Light-Dependent Induction of Sekiguchi Lesion Formation by Bipolaris oryzae in Rice cv. Sekiguchi-asahi

The effect of light irradiation on Sekiguchi lesion formation induced by infection with Bipolaris oryzae on rice sl mutants was investigated. Although the Sekiguchi lesions formed exclusively under daylight fluorescent lamps, brown spots and necrotic spot lesions formed in the dark. The Sekiguchi lesions were larger than the brown spot lesions. When leaf blades inoculated with B. oryzae were irradiated through band-pass filters of BPB-45, BPB-50, BPB-55, and BPB-60, Sekiguchi lesions were formed regardless of the BPB filters' wavelengths. Under black-light lamps, near-infrared fluorescent lamps, or in the dark, however, brown spot lesions were induced by B. oryzae . The effective wavelength region for light-dependent Sekiguchi lesion formation was 400–700 nm. Furthermore, there was a direct correlation between the length of the radiation wavelengths and the size of the Sekiguchi lesions.     

The Effects of Light and Photo- and Protein-synthetic Inhibitors on the Sekiguchi Lesion Formation by Magnaporthe grisea in Rice cv. Sekiguchi-asahi*

The significance of light irradiation in Sekiguchi lesion (SL) formation by infection with Magnaporthe grisea on rice cv. Sekiguchi-asahi was investigated. When the leaf blades of cv. Sekiguchi-asahi inoculated with M. grisea spores were kept under different wavelengths of light. SLs were formed under visible light regardless of the compatibility between fungal race and cv. Sekiguchi-asahi. On the contrary, typical blast and/or nectrotic spot lesions were formed under near ultraviolet radiation from the black light fluorescent lamps and near infrared radiation from infrared fluorescent lamps. The effective wavelength for light-dependent SL formation was 400–700 nm. Furthermore, the longer the wavelength of radiation, the bigger were the SLs. Such light-dependent induction of the SL was suppressed by pretreatment of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea (DCMU) and cycloheximide (CY). These results suggested that photosynthetic and protein synthetic activities were involved in SL formation.     

稻瘟病分子生物学研究进展

稻瘟病分子生物学发展迅速,已分子标记定位的稻瘟病主效抗性基因１５个,微效抗性基因３个;水稻抗稻瘟病基因Ｐｉ－ｔａ和Ｐｉ－ｂ已成功克隆。稻瘟病菌系谱与致病型关系可分为简单与复杂两种类型。本文对水稻抗稻瘟病基因的定位和克隆,稻瘟病菌群体遗传结构,致病性遗传、基因组分析、无毒基因克隆、准性生殖等研究进展进行了评述。     

水稻稻瘟菌抗性相关蛋白的双向电泳分析

建立抗感水稻品种受稻瘟菌侵染和未侵染蛋白质的双向凝胶电泳图谱,分析其差异表达的蛋白,寻找稻瘟病的抗性相关蛋白,以阐明稻瘟病的发病机制。采用TCA/丙酮沉淀法提取四种愈伤组织材料的总蛋白并采用固相pH梯度( immobilized pH gradient, IPG)双向凝胶电泳( two-dimensional gel electrophshiya, oresis, 2-DE)分离四种材料总蛋白质, 凝胶经银染显色后,用PDQuest图像分析软件进行比较分析、识别差异表达的蛋白质。成功获得抗感水稻品种受稻瘟菌侵染和未侵染蛋白质的双向凝胶电泳图谱。获得未侵染内香优2号平均蛋白点数为447个,汕优63平均蛋白点数为440个;侵染后抗性品种内香优2号平均蛋白数为523个,感性品种汕优63平均蛋白质点数为326个。内香优2号未经侵染和侵染后图谱匹配率达 89%和 87%,汕优63未经侵染和侵染后图谱匹配率达86％和85％。内香优2号的差异表达蛋白点数为76个,汕优63的差异表达蛋白点数为114个。两者间存在一些差异表达的蛋白质,为阐明稻瘟病的发病机制打下了坚实的基础。     

A Novel Gene Involved in Lesion Formation in Magnaporthe grisea

To date, a number of genes that are expressed in the early stages of infection have been reported, while few genes that are expressed during the course of colonization, after the initiation of plant infection, have been studied. Plant inoculations, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gene cloning, protein expression and bioinformatics analysis were combined to identify a novel gene, MgNIP04, in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the amino acid sequence contained a signal peptide. The wounded inoculation resulted in necrosis specks when the total expressed proteins including MBP‐MgNIP04 was inoculated on the wounded rice leaves, which demonstrated the protein directly interacted with rice. The real‐time PCR result of infected leaves showed that it is upregulated during late stages of infection of rice. Additionally, the copies of the gene expression absolute quantity of the gene were 7.61 × 10², 1.06 × 10³, 1.31 × 10³, 4.13 × 10³, and 4.00 × 10³, at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h postinoculation (HPI), respectively. The higher copies of MgNIP04 were found at 96 and 168 HPI. The copies of MgNIP04 in mycelia of Y98‐63C, Y99‐16, 94‐64‐1b and 95‐23‐4a were significantly lower than those of infected leaves. Through the above bioinformatics and experimental analysis, our result suggested that the MgNIP04 was novel pathogenicity‐related protein in rice blast fungus.     

受稻瘟病原真菌侵染的水稻早期表达基因的cDNA克隆

以亲和性与非亲和性两个稻瘟病原真菌小种（Ｍａｇｎａｐｏｒｔｈｅ ｇｒｉｓｅａ（Ｈｅｂｅｒｔ）Ｂａｒｒ）感染同一水稻品种（Ｏｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｃｖ．Ｓｈｅｎｘｉａｎｇｇｅｎｇ Ｎｏ．４）的植株产生明显不同的致病和抗病反应,由此建立了有效的感染系统。应用差异显示技术获得两个在侵染早期具有诱导表达特征的ｃＤＮＡ克隆,其中一个同时在致病和抗病反应中进行早期诱导表达,但在抗病反应中的诱导相对早于其在     

Molecular Cloning of Early-expressed cDNAs from Rice in Response to Infection by Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Compatible and incompatible reactions in rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Shenxianggen No.4) were resulted from inoculation with two different virulent races of rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr), and thus an effective infecting system was established between rice plants and the rice blast pathogen. Two cDNA clones that showed induced and temporal patterns in expression in the very early stage in response to infection of the fungus were obtained from the plants by use of differential display. Of the two cDNA clones, Fastresp-a was induced to express in both compatible and incompatible interactions although it was expressed earlier in the former reaction. The second one, Fastresp-b, was only expressed in incompatible interaction. Southern blot analysis of the rice genomic DNA indicated that both of the two clones were from genome of the plant. No significant homology to the two genes was found from the rice gene database. This suggested that they were novel genes in rice and may play important roles in rice resistant response to infection of rice blast fungus.     

Light-Enhanced Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea Infection in the Rice Sekiguchi Lesion Mutants

The rice sl mutant showed two types of responses to Magnaporthe grisea infection by light treatments. One was an sl -mutant-type response characterized by Sekiguchi lesion expression under light waves of 400–700 nm, and the other was a wild-type response characterized by blast and/or necrotic spot lesion expression in the dark or at wavelength between 290 and 330 nm. There was a large difference in the resistance to M. grisea infection between the mutant- and wild-type responses in the rice sl mutant. When the mutant-type response was induced in the rice sl mutant, the disease resistance was enhanced relative to that in the wild-type response. Enhanced resistance was demonstrated by two components: (a) the number of Sekiguchi lesions was reduced relative to that of blast or necrotic lesions; (b) sporulation of M. grisea was not induced in Sekiguchi lesions. The enhanced resistance was dependent on light of 400–700 nm.     

LOX genes in blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) resistance in rice

Plant Lipoxygenases (LOX) are known to play major role in plant immunity by providing front-line defense against pathogen-induced injury. To verify this, we isolated a full-length OsLOX3 gene and also 12 OsLOX cDNA clones from Oryza sativa indica (cultivar Pusa Basmati 1). We have examined the role played by LOXs in plant development and during attack by blast pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. Gene expression, promoter region analysis, and biochemical and protein structure analysis of isolated OsLOX3 revealed significant homology with LOX super family. Protein sequence comparison of OsLOXs revealed high levels of homology when compared with japonica rice (up to100%) and Arabidopsis (up to 64%). Isolated LOX3 gene and 12 OsLOX cDNAs contained the catalytic LOX domains much required for oxygen binding and synthesis of oxylipins. Amino acid composition, protein secondary structure, and promoter region analysis (with abundance of motifs CGTCA and TGACG) support the role of OsLOX3 gene in providing resistance to diseases in rice plants. OsLOX3 gene expression analysis of root, shoot, flag leaf, and developing and mature seed revealed organ specific patterns during rice plant development and gave evidence to association between tissue location and physiological roles played by individual OsLOXs. Increased defense activity of oxylipins was observed as demonstrated by PCR amplification of OsLOX3 gene and upon inoculation with virulent strains of M. grisea and ectopic application of methyl jasmonate in the injured leaf tissue in adult rice plants.     

稻瘟菌侵染后水稻幼苗活性氧的产生与抗病性的关系

以对稻瘟菌ZB1小种表现抗病 (H8R)和感病反应 (H8S)的两种水稻为材料接种稻瘟菌后 ,表现不亲和反应的水稻幼苗叶片中O- ·2 产生速率提高 ,于 2 4h和 6 0h出现两个高峰 ;H2 O2 量在 3h和 48h分别出现高峰 ;·OH量在 36h后略高于对照 ;过氧化物酶 (POD)活性从 6h起显著升高。而在表现亲和反应的水稻中O- ·2 、H2 O2 和·OH的产生及POD活性的增加均迟于表现不亲和反应的 ,且强度也小。SOD和过氧化氢酶活性在两类反应中基本保持不变。同时发现 ,不亲和反应中丙二醛量增加 (2 4h)及其两个高峰 (30h和 6 0h)分别出现在活性氧的产生及其两个峰值之后或同时。这些结果表明水稻幼苗中产生的活性氧可能启动了膜脂过氧化 ,由此引起水稻过敏性反应中的细胞死亡而在抗稻瘟病中起作用     

cAMP Regulates Infection Structure Formation in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Magnaporthe grisea, the causal agent of rice blast, is one of the most destructive fungal pathogens of rice throughout the world. Infection of rice by M. grisea requires the formation of an appressorium, a darkly pigmented, dome-shaped structure. The germ tube tip differentiates into an appressorium following germination of conidia on a leaf surface. When conidia germinate on growth medium or other noninductive surfaces, the emerging germ tube does not differentiate and continues to grow vegetatively. Little is known about the endogenous or exogenous signals controlling the developmental process of infection structure formation. We show here that a hydrophobic surface was sufficient for the induction of the appressorium. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the addition of cAMP, its analogs (8-bromo cAMP and N6-monobutyryl cAMP), or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase) to germinating conidia or to vegetative hyphae induced appressorium formation on noninductive surfaces. The identification of cAMP as a mediator of infection structure formation provides a clue to the regulation of this developmental process. Elucidation of the mechanism involved is not only of biological interest but may also provide the basis for new disease control strategies.     

A Lipoxygenase Pathway Is Activated in Rice after Infection with the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Lipoxygenase (LOX) and lipid hydroperoxide-decomposing activity (LHDA) markedly increased in the fifth leaves of rice (Oryza sativa cv Aichiasahi) after infection with the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. The increases in the enzyme activities were significantly higher in response to infection with an incompatible strain (race 131) compared with infection with a compatible strain (race 007) of the fungus. Using ion-exchange chromatography, we isolated three LOX activities (leaf LOX-1, -2, -3) from both uninoculated and infected leaves. The activity of leaf LOX-3, in particular, increased in the incompatible race-infected leaves. The leaf LOX-3 had a pH optimum of 5.0 and produced preferentially 13-l-hydroperoxy-9,11 (Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid (13-HPODD) from linoleic acid. 13-HPODD and 13-l-hydroxy-9,11 (Z,E)-octadecadienoic acid, one of the reaction products from 13-HPODD by LHDA, were highly inhibitory to the germination of conidia of the fungus. The present study provides correlative evidence for important roles of LOX and LHDA in the resistance response of rice against the blast fungus.     

稻瘟菌侵染诱导水稻凝集素基因的表达

利用mRNA差异显示技术(DDRT-PCR),从非亲和性稻瘟菌生理小种131侵染的水稻品种爱知旭(Oryza sati-va L. cv.Aichi-asahi)叶片中分离了8个诱导差异表达的cDNA片段.对这8个差示片段进行了回收、重扩增和克隆,以其中一个长度为321碱基并与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素和水稻盐诱导蛋白基因高度同源的差示片段为探针,筛选水稻非亲和性cDNA文库,获得12个阳性克隆.序列测定和数据库查询表明该基因的cDNA与水稻凝集素基因的cDNA及盐诱导蛋白基因的cDNA核苷酸同源性高达96%,推定的氨基酸序列与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素的氨基酸序列一致,与水稻盐诱导蛋白仅相差2个氨基酸.Southern杂交显示该基因在水稻基因组中有两个同源拷贝数,Northern杂交表明非亲和性稻瘟菌侵染可强烈诱导该基因表达.因此推测该基因参与了水稻对稻瘟菌侵染的防御反应.     

Identification of fungal (Magnaporthe grisea) stress-induced genes in wild rice (Oryza minuta)

To identify fungal stress-related genes in wild rice, Oryza minuta, we constructed a subtracted library using suppression subtractive hybridization in combination with mirror orientation selection. DNA chips containing 960 randomly selected cDNA clones were applied by reverse Northern analysis to eliminate false positive clones from the library and to prescreen differentially expressed genes. In total, 377 cDNA clones were selected on the basis of their signal intensities and expression ratios. Sequence analyses of these 377 cDNA fragments revealed that 180 of them (47.7%) represented unique genes. Of these180 cDNAs, 89 clones (49.6%) showed significant homologies to previously known genes, while the remaining 91 did not match any known sequences. The putative functions of the 180 unique ESTs were categorized by aligning them with MIPS data. They were classified into seven different groups using microarray data-derived expression patterns and verified by Northern blotting.Abbreviations ER: Endoplasmic reticulum - EST: Expressed sequence tag - MIPS: Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences - MOS: Mirror orientation selection - NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information - omfi: Oryza minuta fungal-stress induced - PCD: Programmed cell death - PDI: Proteins disulfide isomerase - SSH: Suppression subtractive hybridization Communicated by I.S. ChungK.S. Shim and S.K. Cho contributed equally to this work.     

Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as Modulators of Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe grisea

Appressorium formation in germinating conidia of Magnaporthe grisea was inhibited on inductive and on noninductive surfaces by monounsaturated fatty acids with chain lengths of 16, 18, or 20 carbon atoms. On a noninductive surface, the inhibition was only observed upon stimulation with 1,16-hexadecanediol or oleyl alcohol, but not upon stimulation with 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate. In the C₁₈-series, fatty acids with a double bond in position 9 were the most active ones. At 1 μg/ml of oleic or elaidic acid, less than 30% of the germinated conidia formed appressoria. The mode of inhibition was competitive to the inducing agent. On an inductive surface, compared to a noninductive surface the concentrations of oleic and elaidic acid needed for inhibition of appressorium formation were one order of magnitude higher. Methyl esters of inhibitory fatty acids and acids with two double bonds were not active. Like oleyl alcohol, elaidyl alcohol and petroselinyl alcohol stimulated infection structure formation on the noninductive surface.     

稻瘟菌糖蛋白激发子诱导的水稻叶片膜脂过氧化及过敏性反应

将稻瘟菌细胞壁来源的专化性糖蛋白激发子接种于一套水稻抗稻瘟病近等基因系后,非亲和性互作水稻超氧阴离子(O-.2)积累在互作早期明显高于亲和性互作水稻;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均趋于下降,不同亲和性互作水稻间的差异不明显;脂氧合酶(LOX)活性在水稻/激发子非亲和互作早期增加明显、速度快;这些指标的变化进而导致非亲和性互作水稻的膜脂过氧化,其相对电导率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的高峰期和强度也明显早于和高于亲和性互作水稻.非亲和性互作水稻过氧化物酶(POD)活性在互作早期明显高于亲和性互作水稻,可能与其参与其它抗性有关.研究同时表明,激发子可专化性诱导完全和高度非亲和性互作水稻的过敏性坏死反应;而中度非亲和性互作和亲和性互作水稻则未发生过敏性(HR)坏死反应.这些结果表明,膜脂过氧化和HR反应的发生是激发子诱导水稻抗性的主要生理机制之一.     

稻瘟菌侵染诱导水稻凝集素基因的表达

利用mRNA差异显示技术（DDRT-PCR）,从非亲和性稻瘟菌生理小种131侵染的水稻品种爱知旭（Oryza sati-vaL.cv.Aichi-asahi)叶片中分离了8个诱导差异表达的cDNA片段,对这8个差示片段进行了回收,重扩增和克隆,以其中一个长度为321碱基并与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素和水稻盐诱导蛋白基因高度同源的差示片段为探针。筛选水稻非亲和性cDNA文库,获得12个阳性克隆。序列测定和数据库查询表明该基因的cDNA与水稻凝集素基因的cDNA及盐诱导蛋白基因的cDNA核苷酸同源笥高达96%。推定的氨基酸序列与甘露糖结合水稻凝集素的氨基酸序列一致。与水稻盐诱导蛋白仅相差2个氨基酸。Southern杂交显示该基因在水稻基因组中有两个同源拷贝数。Northern杂交表明非亲和性稻瘟菌侵染可强烈诱导该基因表达。因此推则该基因参与了水稻对稻瘟菌侵染的防御反应。     

稻瘟菌诱导的水稻 WRKY 基因OsWRKY52 的分离和鉴定

WRKY 蛋白参与植物对生物或非生物胁迫反应和一些发育、代谢过程,在植物中组成一个转录因子大家族 . 从水稻 cDNA 文库中分离到一个新的 WRKY 基因——— OsWRKY52 cDNA ,包括一个 1 719 bp 的开放读码框,推测编码一个由 572 个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,与燕麦 (Avena sativa) AsWRKY1 具有 54 ％的氨基酸一致性 . 该基因被非亲和性稻瘟菌快速诱导 . 凝胶阻滞实验结果表明,原核表达的 OsWRKY52 能与水稻 PR1a 启动子上的 W 盒元件特异结合 . 采用酵母单杂交体系的方法证明了 OsWRKY52 具有转录激活活性 , 其丝氨酸岛、苏氨酸岛和 C 端的富酸性氨基酸区是负责转录激活的区域 . 这些结果提示 OsWRKY52 作为一个转录激活子,可能参与植物对稻瘟菌的应答反应 .