氮、磷、钾肥配施对花生生理特性及产量、品质的影响

在田间试验条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对花生叶片生理特性及产量、品质的影响, 结果表明,氮、磷、钾肥配合施用均可不同程度地提高花生叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率, 且生育中后期(饱果期)的作用大于生育中期(结荚期),N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的效果好于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用对提高叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性、增加可溶性蛋白质含量和降低MDA积累量均有明显作用, N300 P150 K300、P150 K300处理的作用大于N300 P150、N300 K300处理;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可明显增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,以N300 P150 K300处理产量最高,其次是P150 K300处理, N300 K300处理产量最低,N300 P150 K300和P150 K300处理还明显提高了荚果出仁率;氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可以不同程度提高花生籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量, P150 K300和N300 P150 K300处理对脂肪和蛋白质含量均有明显增加作用, N300 K300处理可明显提高脂肪含量,对蛋白质的增加作用不显著,N300 P150处理对脂肪和蛋白质的影响不大, N300 P150 K300处理还可明显提高籽仁中O/L比值和可溶性糖含量,从而延长花生制品的货价寿命、改善花生食用口味.     

Effects of calcium fertilizer on yield,quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil

AimsPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the calcium (Ca)-like crops. In acidic soil, low soil exchangeable Ca²⁺ content, which usually is caused by eluviation, can affect peanut pod development, even causes pod unfilled. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium fertilizer on yield, quality and related enzyme activities of peanut in acidic soil.Methods ‘Huayu22’ was used as materials, and field experiments were conducted in Wendeng, Weihai (2013) and Sanzhuang, Rizhao (2014), respectively. Three treatments were carried out, i.e. No Ca-application (T₀), 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₁) and 28 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO (T₂). Top 3rd leaves of main stems were harvested to determine the activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme every 15 days from anthesis to mature period. Additionally, the pod traits and yield were investigated at harvest time. Uniform dry pods were used to determine the quality of kernel.Important findings Application of calcium fertilizer significantly increased the pod yield of peanut in acid soil. Yield of T₁ treatment increased by 26.92% and T₂ increased by 21.65% on average at two sites. It might be related to higher pod numbers per plant, higher double kernel rate, and higher plumpness of kernel under T₁ and T₂ treatment than under T₀ treatment. Simultaneously, application of calcium fertilizer also significantly increased the protein and fat content of peanut in acidic soil. The protein content increased 2.02% and the fat content increased 3.01% on average in T₁ treatment, respectively. The protein content increased 1.56% and the fat content increased 2.58% in T₂ treatment, respectively. Additionally, Calcium fertilizer not only improved the lysine and total amino acid content but also improved oleic/linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of peanut in acidic soil. These might be due to higher activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) in the leaves of peanut in acidic soil under T₁ and T₂ treatments than under T₀ treatment. What’s more, the activity of GS of peanut treated with T₁ was higher than that treated with T₂. Application of Calcium fertilizer also improved the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) of peanut at early growing period, but the activities at late growth stage were lower than T₀ treatment. Our results demonstrate that the economic performance of 14 kg·667 m^-2 fused CaO was the best one among these three treatments applied.     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

Growth and nitrogen fixation ofAzolla pinnata andAzolla caroliniana as affected by urea fertilizer and their influence on rice yield

Soils from avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards in Israel (IS) and California (CA), both sites with a Mediterranean climate, were sampled and analyzed for the species and quantities of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) spores in them, and for soil physical and chemical characteristics.Numbers of spores were similar in soil from IS and CA but the dominant VAMF species were very different. In IS the most common fungi were Sclerocystis sinuosa and Glomus macrocarpum. In CA, Gl. constrictum was present in every orchard examined and Gl. fasciculatum was nearly as widespread. Acaulospora spp. and other Glomus spp. also were found, including A. elegans which has never before been reported from CA.The differences in VAMF populations and species constituents found on two continents but in areas with similar climates and soil types may be due to host or edaphic factors. Different avocado rootstocks are used in the two countries and lower pH and higher soil fertility levels were present in CA soils.The total VAMF spore populations in each orchard was about 275 per 100 mL soil. The population level was not correlated with any of the soil physical or chemical characteristics examined nor with avocado cultivar or age. In IS no fungus spores were found in three orchards; available P, Ca, Mg and Cu levels were high in these soils.     

不同供氮量对二月兰产量、土壤无机氮残留及氮平衡的影响

研究华北冬绿肥二月兰对不同供氮水平的响应特征,确定实现绿肥高产高效的土壤适宜供氮量,可为华北集约化农田最大化发挥绿肥生态效应和优化春玉米/冬绿肥轮作体系氮素管理提供理论依据和技术参考.选取多年不施肥试验地设置供氮梯度试验,研究了不同供氮水平对冬绿肥二月兰翻压前地上部生物量累积、氮素吸收、土壤无机氮残留和冬绿肥季土壤氮素平衡的影响.结果表明: 在土壤无机氮含量较低(0～90 cm土层15 kg·hm^-2)条件下,施氮显著提高二月兰生物量和吸氮量.其中,施氮90 kg·hm^-2处理表现最高,绿肥生物量(干质量)和吸氮量分别为2031.0和42.0 kg·hm^-2;土壤无机氮残留量随施氮量增加而增加,且在施氮量高于60 kg·hm^-2后呈现快速增加趋势;随施氮量增加二月兰生长季的表观氮平衡表现出由亏缺到盈余的变化特征,在施氮量为60～90 kg·hm^-2条件下氮收支基本平衡.土壤供氮量(绿肥播前0～90 cm土壤无机氮含量与施氮量之和)与二月兰生物量、吸氮量和绿肥翻压前土壤无机氮含量的关系可以分别用二次、线性加平台和指数方程进行模拟,依据模型计算二月兰生物量最高值(2010 kg·hm^-2)时的播前土壤供氮量和绿肥翻压前土壤无机氮残留量分别是136和78 kg·hm^-2;而在二月兰吸氮量最高值40 kg·hm^-2时,二月兰生物量为1919 kg·hm^-2,相当于最高生物量的95%,绿肥翻压前土壤残留无机氮降低至57 kg·hm^-2,与之对应的播前土壤供氮量为105 kg·hm^-2,该值与目前华北地区优化施氮下玉米收获后土壤残留无机氮推荐含量(100 kg·hm^-2)基本相当.综合考虑绿肥的农学和环境效应,春玉米/冬绿肥轮作体系中二月兰播前土壤供氮量应控制在100～105 kg·hm^-2.     

Nitrate reductase activity,biomass, yield,and quality in cotton in response to nitrogen fertilization

In the production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), nitrogen fertilization is one of the most costly crop practices, but important to reach high yields. However, high nitrogen (N) content in plants does not always translate into a high fibre production. One way of assessing the efficiency of the N fertilizer is through the enzymatic activity of the nitrate reductase (NR). This is a key enzyme in N assimilation, whose activity is regulated by a number of endogenous and exogenous factors that determine yield. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of N fertilization on yield, fibre quality, biomass, and NR enzymatic activity in vivo in the cotton variety Fiber Max 989. The evaluated application rates were 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha of N, using urea as a source (46% N) in a randomizedblock design with three replicates. At harvest, the maximum yield of seed cotton and the greatest accumulation of total foliar biomass through time was reached after applying 150 kg N/ha. The different N-application rates did not affect the components of cotton-fibre quality. The activity of endogenous NR was greater on plants where 150 kg N/ha were applied. The highest cotton yield and N contents were obtained on these plants. Therefore, the NR activity in vivo could be used as a bioindicator of the N nutritional level in cotton.     

施钙对干旱胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

以花生品种606为试材,在旱棚池栽人工控水条件下,研究了钙肥不同用量对花针期和结荚期干旱胁迫下花生的营养生长、生理特性、产量及品质的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫下施钙,可以促进花生的营养生长,提高叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和根系活力,提高干旱后复水过程中花生的恢复能力,缓解干旱对花生的不利影响;增加了花生荚果和籽仁的产量,尤其是增加了单株结果数和出仁率.施钙提高了籽仁中的脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善了干旱胁迫下花生的籽仁品质.在本试验条件下,施钙量为300 kg·hm-2时效果最佳.     

有机氮替代无机氮对旱作全膜双垄沟播玉米产量和水氮利用效率的影响

为了促进黄土高原西部半干旱区水氮高效利用和农业的可持续性生产,探索适宜的有机氮替代无机氮水平,于2016—2018年在甘肃农业大学旱作农业综合实验站进行了3年的大田试验,设置了6个处理:单施化学氮肥不施有机肥(T₁)、有机肥50%替代化学氮肥(T₂)、有机肥37.5%替代化学氮肥(T₃)、有机肥25%替代化学氮肥(T₄)、有机肥12.5%替代化学氮肥(T₅)和不施氮肥对照(CK),研究了有机氮替代无机氮对全膜双垄沟播玉米种植系统产量、经济效益、水氮利用效率的影响.结果表明: 氮肥施用显著增加了玉米产量和水氮利用效率.在200 kg·hm^-2施氮水平下,有机肥氮替代处理在干旱年份表现出明显的增产增效作用;而在丰水年,有机氮替代无机氮处理籽粒产量、水氮利用效率与对照无显著差异.总体来说,与单施化肥相比,50%和37.5%替代处理籽粒产量分别增加15.6%和18.2%,收获指数分别增加35.1%和27.0%;水分利用效率、降水利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力分别增加17.4%、15.7%、15.6%、155.2%和22.3%、17.7%、18.0%、179.3%.表明在相等的总氮量投入下,50%和37.5%是该地区全膜双垄沟播玉米有机氮替代无机氮的适宜水平,建议在生产中推广应用.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对药用菊花产量、品质和药理活性的影响

采用田间小区试验,设置5个有机肥无机肥配施处理(100％化肥和14％、28％、56％、84％有机肥替代化肥处理),测定各处理对药用菊花农艺性状、产量、矿质元素吸收、有效成分含量的影响.并采用酶标仪和MTT试剂盒测定不同处理菊花水提物体外抗氧化活性及对H2O2致损的LO2肝细胞的保护作用.结果 表明:与100％化肥处理相...     

控释肥料与普通氮肥混施对春白菜产量、品质和氮素损失的影响

在京郊露地生产条件下,研究了控释肥料与速效化肥混配施用对春白菜产量、品质、氨挥发、土壤硝态氮累积和淋失的影响.结果表明：与习惯施肥处理（施N 300 kg·hm^-2）相比,控释肥料与普通化肥按纯氮比2∶1混配施用（共施N 150 kg·hm^-2）没有造成白菜减产,并显著降低了菜叶中硝酸盐和有机酸含量;与半量施肥处理(施N 150 kg·hm^-2)相比,控释肥与化肥混施处理产量和叶片硝酸盐含量无显著差异.控释肥与化肥混施处理提高了白菜氮肥利用率,减少了N₃-N淋失量和氨挥发总量.白菜收获后,控释肥与化肥混施处理在20～40、60～80、80～100 cm土层的NO₃^--N含量显著低于习惯施肥处理.     

氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生生理特性及产量品质的影响

在田间条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生叶片生理特性及产量品质的影响.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,花生分别单独施用氮、磷、钾肥可提高叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合速率,增加SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA积累量,以施N300～450kg.hm-2、施P5O2150～225kg.hm-2、施K2O300～450kg.hm-2的效果最显著;对叶片光合性能的改善,氮肥的作用主要在前期,磷在中后期,钾肥前后期比较一致.施肥可显著提高花生荚果产量,随施氮量的增加花生产量显著提高,施磷、钾肥以中等施肥量(P5O2150kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)花生产量最高,钾肥的增产作用大于氮、磷肥.少量施用磷、钾肥(P2O575kg.hm-2、K2O150kg.hm-2)可显著增加花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,少量施用氮肥(N150kg.hm-2)可显著增加蛋白质含量,大量施用氮肥(N450kg.hm-2)才可显著增加脂肪含量;磷肥对提高籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量效果明显,氮肥对增加蛋白质含量作用较大,钾肥主要提高了可溶性糖含量.施用氮、磷、钾肥可增加花生籽仁的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和油酸、亚油酸含量,提高油酸/亚油酸比值,从而改善花生营养品质,延长花生制品的货价寿命.     

施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响

在苏南太湖地区开展田间试验,研究了施氮和肥料添加剂对水稻产量、氮素吸收转运及利用的影响.结果表明:施氮对水稻产量、各生育时期植株累积吸氮量、阶段氮累积量和花后氮素转运量具有显著的促进作用(P＜0.01),当施氮量高于200 kg·hm-2时,增施氮肥的增产效应不显著(P＞0.05);花后氮素转运率和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低.施用肥料添加剂可进一步提高水稻产量、累积吸氮量、花后氮素转运量和氮肥利用率,且该效应在高施氮量( ≥200 kg·hm-2)条件下表现更明显.本试验条件下不施用肥料添加剂时,施氮150kg·hm-2可同时获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率.     

Soil amelioration effects on peanut growth,yield and quality

Summary In order to study the reasons for poor peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) performance on an Avalon medium sandy loam, a three year field study was undertaken to investigate the effects of lime and gypsum applications on growth, yield and quality. Rates of up to 2,400 kg agricultural lime/ha/annum significantly increased soil pH (1N KCl) and exch. Ca and decreased levels of exch. Al and Al saturation in the soil (0–150 mm). The effect of the same rates of gypsum was much less marked, only exch. Ca increasing and Al saturation decreasing to any substantial extent. In the absence of lime (i.e. even where gypsum was applied). nodulation was poor and the plants developed a general chlorosisc. 90 days after planting. Liming markedly improved nodulation whereas annual applications of gypsum had the opposite effect. Liming significantly increased the hay, pod and kernel yields by up to 73, 105 and 117%, respectively. On average, gypsum applications had no significant effects. Liming increased shelling percentage, the percentage mature pods, 100-kernel mass and protein concentration in the kernel, and decreased the incidence of pops and kernels with black plumule. Applications of gypsum had little effect on quality except for a decreased incidence of black plumule. It appeared that the improved crop performance with liming resulted from a reduction in Al toxicity which improved nodulation. Calcium deficiency did not appear to be a major cause of poor peanut growth and quality in the unameliorated soil.     

Differences between cereal crop cultivars in root-associated nitrogen fixation,possible causes of variable yield response to seed inoculation

Large differences in N₂-ase activity with fractions of active plants from 3–67% and maximal activities from 3–35 nmol C₂H₄.h^-1 were found between sterile, Azospirillum-inoculated seedlings of 14 German cereal cultivars. Examples of similar cultivar differences in gnotobiotic or unsterile cereals in response to Azospirillum inoculation, in root exudation and the specificity of bacteria-root interactions are reviewed. As possible causes of yield responses to bacterial seed inoculation N₂-fixation, plant growth regulating metabolites and bacterial interaction with root pathogens are discussed. The need for suitable screening methods to select and breed cultivars with desirable responses to beneficial rhizosphere bacteria is pointed out.     

氮肥水平对不同基因型水稻氮素利用率、产量和品质的影响

以不同基因型的水稻品种日本晴、N70、N178和OM052为供试品种,氮肥采用尿素,按基肥(70%)和蘖肥(30%)两次施用,设置3个施氮水平(N用量设0、120、270 kg·hm^-2)的田间小区试验,研究氮素水平对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥合理施用和氮高效水稻品种创制提供科学依据.结果表明:施氮能增加水稻品种产量的原因是提高了有效穗数和每穗实粒数;与对照(0 kg·hm^-2)相比,当施氮量为120和270 kg·hm^-2时,OM052籽粒产量在4个品种中增幅最大,分别为41.1%和76.8%;品种产量增幅不同是由于氮素利用效率的差异,在120、270 kg·hm^-2氮处理下,4个供试品种中,日本晴籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(40.90 g·g^-1、18.56 g·g^-1)都最低,为氮低效品种,OM052籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(145.9 g·g^-1、81.24 g·g^-1)都最高,为氮高效品种.施N能够增加各品种的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,使胶稠度变长,降低垩白率、垩白度和碱消值;随施氮量增加,热浆黏度、峰值黏度、回复值和崩解值递减,而消碱值递增.相关性分析表明,低N水平下,供试品种产量及产量构成因子与外观品质、蒸煮食味的相关性更显著.综上,OM052是一个籽粒产量和氮素利用效率“双高”基因型品种,合理施用氮肥可以显著增加水稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,改善稻米籽粒品质,实现高产和优质的协同.     

Modeling long-term crop response to fertilizer and soil nitrogen

A simple nitrogen balance model to calculate long-term changes in soil organic nitrogen, nitrogen uptake by the crop and recovery of applied nitrogen, is presented. It functions with time intervals of one year or one growing season. In the model a labile and a stable pool of soil organic nitrogen are distinguished. Transfer coefficients for the various inputs of nitrogen are established that specify the fractions taken up by the crop, lost from the system, and incorporated in soil organic nitrogen. It is shown how input data, model parameters and initial pool sizes can be derived and how the model can be used for calculating long-term changes in total soil organic nitrogen and uptake by the crop. For nitrogen applied annually as fertilizer or organic material the time course of nitrogen uptake and recovery of applied nitrogen is calculated. To test the sensitivity of the model, calculations have been performed for different environmental conditions with higher or lower risks for losses. The model has also been applied to establish fertilizer recommendations for a certain target nitrogen uptake by the crop. Finally, for agricultural systems where periods of cropping alternate with peroids of green fallow the time course of nitrogen uptake by the crop is calculated.     

施氮量对不同类型花生品种衰老特性和产量的影响

为了探讨花生高产的适宜施氮量,在大田高产条件下,以珍珠豆型花生品种白沙1016和普通型花生品种花育17为材料,研究了施氮量对不同类型花生品种衰老特性和产量的影响。结果表明,两花生品种叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率、SOD和CAT活性均随着施氮量的增加而增加,MDA含量随施氮量的增加而降低,只是白沙1016品种在施氮超过135kg/hm2后上述指标增加或降低不显著,说明增施氮肥可以延缓花生叶片的衰老。在一定施氮量范围内,两花生品种有效荚果数随着施氮量的增加而增加,千克果数随着施氮量的增加而降低,导致荚果产量随着施氮量的增加而增加(珍珠豆型花生品种白沙1016施氮在0-90kg/hm2、普通型花生品种花育17在0-135kg/hm2范围内),但是超过此范围后再增加施氮量反而导致有效荚果数下降、千克果数增多、荚果产量下降。