COPD, all of the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.4, except for phosphorus. The coefficients for nickel, ammonia nitrogen, and total nitrogen ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 and the remaining elements from 0.6 to 0.7. In women, the correlation was limited to five elements where the coefficient was r > 0.4 for chloride, calcium, nitrate, phosphorus, and chromium. In cases of hospitalization for psoriasis, the correlation in men was between 0.4 and 0.5 for chloride, phosphorus, copper, lead, and total nitrogen and greater than 5 for sulfate, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, nitrate, and ammonium nitrogen. The correlation in women was between 0.48 and 0.5 for ammonium nitrogen and phosphorus.     

样品磷化氢含量与某些微生物群落及酶活的关系

探讨了样品中磷化氢含量与不同微生物群落及几种酶活性的关系。结果表明,样品的磷化氢含量与厌氧微生物总量、有机磷细菌、反硝化细菌、碱性磷酸酶活性及脱氢酶活性呈显著的正相关关系,其相关系数(R2)分别达到了0.93,0.90,0.69,0.79和0.82;而与好氧异养微生物总量、无机磷细菌、硫酸盐还原菌、酸性磷酸酶的关系不大。此结果说明,相关类群的微生物在磷化氢的产生中可能起重要的作用。     

Manure sampling procedures and nutrient estimation by the hydrometer method for gestation pigs

Three manure agitation procedures were examined in this study (vertical mixing, horizontal mixing, and no mixing) to determine the efficacy of producing a representative manure sample. The total solids content for manure from gestation pigs was found to be well correlated with the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the manure, with highly significant correlation coefficients of 0.988 and 0.994, respectively. Linear correlations were observed between the TN and TP contents and the manure specific gravity (correlation coefficients: 0.991 and 0.987, respectively). Therefore, it may be inferred that the nutrients in pig manure can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by measuring the liquid manure specific gravity. A rapid testing method for manure nutrient contents (TN and TP) using a soil hydrometer was also evaluated. The results showed that the estimating error increased from +/-10% to +/-30% with the decrease in TN (from 1000 to 100 ppm) and TP (from 700 to 50 ppm) concentrations in the manure. Data also showed that the hydrometer readings had to be taken within 10 s after mixing to avoid reading drift in specific gravity due to the settling of manure solids.     

哀牢山木果柯林及其退化植被下土壤无机氮库的干季动态特征

The dry-season dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen pools were investigated under three types of vegetation (Primary Lithocarpus xylocarpus forest, secondary oak forest and tea plantation), which represent three different intensities of disturbance. Pools of inorganic nitrogen in soils (0-15 cm) showed strong differences between the three types of vegetation. Organic material, total nitrogen reduced and C/N ratio fell with increasing intensity of disturbance, while nitrate loss potential rose. These results suggest that disturbance does not favor the retention of soil nutrient elements. The dry-season dynamics of the inorganic nitrogen pools were similar under the three vegetation types while the dynamics of NH+-N differed from that of NO3--N’s. NH4+-N was the major form of inorganic nitrogen, and NO3-N content only was 1.16%-3.44%, 0.58%-2.09% and 2.02%- 7.37% of NH4+-N content in the primary Lithocatpus xylocarpus forests, secondary oak forests and tea plantations.     

钱塘江干流杭州段水体叶绿素a浓度及与环境因子的关系

2006年1月至2007年12月,对钱塘江干流杭州段水体的叶绿素a时空分布及其与环境因子的关系进行研究.结果表明钱塘江干流杭州段的叶绿素a浓度时间差异显著,空间差异不显著.叶绿素a浓度呈现夏秋季节高、冬春季节低的规律.叶绿素a浓度与温度呈显著正相关,叶绿素a与透明度在不同范围内表现出不同的相关关系,叶绿素a与TN、TP之间的相关关系在不同江段有所差异.钱塘江干流杭州段总氮和总磷浓度均很高,足够满足藻类生长需要;氮磷比较低,基本在8～30之间,说明氮磷含量可能不是钱塘江藻类生长的限制因子.     

东北一季作农田秋末土壤中无机氮的累积

在我国东北一季作农田地区,秋季作物收获时土壤中累积的无机氮并不多,但经过秋末一段温度、湿度都适宜矿化作用又无作物生长利用的时期以后,封冻前旱地土壤中累积的无机氮可以达到一个较高的水平,单施化肥的旱地农田1m土体中累积的无机氮为99．9kg·hm^-2,化肥和有机肥配施的农田为145．4kg·hm^-2;水田壤中累积的无机氮较低,这是由于水田土壤长期淹水,通透性不及旱田,尽管落水后透气性有所改善,但不充分的含氧条件有利于反硝化作用,矿化的无机氮最终以N2O形式损失掉．     

定位施肥对紫色菜园土磷素状况的影响

基于紫色菜园土壤莴笋-白菜轮作3a的12季连续定位施肥试验,研究施肥对土壤磷素状况的影响。结果表明,在紫色土上以化肥为基础增施有机肥(泥炭或菜籽粕)既提高土壤磷含量,又增加无机磷组分中有效磷源和缓效磷源的比例,且不会增加磷素淋失的风险,是所有处理中最优者;增磷、增钾处理虽然提高了土壤磷含量,但未能提高速效磷源与缓效磷源的比例;增氮、增硼及常规施肥降低土壤磷含量和提高无效磷源的比例;无肥处理磷含量最低,无效磷源比例最高。紫色菜园土无机磷约为有机磷的4—6倍,无机磷各组分以钙磷为主,占I-P总量的60.89%—67.92%,显示紫色土风化程度较低。各形态磷素呈Ca10-P>Ca8-P>Fe-P≈Al-P≈OC-P>Ca2-P序列变化,其中Ca2-P和Al-P总共仅占无机磷总量的11.47%—19.43%,表明紫色土中对植物最有效的磷源不足;而Ca10-P和OC-P共占无机磷总量的42.48%—59.55%,意味着紫色土无机磷有一半左右是以作物不可利用的形态存在的。紫色土全磷与无机磷、有机磷、Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、OC-P及Ca10-P呈显著正相关;无机磷与多种形态磷呈显著正相关(除有机磷、Ca2-P、有效磷外);有机磷与全磷、Ca2-P显著正相关;有效磷与全磷、Ca2-P、Al-P、Fe-P显著正相关;无机磷组分间也都存在显著正相关关系(OC-P与Ca10-P间有极显著正相关,但它们与其它无机磷组分无相关性)。表明在土壤磷的整个循环系统中,不同组分无机磷与有机磷之间处于一个动态平衡中,它们之间存在着相互影响和制约。土壤pH与各形态磷关系密切。对土壤有效磷与无机磷组分间的关系进行系统分析,简单相关分析结果土壤有效磷与Ca2-P、Fe-P呈极显著正相关,与Al-P呈显著正相关,与Ca8-P、OC-P、Ca10-P正相关但不显著;通径分析结果对土壤有效磷直接影响较大的无机磷组分是Al-P、Ca8-P与Ca2-P,其中Ca8-P的直接影响为负效应;逐步回归分析结果与通径分析一致。综合分析得出,Ca2-P、Al-P是最有效的磷源,Fe-P、Ca8-P次之,Ca10-P与OC-P是非有效磷源。莴笋和白菜产量与紫色土壤Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P呈显著正相关,与OC-P、Ca10-P无相关性。紫色土各形态无机磷与两种蔬菜产量的相关系数r大小依次为Ca2-P>Fe-P>AL-P>Ca8-P>Ca10-P>OC-P,这与各形态无机磷与有效磷简单相关分析的结果一致。