子宫内膜癌组织中生长抑素受体、VEGF的表达及其与血管形成的关系

目的探讨生长抑素受体（somatostatin receptor,SSTR）、血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在子宫内膜癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤血管形成的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测60例子宫内膜癌组织中SSTR各亚型、VEGF及CD34标记的微血管密度（microvessel denisity,MVD）的表达情况,探讨其与子宫内膜癌临床病理学特征及肿瘤血管形成的关系。结果在60例子宫内膜癌组织中,SSTR各亚型（SSTR1、SSTR2、SSTR3、SSTR4及SSTR5）的阳性表达率分别为70．0％,15．0％。21．7％,23．3％及18．3％;SSTR3、SSTR4在中高分化组表达阳性率明显高于低分化组（P〈0．05）。VEGF的阳性表达率为83．3％,VEGF在低分化组表达阳性率明显高于中高分化组、深肌层浸润组表达阳性率明显高于浅肌层浸润组、FIGO分期≥II期组表达阳性率明显高于I期组（P〈0．05）。子宫内膜癌组MVD（44．85±15．78）明显高于正常子宫内膜组MVD（18．96±4．30）（P〈0．01）。SSTR5的表达与VEGF呈负相关,VEGF阳性表达组子宫内膜癌组织MVD高于VEGF阴性组。结论联合检测SSTR和VEGF对子宫内膜癌预后的评估有一定临床意义。生长抑素类似物（somatostatin analogs,SSTA）可能为子宫内膜癌的诊治提供新的靶点。     

p53和VEGF蛋白表达与子宫内膜癌的关系

目的：检测子宫内膜癌组织中血管内皮生长因子与突变型抑癌基因p53的表达情况,以探讨其在子宫内膜癌发生转移中的作用。方法：应用免疫组化S．P法检测45例子宫内膜癌及10例正常子宫内膜组织中VEGF和突变型p53的表达及其相关性,分析其与各临床病理参数之间的关系。结果：子宫内膜癌组织中VEGF及突变型p53蛋白表达阳性率均高于正常子宫内膜,两者呈显著正相关（P〈0．01）。两者阳性表达率均与临床分期、组织分化程度、淋巴结转移（P〈0．05）有关,VEGF阳性表达率与肌层浸润深度无明显相关性（P〉0．05）,而突变型p53表达则与肌层浸润深度有关（P〈0.05）。结论：VEGF和突变型p53与子宫内膜癌的发生、侵袭、转移和预后相关。     

基质金属蛋白质酶12在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其意义

目的通过研究基质金属蛋白质酶12（MMP-12）在子宫内膜癌中的表达,探讨其与子宫内膜癌浸润转移的关系。方法应用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白——过氧化物酶免疫组织化学方法（S—P法）和蛋白质印迹（Western—blot）对42例子宫内膜腺癌、12例子宫内膜不典型增生及12例正常子宫内膜组织中的MMP-12的表达进行检测,并分析其与子宫内膜癌临床病理特征之间的关系。结果MMP-12蛋白主要表达于子宫内膜癌细胞胞浆中,在问质中有少量表达。MMP-12在子宫内膜癌、子宫内膜不典型增生的阳性表达率与正常子宫内膜相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,但子宫内膜癌与子宫内膜不典型增生中的MMP-12阳性表达率之问差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。MMP-12在子宫内膜癌细胞中病理分级为G3、G2强阳性率分别为80．00％及57．14％,均高于G1者的（17．39％）（P〉0．05）;不同肌层浸润深度（〈1／2、≥1／2）者的强阳性率分别为42．86％及53．85％,均高于无肌层浸润者的0％（P〈0．05）;有淋巴结转移者高于无淋巴结者（P〈0．05）;手术病理分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期者的强阳性率分别为24．14％、57．14％及83．34％,随着手术病理分期的升高,MMP-12表达强阳性率之间差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论MMP-12在子宫内膜癌中的表达随着病理分级的升高、肌层浸润程度的加深以及手术病理分期的升高而增强。     

子宫内膜癌组织中survivin蛋白和VEGF表达的意义及相关性分析

目的：探讨子宫内膜癌组织中survivin（存活素）蛋白和VEGF（血管内皮生长因子）表达及其意义。方法：运用免疫组织化学S-P法,检测20例正常子宫内膜组织、20例不典型增生子宫内膜和63例子宫内膜癌组织中survivin蛋白和VEGF的表达,并结合临床病理特点进行分析。结果：survivin蛋白、VEGF的阳性表达率在正常子宫内膜组织、不典型增生子宫内膜、子宫内膜癌中逐渐升高,三者之间有显著性差异（x2=-24．97,P〈0．01;x2=18．65,P〈0．01）。在子宫内膜癌中,survivin蛋白的表达与组织学分级和手术-病理分期密切相关（X2=9．20,P〈0．05;X2=20．60,P〈0．01）;VEGF的表达与组织学分级无关（X2=4．93,P〉0．05）,而与手术-病理分期分期密切相关（x2=-38．10,P〈0．01）。survivin表达与VEGF表达呈显著正相关（r=0．257;p〈0．05）。结论：survivin、VEGF分别通过抑制细胞凋亡、诱导新生血管的形成而影响子宫内膜癌的发生和发展,其在子宫内膜癌的发生中可能存在协同作用。     

子宫内膜癌中PTEN与PI3K-Akt通路的表达及意义

目的：研究PTEN与P1K3-Akt通路在子宫内膜癌中的表达及临床意义。方法：采用免疫组化技术检测正常子宫内膜组织（24例）、子宫内膜样腺癌组织（55例）及子宫内膜浆液性癌组织（26例）中PTEN、P13Kp110α及P—AKTSer473的表达情况,分析其表达与组织病理参数的关系。结果：免疫组化结果显示：子宫内膜癌的PTEN表达缺失率,P13Kp110α及p-AKTser473表达阳性率均高于正常子宫内膜组织,且正常子宫内膜组织与子宫内膜样腺癌组织比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;随着肌层浸润深度增加,PTEN表达缺失率增加（P〈0．05）。结论：PTEN的表达缺失及P13Kp110α与P-AKTSer473的表达可能与子宫内膜癌的发生发展有关,尤其是在子宫内膜样腺癌的发生发展机制中占重要地位。     

子宫内膜癌中E2F-1和p-p38的表达及相关性分析

目的:检测子宫内膜癌组织中E2F-1和p-p38表达情况并探讨其意义.方法:采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测60例子宫内膜癌、32例正常子宫内膜组织中两者的表达.结果:子宫内膜癌组织中E2F-1和p-p38表达定位于细胞核,其阳性表达率分别为58.33％(35/60)和55.00％(33/60)明显高于正常子宫内膜组织,为0、0(P＜0.0S).两者的表达与肌层浸润程度、淋巴结转移、临床分期及病理分期有关(P＜0.05);在子宫内膜癌组织中E2F-1和p-p38两者之间比较表达呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论:E2F-1和p-p38在子宫内膜癌呈高表达,且与子宫内膜癌的发生、发展和转移密切相关.     

PTEN蛋白在子宫内膜癌中的表达及其临床意义

目的　探讨抑癌基因PTEN产物PTEN蛋白在由正常子宫内膜过渡至子宫内膜癌过程中的表达缺失情况及其临床意义。方法　用SP免疫组化法测定 73例子宫内膜癌、 2 5例子宫内膜非典型增生、 71例子宫内膜增殖症和 31例正常子宫内膜组织中PTEN蛋白的表达 ,并与组织学类型、组织学分级、肌层浸润深度和临床分期等生物学行为进行相关分析。结果　PTEN蛋白在子宫内膜腺癌和癌前病变中的表达缺失率分别为 6 6 6 7%和 76 0 0 % ,表达缺失率与组织学类型(P <0 0 0 5 )和组织学分级有关 (P <0 0 5 ) ,与子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度和临床分期无关 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　PTEN表达缺失是子宫内膜癌发生的早期分子事件 ,PTEN蛋白表达缺失是早期诊断子宫内膜癌及癌前病变较好的生物标志。     

PBRM1和P21蛋白在子宫内膜癌的表达及意义

目的：探讨PBRMl和P21蛋白在子宫内膜癌中的表达和临床意义。方法：应用免疫组化方法对105例子宫内膜癌组织进行PBRMl和P21蛋白检测。结果：子宫内膜癌中PBRMl和P21的阳性表达率分别为62．86％和80％;癌旁组织PBRMl和P21阳性表达率分别为45．71％和34．2％,子宫内膜癌组织表达高于癌旁组织（P〈0．05）;PBRMl和P53阳性表达与组织学类型、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、组织学分级、临床TNM分期相关（P〈0．05）,与患者年龄无关（P〉0．05）。PBRMl和P21的表达呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论：PBRMl和P21表达水平与子宫内膜癌组织的病理分级和临床分期的增高而增高,对其进行监测对子宫内膜癌的诊断、治疗及预后有指导意义。     

HMGB1、NF-kBp65、MMP2在子宫内膜腺癌组织中的表达及相关性研究

目的探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGBl）、核因子-kBp65（NF-kBp65）和基质金属蛋白酶2（MMP2）在子宫内膜腺癌的表达及三者在子宫内膜腺癌的相关性。方法收集本地医院妇科手术的子宫内膜组织存档蜡块126个,其中子宫内膜癌66例,不典型增生性子宫内膜36例,同期其他原因进行诊断性刮宫获得正常增生期子宫内膜24例,采用免疫组化法检测子宫内膜癌,不典型增生性子宫内膜和正常增生期子宫内膜的组织标本中HMGBl、NF-kBp65和MMP2的表达并分析其相关性。结果HMGBl蛋白和NF-kBp65均在子宫内膜细胞的胞核和胞浆中有表达,HMGBl在肿瘤样本、增生样本和正常样本中阳性表达率分别为78．79％、55．56％和25．00％,P％0．05;NF-kBp65在肿瘤样本、增生样本和正常样本阳性表达率分别63．64％,38．89％和0．00％,P％0．05;MMP2主要在细胞胞浆中表达,MMP2在肿瘤样本、增生样本和正常样本阳性表达率分别71．2l％、50．00％和8．33％,P〈O．05。此外,HMGBl在子宫内膜癌的表达与NF-kBp65的表达呈正相关（r=0．67,P〈0．05）,且HMGBl、NF-kBp65的表达均与MMP2的表达呈正相关（r=0．41,r=0．36,P〈0．05）。结论HMGBl、NF-kBp65和MMP2在子宫内膜癌组织高表达,且两两表达成正相关,HMGBl、NF-kBp65和MMP2在子宫内膜癌的发生、发展中起促进作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.