云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带蚂蚁物种多样性

哀牢山地处青藏高原、横断山地和云贵高原三大自然地理区域的结合部,在这样一个特殊的地理气候区域内栖息着怎样的蚂蚁群落?不同海拔高度引起的气候条件差异导致蚂蚁群落结构和多样性产生了怎样的差异?为了揭示这一科学问题,本文采用样带法、样地调查法和多样性指标法研究了哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带的蚂蚁物种多样性。在哀牢山国家级自然保护区东坡垂直带记录蚂蚁7亚科47属150种,喜马毛蚁(Lasiushimalayanus)是蚂蚁群落的优势种,同时发现常见种2个,较常见种20个,较稀有种55个,稀有种72个,稀有种占了物种总数的48.00%。东坡4个垂直带蚂蚁群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数顺序为:中南段>北段>中北段>南段。相关性分析显示蚂蚁的物种数和多样性指数与海拔存在显著负相关性,物种数、个体密度和多样性指数与乔木郁闭度存在显著负相关性。蚂蚁群落在海拔梯度间表现出高度的不相似性和强烈的更替模式,不同垂直带间的蚂蚁群落同样表现出高度的不相似性和强烈的更替格局。哀牢山自然保护区东坡各垂直带蚂蚁物种数、个体密度、多样性指数总体上随海拔升高而降低,主要受海拔和气温因素制...     

中国东南部农区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

为探清我国东南部农区内蚂蚁物种多样性,本研究共设置86个采样单元格,每个单元格内选择农田、草地和人工林3种生境,每种生境设置3个重复样地,每个重复生境设置5个1 m2的重复采样样方,用吸虫器采集样方内的地表蚂蚁。结果表明：在我国东南部农区共采集鉴定地表蚂蚁30 077头,隶属于7亚科49属155种;长江中下游地区共采集蚂蚁5亚科34属93种,其中优势种3个,常见种9个,稀有种81个;华南地区采集蚂蚁7亚科42属124种,其中优势种2个,常见种11个,稀有种111个。红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是华南地区个体数目最多的物种,占个体总数的39.40%;物种数目、个体密度、多样性指数和优势度指数均表现为华南地区＞长江中下游地区;不同生境内蚂蚁群落的物种数目、多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为人工林＞草地＞农田,个体密度和优势度指数人工林生境最低;两个地区3种生境蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.2437~0.6581,处于极不相似至中等相似水平。结果表明,我国东南部农区蚂蚁种类丰富,在农区的生物多样性保护中具有重要价值;红火蚁在华南地区入侵扩散严重,亟需治理;农区内不同土地利用方式造成的生境差异影响蚂蚁群落的物种组成和多样性;不同区域、不同生境的蚂蚁群落间差异明显。     

喜马拉雅山哺乳动物物种多样性垂直分布格局

生物多样性的空间分布及其相关机制一直是生态学、生物地理学和保护生物学研究的热点问题。山地生态系统生境异质性和生物多样性高, 适合研究生物多样性空间分布及其相关机制。喜马拉雅山脉位于青藏高原南缘, 是全球生态热点区域。其地形复杂, 海拔落差大(100-8,844 m), 具有明显的垂直气候带。本研究通过整合野外调查和文献资料, 系统地分析了10目23科160属313种喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性的垂直分布格局, 发现该区域哺乳动物总体及其子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局都为左偏倚的中峰格局, 物种多样性在海拔900-1,400 m之间最高, 不同物种子集的物种多样性垂直分布格局的模式有所不同。UPGMA聚类分析表明, 喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物群落沿海拔梯度可以划分为5个聚类簇(海拔100-1,500 m、1,500-2,000 m、2,000-3,000 m、3,000-4,200 m以及4,200-6,000 m的地区), 大致与该地区植被的垂直带分布相吻合。喜马拉雅山地区哺乳动物物种多样性在中低海拔最为丰富, 可能跟东洋界与古北界生物群扩散后的交汇地带相关。喜马拉雅山区贯通南北的沟谷是生物扩散和迁移的通道, 沟谷内水热资源较好, 气候稳定性高, 为高山生态系统内各种生物创造了栖息条件。综上, 喜马拉雅山沟谷地区是生物多样性热点地区, 也是生物扩散和交流关键的“生态走廊”, 应加强对喜马拉雅山沟谷地区的保护, 以维系该区域较高的生物多样性。     

滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性

为了全面揭示云南蚂蚁多样性规律,采用样地调查法研究了滇东南地区的蚂蚁物种多样性。结果表明:在滇东南地区5个垂直带共采获蚂蚁7亚科57属202种;各样地蚂蚁群落主要指标为:物种数目6～49种(平均24种),个体密度0.7～5 943.6头/m~2(平均560.5头/m~2),多样性指数0.1693～2.6382(平均1.6574),均匀度指数0.0771～0.8022(平均0.5468),优势度指数0.0012～0.9031(平均0.2733);蚂蚁群落间相似性系数0.0333～0.3810,处于极不相似至中等不相似水平。结论认为,滇东南地区栖息着丰富的蚂蚁种类,在生态系统功能和生物多样性保护中具有重要价值。垂直带上蚂蚁物种的丰富度和多样性主要受气温制约,具体表现为纬度和海拔对蚂蚁群落的影响。该地区蚂蚁群落主要指标普遍表现出多域效应现象,除了地形和森林结构因素外,主要受到人类干扰影响,应当结合天然林保护工程对该地区蚂蚁群落加以保护,以便充分发挥其生态功能。     

祁连山国家公园青海片区蚂蚁物种多样性研究

本研究采用样地调查法研究了祁连山国家公园青海片区的蚂蚁物种多样性.在祁连山国家公园青海片区记录蚂蚁2亚科、6属、13种,发现1个中国新记录种:沃尔切胸蚁Temnthorax volgensis(Ruzsky),发现7个青海新记录种.光亮黑蚁 Formica candida Smith、满凹头蚁 Formica manc...     

长白山牛皮杜鹃群落物种多样性的海拔梯度变化及相似性

采用样地调查法,研究了牛皮杜鹃群落物种组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性及其沿海拔梯度的变化规律,对不同海拔牛皮杜鹃群落进行相似性分析。结果表明:(1)牛皮杜鹃群落相同海拔高度,草本层的物种多样性普遍高于灌木层的物种多样性。自海拔1926—1986m,灌木层α多样性指数先降低后升高,1986m后再次降低,到达海拔2010m处达到最低点,适应高山苔原带特殊生境条件的物种逐渐增多,多样性指数开始回升。海拔2250m,生物多样性指数的变化趋于平缓,物种组成相对较为稳定。海拔2528m以上,生物多样性再次呈降低趋势。草本层的α多样性指数中,物种多样性指数SW、丰富度指数D和均匀度指数R沿海拔梯度的变化趋势大致相同。海拔1986m处时出现最小值,海拔2350m时达最大值。牛皮杜鹃群落α多样性指数间呈P0.01水平极显著正相关性,物种丰富度指数对群落的物种多样性贡献率最大,表现为丰富度指数(D1、D2)种间机遇指数(H)生态优势度指数(SN)群落均匀度指数(R)。(2)牛皮杜鹃群落β多样性沿海拔梯度基本呈波形变化,草本层β多样性指数普遍高于灌木层β多样性指数。在牛皮杜鹃群落物种沿海拔梯度的替换速率上,草本植物高于灌木物种。Routledge指数的变化趋势不显著。海拔1986m处和海拔2250m处,草本层Cody指数出现两处极值,海拔2250m以上群落灌木层之间差异和变化较小,Whittaker多样性指数和Cody指数逐渐趋于平稳。(3)海拔梯度间生境及群落结构差异性越大,生物多样性变化越明显。海拔高度接近的群落间相似性系数较高,海拔是影响牛皮杜鹃群落差异的主要因素。     

山东蒙山植物多样性及其海拔梯度格局

2007年7月和2008年7月,采用典型取样法,沿海拔梯度对蒙山自然植被进行调查,发现区域地带性植被为麻栎(Quercus acutissima)林,主要植被类型为麻栎群落、赤松(Pinus densiflora)群落、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)群落、日本落叶松(Larix kaempferi)群落、黑松(Pinus thunbergii)群落和刺槐-麻栎(Robinia pseudoacacia-Q.acutissima)群落,麻栎群落略占优势,已具备继续向温带落叶阔叶林演替的条件基础.蒙山各层次植物物种丰富度呈现出草本层>灌木层>乔木层特征,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数整体规律为灌木层>草本层>乔木层.以蒙山森林群落不同层次的各种物种多样性指数和森林群落总体重要值为测度指标,均判断蒙山植被演替正处于亚顶极群落阶段.蒙山植物多样性沿海拔梯度呈现出近似中海拔高的单峰格局,这除受温度、湿度、人为干扰与面积外,蒙山植被亚顶极群落演替现状与所调查区域仅有800 m的海拔梯度也是重要影响因素.     

承德光秃山不同海拔油松居群遗传多样性

为了解光秃山不同海拔下天然油松居群之间的遗传差异及探求遗传多样性与土壤因子的关联,为油松种源筛选和管理提供参考,本研究运用ISSR技术,对位于河北承德辽河源光秃山4个不同海拔油松天然居群共118个植株个体的遗传多样性进行分析。13个引物共扩增出177条清晰的条带,种群多态位点百分比(PPL)为60.2775%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(h)为0.2171,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.3222;不同种群遗传变异水平随海拔差异呈规律性变化,表现为沿海拔升高而呈低-高-低的分布规律,其中1354～1274 m范围的遗传多样性水平最高;在物种水平上油松具有较高的遗传多样性(PPL=98.33%,h=0.38142,I=0.5550),种群间的遗传分化系数Gst=0.6562。利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异的等级剖分结果表明,种群间有显著的遗传分化,约2/5的遗传变异存在种群间,种群内占3/5。Pearson相关分析表明,油松居群内遗传多样性与海拔、土壤养分(有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量)之间存在显著或一定的相关关系。Mantel检验结果显示,油松居群遗传距离与海拔差距、土壤养分因子的分异存在一定相关性。以上结果表明不同海拔区域的生态因子、低基因流等对油松居群间的遗传分化影响较大。     

戴云山物种多样性与系统发育多样性海拔梯度分布格局及驱动因子

生物多样性的海拔分布格局是生态学研究的热点。海拔作为综合性因子驱动着植物群落的物种、系统发育与功能多样性的空间分布。以戴云山南坡900-1600 m森林植物群落为研究对象,探讨物种多样性、系统发育指数与环境驱动因子的相互关系以及环境因子在群落构建与多样性维持中的重要意义。结果表明：（1）森林植物群落的系统发育多样性与物种多样性沿海拔均呈现中间高度膨胀格局。（2）物种多样性Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育多样性指数呈显著正相关,表明物种多样性越高,系统发育多样性也越高。Shannon-Wiener指数与物种多样性指数（Margalef、Pielou、Simpson指数）、系统发育多样性及系统发育结构都存在显著相关性,一定程度上Shannon-Wiener指数可以代替其他指数。Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育结构NRI （Net relatedness index）指数、NTI （Net nearest taxa index）指数存在显著正相关,表明群落优势度、均匀度与系统发育结构相关性较强。（3）土壤全磷含量是影响系统发育多样性和物种多样性的主要驱动因子,土壤含水量是影响Shannon-Wiener、Pielou、Simpson指数的最显著因子,海拔是影响群落系统发育结构的主要因素。海拔是影响系统发育结构变化的主要环境因子,而土壤因子是影响物种多样性与系统发育多样性的主要因素,进一步验证了物种多样性与系统发育多样性的高度相关,结果旨在揭示物种群落空间分布规律。     

天目山不同海拔檫木群体遗传多样性和遗传结构

采用13对SSR引物,运用Bioptic Qsep100全自动核酸分析系统,分析了天目山5个海拔檫木群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构及其在不同海拔下的变化模式.结果表明: 天目山檫木群体具有较高的遗传多样性水平,其中期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别为0.84和0.61.根据Shannon指数,天目山檫木中海拔(500～800 m)群体的遗传多样性水平大于低海拔(200 m)和高海拔(1100～1400 m)群体的遗传多样性水平.由基因分化系数和AMOVA分析可知,檫木种群的遗传变异主要存在于群体内.STRUCTURE分析和UPGMA聚类分析表明,中、低海拔被划为一个群体,而高海拔被划为另一个群体.低海拔和中海拔檫木群体遗传距离的差异表明,人为干扰对物种多样性具有负面效应,而自然保护区对物种多样性的保护起到了积极作用.     

Compositional and structural features of certain tree stands along an elevational gradient in Central Himalaya

Forests of an elevational transect in the central Himalayan region were studied regarding their tree species composition and structural features. In spite of many differences in compositional and structural features in different forest stands, the arrangement of stands in the ordinations based separately on species composition and structural features exhibit many similarities. Disturbances such as landslides and forest fires play the most important role in the distributor of particular species.     

Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an elevational gradient in the Andes

Aim To document the elevational pattern of epiphyte species richness at the local scale in the tropical Andes with a consistent methodology. Location The northern Bolivian Andes at 350–4000 m above sea level. Methods We surveyed epiphytic vascular plant assemblages in humid forests in (a) single trees located in (b) 90 subplots of 400 m² each located in (c) 14 plots of 1 ha each. The plots were separated by 100–800 m along the elevational gradient. Results We recorded about 800 epiphyte species in total, with up to 83 species found on a single tree. Species richness peaked at c. 1500 m and declined by c. 65% to 350 m and by c. 99% to 4000 m, while forests on mountain ridges had richness values lowered by c. 30% relative to slope forests at the same elevations. The hump‐shaped richness pattern differed from a null‐model of random species distribution within a bounded domain (the mid‐domain effect) as well as from the pattern of mean annual precipitation by a shift of the diversity peak to lower elevations and by a more pronounced decline of species richness at higher elevations. With the exception of Araceae, which declined almost monotonically, all epiphyte taxa showed hump‐shaped curves, albeit with slightly differing shapes. Orchids and pteridophytes were the most species‐rich epiphytic taxa, but their relative contributions shifted with elevation from a predominance of orchids at low elevations to purely fern‐dominated epiphyte assemblages at 4000 m. Within the pteridophytes, the polygrammoid clade was conspicuously overrepresented in dry or cold environments. Orchids, various small groups (Cyclanthaceae, Ericaceae, Melastomataceae, etc.), and Bromeliaceae (below 1000 m) were mostly restricted to the forest canopy, while Araceae and Pteridophyta were well represented in the forest understorey. Main conclusions Our study confirms the hump‐shaped elevational pattern of vascular epiphyte richness, but the causes of this are still poorly understood. We hypothesize that the decline of richness at high elevations is a result of low temperatures, but the mechanism involved is unknown. The taxon‐specific patterns suggest that some taxa have a phylogenetically determined propensity for survival under extreme conditions (low temperatures, low humidity, and low light levels in the forest interior). The three spatial sampling scales show some different patterns, highlighting the influence of the sampling methodology.     

Diversity and phylogenetic community structure of ants along a Costa Rican elevational gradient

The diversity and phylogenetic community structure of many organisms is negatively affected by factors that covary with elevation. On the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Guanacaste within Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica we found a negative relationship between elevation and ant diversity on each of three volcanos. This pattern was evident when diversity was measured through molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU) or by phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on DNA barcodes or a multi‐gene phylogeny. We observed an asymmetrical mid‐elevation peak at approximately 600–800 m and we found high species turnover between sites on the same mountain and among the three mountains. At the highest elevation cloud forest sites we found evidence of significant phylogenetic clustering, the expected result of environmental filtering. The narrow elevational range of each species, coupled with the high diversity at each sampling point, emphasizes that climate change will bring strong changes in the location and composition of biodiversity on these mountains. The structure and composition of the hyperdiverse communities present at any one elevation is extremely vulnerable to a changing climate.     

Phylogenetic diversity,structure and diversification patterns of endemic plants along the elevational gradient in the Eastern Himalaya

ABSTRACT

Background: Several studies have documented the variation in species diversity patterns along elevational gradients in the Himalaya, but few have reported the evolutionary and biogeographic processes behind these patterns.

Aims: To understand whether evolutionary history and phylogeny have any role in structuring plant species communities along an elevational gradient in the Sikkim Himalaya.

Methods: We used data on endemic plant species occurrence from primary and secondary sources to construct family-level phylogenetic supertrees for different growth forms with the help of Phylomatic tool of Phylocom. These phylogenetic supertrees were used as a base for testing phylogenetic diversity (PD), niche conservatism, diversification time patterns and phylogenetic structure of various plant growth forms along an elevational gradient.

Results: PD was the highest at mid-elevations for all growth forms and PD had a significant positive correlation with endemic species richness. Species at mid-elevations were dominated by the ancestral/primitive taxa. There was phylogenetic clustering at higher elevations and phylogenetic overdispersion at lower and mid-elevations for the majority of the growth forms.

Conclusions: Time-for-speciation effect and niche conservatism along elevation (retention of niche-related ancestral elevational distribution over evolutionary time scale by species) together determine plant species diversity patterns in the Himalaya.     

长白山不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫群落分布特征

裸肉足虫作为联结微生物和大中型土壤动物的重要环节, 在土壤生态系统物质循环和能量流动过程中起着重要作用。为探明裸肉足虫群落沿海拔梯度的分布特征及其主要驱动因子, 作者在长白山北坡选择不同海拔梯度(700 m、1,000 m、1,300 m、1,600 m、1,900 m和2,200 m), 采用最大可能数法对裸肉足虫进行了培养计数, 并采用平板培养、标记、分离再培养的方法进行了分类鉴定, 分析比较了不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫的群落组成和结构特征。结果表明: 长白山北坡裸肉足虫物种丰富, 不同海拔梯度裸肉足虫丰富度指数存在显著差异, 且与土壤酸碱度呈极显著正相关关系。其中林分较为单一的岳桦(Betula ermanii)林带(1,900 m)裸肉足虫丰富度最低, 位于植被交错带的针阔混交林带(1,000 m)裸肉足虫丰富度最大, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同海拔梯度间不存在显著性差异, 但变化趋势与丰富度一致。聚类分析结果显示, 1,300 m、1,600 m和1,900 m海拔带以及700 m和2,200 m海拔带裸肉足虫群落组成较为相似。典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)显示, 裸肉足虫群落组成和结构主要受土壤酸碱度、铵态氮以及碳氮比的影响, 而海拔和土壤含水量对其没有显著影响。综上, 裸肉足虫群落多样性随海拔梯度的增加并未呈现递减或单峰的变化趋势, 土壤的基本理化性质是驱动裸肉足虫群落分布的主要因素; 此外, 地上植被也可能通过凋落物和根系分泌物间接影响裸肉足虫的群落组成和多样性。     

Turnover and nestedness in subtropical dung beetle assemblages along an elevational gradient

Aim

We investigated changes in dung beetle β‐diversity components along a subtropical elevational gradient, to test whether turnover or nestedness‐related processes drive the dissimilarity of assemblages at spatial and temporal scales.

Location

An elevational gradient (200–1,600 m a.s.l.) of the Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil.

Methods

We investigated the extent to which β‐diversity varied along the elevational gradient (six elevations) at both spatial (among sites at different elevations) and temporal (different months at the same site) scales. We compared both the turnover and nestedness‐related dissimilarity of species and genera using multiple‐site or multiple‐month measures and tested whether these measurements were different from random expectations.

Results

A mid‐elevation peak in species richness along the elevational gradient was observed, and the lowest richness occurred at the highest elevations. We found two different groups of species, lowland and highland species, with a mixing of groups at intermediate elevations. The turnover component of β‐diversity was significantly higher for both spatial (i.e. elevational) and temporal changes in species composition. However, when the data for genera by site were considered, the elevational turnover value decreased in relative importance. Nestedness‐related processes are more important for temporal dissimilarity patterns at higher elevation sites.

Main conclusions

Spatial and temporal turnover of dung beetle species is the most important component of β‐diversity along the elevational gradient. High‐elevation assemblages are not subsets of assemblages that inhabit lower elevations, but this relationship ceases when β‐diversity is measured at the generic level. Environmental changes across elevations may be the cause of the differential establishment of distinctive species, but these species typically belong to the same higher taxonomic rank. Conservation strategies should consider elevational gradients in case‐specific scenarios as they may contain distinct species assemblages in lowlands vs. highlands.

     

高黎贡山南段海拔梯度森林乔木层时空动态

研究群落物种组成和多样性的时空动态对揭示生物多样性的分布规律以及预测全球变化情景下生物多样性的变化趋势具有重要意义。然而,在山地生态系统中,不同海拔梯度的森林群落物种多样性和系统发育多样性如何随着时间尺度的变化仍不清楚。该研究以高黎贡山南段东、西坡海拔梯度(960～2 878 m)森林群落固定监测样带的17个样方为研究对象,基于2004、2008和2013年乔木层(DBH ≥ 5 cm)重调查数据,分析样方内物种组成、物种多样性和系统发育多样性的时空动态变化。结果表明:(1)沿着海拔梯度,物种多样性呈现单峰分布格局,系统发育多样性呈现上升的趋势,系统发育结构呈现聚集到离散或者随机的结构。(2)在时间尺度上,森林乔木层在物种多样性和系统发育多样性上并未发生显著性变化。然而,系统发育结构随着时间的推移呈现更加聚集的趋势。(3)在海拔梯度上,东坡低海拔区域(960～1 381 m)的森林群落样方呈现显著的物种丧失,其植被完全被耕地所替代。其中,诃子(Terminalia chebula)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、清香木(Pistacia weinmanniifolia)、枳椇(Hovenia acerba)和假香冬青(Ilex wattii)等为主要的丧失物种。相反,物种获得主要集中在西坡低海拔的样方,群落中丰富度显著增加的物种主要为曼青冈(Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon)、华山矾(Symplocos chinensis)和台湾杉(Taiwania cryptomerioides)等。据此,我们推测高黎贡山海拔梯度森林乔木层的群落结构和多样性的动态变化在中高海拔受群落演替和气候变化的制约,而在低海拔主要受人类活动的影响。该研究结果加深了对高黎贡山亚热带常绿阔叶林植物群落动态变化的认识,也有助于该地区精准保护策略的制定。     

The truncated bell: an enigmatic but pervasive elevational diversity pattern in Middle American ants

Studies on elevation gradients in Panama and Costa Rica have shown that leaf‐litter ants exhibit a mid‐elevation peak in diversity. This diversity pattern has been observed in other groups and regions, but uncertainty remains as to just how pervasive it is and what might explain it. Here we examine the robustness of the mid‐elevation peak in ant diversity across the entire Middle American corridor, from Veracruz, Mexico, to Costa Rica. We sampled 56 sites distributed throughout Middle America. All were in closed‐canopy evergreen wet forest, spanning 11° latitude, from near sea level to 2600 m elevation. Ants were extracted from 100 litter samples from each site and identified to genus or species. Model selection was performed on richness and diversity variables to test if ant diversity best fits a linear model or one allowing for a mid‐elevation peak. Linear models were also used to examine the relationships among diversity measures and temperature, precipitation, and seasonality. Species richness measures and diversity indices that incorporate relative abundance show a similar relationship to elevation throughout the region: a truncated bell curve with a mode near 400 m. A cubic relationship is statistically favored over quadratic or linear. Temperature is a significant correlate with diversity, but does not predict a bell‐curve. Precipitation and precipitation seasonality fail to explain much of the variability, and no combination of environmental variables predicts a bell curve. Potential causes of the truncated bell curve include lowland biotic attrition, mid‐point attractors, and ecotonal transitions from lowland to montane communities. Analysis of 17 subclades within ants mostly showed the same truncated curve but six clades were anomalous. Distinctive behavioral or historical features potentially explain their patterns.     

中亚热带森林土壤微生物群落多样性随海拔梯度的变化

运用Biolog EcoPlate技术, 对武夷山不同海拔植被带(常绿阔叶林(EBF)、针叶林(CF)、亚高山矮林(DF)、高山草甸(AM))土壤微生物群落多样性差异进行了研究。结果表明: 不同海拔植被带土壤微生物群落功能多样性差异显著。土壤平均颜色变化率(AWCD)随培养时间延长而逐渐增加, 同一深度土层的AWCD值随海拔升高而逐渐降低, 大小顺序依次为EFB > CF > DF > AM。同一海拔植被带, 不同深度土层的AWCD值总体趋势依次为0-10 cm > 10-25 cm > 25-40 cm。土壤微生物群落Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、丰富度指数和McIntosh指数的总体趋势为EBF最高, CF和DF次之, AM最低。不同海拔植被带土壤微生物对不同碳源利用强度存在较大差异, 其中EBF利用率最高, AM利用率最低, 碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源是各海拔植被带土壤微生物的主要碳源。主成分分析结果表明, 从31个因素中提取的与碳源利用相关的主成分1、主成分2分别能解释变量方差的75.27%和16.14%, 在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是胺类和氨基酸类碳源。土壤微生物群落多样性随着海拔上升、土层加深而逐渐下降的原因, 可能是生物量、林分凋落物、土壤养分、微小动物、植物根系等多种因素共同作用的结果。