橄榄果实商业性室温贮藏保鲜研究

橄榄果实室温贮藏保鲜研究结果表明:多菌灵与增效剂B混用的保鲜效果较好;保鲜浓度多菌灸1000 ppm,增效剂B 30~45 ppm;果实的浸药时间以3分钟为宜;包装材料以0.01 mm厚的聚氟乙烯薄膜袋为好。     

甜橙褐斑病与乙烯产生的关系

甜橙褐斑病在5℃较在2℃和7～9℃下发病更快,显示出中间温度效应的存在。低温可刺激甜橙果实内源乙烯的产生,外源乙烯处理可诱导和促进低温贮藏甜橙的褐斑病,除去乙烯则可减轻病害。 蒂部果皮是甜橙果实内源乙烯产生的主要部位,也是褐斑病的始发部位。甜橙果实在开始发病时,蒂部果皮中的乙烯浓度已达到20.6 ppm。     

黄果柑优系鲜果常温贮藏初探

本文报道黄果柑优系鲜果经特克多、2,4-D、托布津和SE保鲜剂四种药剂处理后在常温下的贮藏效果。结果表明,1000 ppm托布津+200 ppm2,4-D效果最好,贮藏115天,好果率达90%,果实新鲜饱满,味甜汁多;800倍特克多+200 ppm2,4-D效果次之,好果率为86%;SE保鲜剂和单一的特克多效果欠佳。     

PP333处理一串红提高观赏价值

1987～88年,我们使用1000,1500,2000,3000,4000,5000ppm的PP333处理一串红(Salvia splendens)效果较好。一串红是当年6～7月新扦插的,经园艺栽培促使每钵植株生长健壮和有较多分枝。在8月下旬最后一次摘心后,用压缩式喷雾器将不同浓度的药液或清水均匀喷布在植株的叶片、分枝和杆上,以后加强水肥管理。施药处理的一串红植株,在7天左右叶片颜色加深,呈深绿色,25～30天进入盛花期。调查各个处理的植株高度和花序数及其长度,结果(表1)表明:(1)植株高度显著矮化;(2)处理后24天花序数增加,1500ppm处理更为显著,而48天后的各施药处理却有所减少;(3)花序轴节间长度缩短,尤以花序轴第一节     

猕猴桃简易降温和低乙烯贮藏技术及应用

通过对猕猴桃果实成熟主要指标的测定,确定了秦美适宜采收期为１０月３日至１２日,西选１号和海沃德为１０月下旬。这时果实可溶性固形物含量为６．５─９％,硬度１２─１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２。猕猴桃贮鲜技术在１９９２／９３年度中试（示范）成功的基础上,１９９３／９４年度在６４ｔ果实上的应用又取得了好结果。秦美贮藏１５７天,果实新鲜,完好果和商品果分别为９６．６％和９７．４％。果实在贮藏期间硬度逐渐降低,由采收时１２─１６ｋｇ／ｃｍ２下降到１．６ｋｇ／ｍ２;淀粉在酶的作用下不断转化为可溶性糖,可溶性固形物由采收时６．５─９％增加到１３．７％。简易降温库成本低,可利用自然低温设施,果实在箱袋内加保鲜剂后置该库内有利于延长猕猴桃贮藏保鲜期。     

采后枸杞鲜果褐变与其活性氧代谢的关系

以采后'宁杞3号'枸杞鲜果为试材,研究其在(4±1)℃和(10±1)℃贮藏过程中果实褐变与活性氧代谢的关系.结果表明:枸杞果实褐变指数在两种贮藏温度下的贮藏初期(0～10 d)增加幅度均较小(分别为17.6%和5.1%),(10±1)℃下的果实从第15天显著增大(64.1%),而(4±1)℃下从第20天显著增大(67.9%).(4±1)℃贮藏果实的超氧歧化酶(SOD)活性和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量在采后贮藏的前10 d增大,之后降低,贮藏后期又增大;超氧阴离子(O2-)产量在采后0～5 d降低,而后逐渐增大;过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量在采后0～5 d增大.之后前者降低又缓慢升高.与(10±1)℃贮藏果实相比,(4±1)℃下贮藏果实O2-产量显著降低,H2O2含量在贮藏第5天和第25天也显著降低,MDA含量在贮藏5～20 d显著降低;SOD活性在贮藏5～10 d显著提高.过氧化氢酶(cAT)活性和AsA含量明显提高;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在贮藏15～25 d显著下降,总酚含量在贮藏5～20 d显著增加.研究发现,枸杞果实褐变可能是细胞活性氧代谢失调,使PPO与酚类物质接触,导致酚类物质氧化的结果;(4±1)℃低温贮藏能通过调整鲜果活性氧代谢来有效延缓褐变进程.     

幼果期喷钙对‘黄金梨’采后果实贮藏性能的影响

以‘黄金梨’(Pyrus pyrifolia cv.‘Whangkeumbae’)为试材,研究幼果期喷0.5%氨基酸钙和0.5%硝酸钙对套袋果实采后相关生理指标的影响,旨在为延长‘黄金梨’果实贮藏期提供理论依据及技术途径。结果表明,在‘黄金梨’幼果期喷钙可以有效保持贮藏期间果实硬度,降低乙烯释放量;减少丙二醛(MDA)含量的积累,提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;两种钙处理均可以增加贮藏期‘黄金梨’果实中原果胶含量,降低可溶性果胶含量,对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶活性有明显的抑制作用,改善了果实的贮藏性能。两种喷钙处理中,氨基酸钙的综合效果优于硝酸钙。因此,在幼果期喷钙(尤其是氨基酸钙)是有效延缓采后‘黄金梨’果实衰老、提升贮藏性能的重要措施,具有较高的应用价值。     

用组织培养法繁殖柑桔

继代培养了两年半的锦橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)×枳(Poncirus trifoliata Raf.)无性胚的愈伤组织通过下列三个阶段恢复了分化植株的能力:(1)在N_6培养基+BA(0.25ppm)+NAA(0.1ppm)+ME(1,000 ppm)上形成芽原基;(2)在1/2 MT培养基+BA(5ppm)+IAA(0.5ppm)+CH(500ppm)上芽原基分化为茎芽,进而形成茎;(3)将带叶的小茎扦插于MT培养基+NAA(1ppm)上,诱导生根,形成完整的小植株。根尖染色体检查,初步证明这些小植株是2n=18的二倍体。     

“802”广增素在柑桔上应用的初步效果

“802”广增素是广西植物研究所研制成功的一种新型植物生长调节剂。 为了进一步证实“802”广增素对柑桔的增产作用,我们于1985年春开始用广西植物研究所与桂林市临桂综合化工厂试产的“802”广增素在早熟温州蜜柑幼龄结果树上进行试验。所用浓度分别为50ppm、100ppm和150ppm,同时设一空白对照,喷以清水;各个处理和对照均重复3次,试验树的条件相对一致;分别在温州蜜柑的谢花期、幼果期、生理落果期和果实膨大期进行全树喷洒。采果时按正规实验方法进行取样、计量、分析和统计。     

采收期对青皮核桃果实生理特性与耐贮性的影响

以‘中林5号’(早熟)、‘辽宁4号’(中熟)、‘西扶1号’(中晚熟)青皮核桃果实为试材,于8月上、中、下旬3个采收期采果,在0~1℃冷藏过程中测定贮期生理指标和保鲜效应。结果显示:(1)各采收期和各品种果实呼吸强度(RI)均呈双峰型变化;8月中旬采收的果实呼吸峰出现较早,其纤维素酶(Cx)活性较另2个采收期多1个高峰;多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性增强最早,其贮后核仁酸价上升幅度最大,果实腐烂最快。(2)8月下旬同期采收的3个品种果实的贮期各生理指标变化趋于一致;贮藏54d时,果实腐烂率依次为‘辽宁4号’>‘中林5号’>‘西扶1号’。(3)‘辽宁4号’核仁可溶性蛋白质含量越高,贮后下降率最大。研究表明,青皮核桃果实采后生理代谢活性与耐贮性主要与采收时期有关,受品种影响较小,且8月中旬采收的果实采后生理代谢旺盛,耐贮藏性均最差;‘辽宁4号’果实在各采收期的耐贮性均小于其他品种果实。     

杧果采后生理研究

适期采收的果．采收时呼吸速率为２３．２ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）果皮深绿色．果肉硬度＞３０Ｐ／ｃｍ２．置室温下（３０℃）８ｄ出现呼吸高峰,速率１３２．９ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）,果皮的颜色黄绿各半．果肉硬度８—９Ｐ／ｃｍ２。采后１２—１４ｄ果实达到完熟,果皮金黄色,硬度＜３Ｐ／ｃｍ２,呼吸速率下降到３９—４５ｍｇＣＯ２·ｋｇ（－１）ｈ（－１）。试验结果还表明．可溶性糖、还原糖、非还原糖、固形物等含量．均在采后第５天明显增高,果皮从深绿转为淡绿色。可溶性糖在采后第１４天增至最高．达９．９２％,此时可滴定酸度下降至０．１４％．ＰＨ值升至６．１５,此时为果实的最佳供食状态．生产上可据此为制定果贮藏措施提供依据．     

Discovery of second gene for solid dark green versus light green rind pattern in watermelon

The watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus) has high variability for fruit size, shape, rind pattern, and flesh color. This study was designed to measure the qualitative inheritance of rind phenotypes (solid dark green vs. light green). For each of the 2 families, "Mountain Hoosier" × "Minilee" and "Early Arizona" × "Minilee," 6 generations (P(a)S(1), P(b)S(1), F(1), F(2), BC(1)P(a), BC(1)P(b)) were developed. Each family was tested in summer 2008 in 3 environments in North Carolina. Phenotypic data were analyzed with the χ(2) method to test the segregation of Mendelian genes. Deviations from the expected segregation ratios based on hypothesized single dominant gene for solid dark green versus light green rind pattern were recorded, raising questions on the inheritance of this trait. Inheritance of solid dark green rind versus light (gray) rind showed duplicate dominant epistasis. Duplicate dominant epistasis gives rise to a 15:1 ratio (solid dark green:light rind pattern) in F(2) generation. When both the loci are homozygous recessive, we observe light rind pattern. The g-1 and g-2 genes were identified to control light green rind when in homozygous recessive form.     

Qualitative inheritance of rind pattern and flesh color in watermelon

Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. lanatus] is a diverse species, with fruits of different sizes, shapes, rind patterns, and flesh colors. This study measured the inheritance of novel rind phenotypes and verified the genetics of white, red, salmon yellow, and canary yellow flesh colors. For each of the 11 crosses, six generations (P(a)S1, P(b)S1, F1, F2, BC1P(a), and BC1P(b)) were produced to form 11 families. Three new genes were identified and designated as follows: Scr for the scarlet red flesh color of Dixielee and Red-N-Sweet, Yb for the yellow belly (ground spot) of Black Diamond Yellow Belly, and ins for the intermittent stripes of Navajo Sweet. The inheritance of the C gene for the canary yellow flesh color was verified as single dominant, and a new inbred type line was developed possessing that gene. Aberrations in the segregation of red, white, and salmon yellow flesh colors were recorded, raising questions on the inheritance of these traits. Finally, the spotted phenotype from Moon and Stars was combined with light green and gray rind patterns for the development of novel cultivars with distinctive rind patterns.     

The use of ethylene-suppressed lines to assess differential sensitivity to ethylene of the various ripening pathways in Cantaloupe melons

Physiological characterization of ethylene-suppressed Cantaloupe Charentais melons ( Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis Naud cv. Védrantais) revealed that some ripening-associated events, like degreening of the rind and cell separation in the peduncular abscission zone, are totally dependent on ethylene. By contrast, some other ripening events, like softening and membrane deterioration, depend only partially on ethylene and display some ethylene-independent components. Application of increasing levels of exogenous ethylene on these antisense 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase fruits enabled the determination of the gradual sensitivity of various ripening pathways to the hormone. The threshold level of ethylene capable of physiological activity varied from 1 ppm for degreening of the rind to 2.5 ppm for softening, membrane deterioration and cell separation in the peduncular abscission zone. Up to a saturating dose of 5 ppm, the extent of rind degreening was proportionally related to the level of applied ethylene. The saturating levels of ethylene for flesh softening (2.5 ppm) and for membrane deterioration and cell separation in the peduncular abscission zone (5 ppm) were much lower than the internal ethylene found at the climacteric peak of wild-type fruit (over 100 ppm). The cessation of ethylene treatment resulted in a complete arrest of the rind degreening and peduncular cell separation indicating that both ripening pathways are completely dependent on ethylene. On the contrary, softening and membrane deterioration, though significantly slowed upon removal of ethylene treatment, continued to proceed in the absence of the hormone, thereby unmasking the ethylene-independent component of softening and membrane deterioration. The presence of ethylene-independent components in the regulation of individual pathways indicates that the ripening of climacteric fruit involves a substantial portion of non-climacteric regulation.     

濒危植物南川升麻生殖特性的研究

研究了南川升麻的生殖生物学特性,并探讨了其致濒的原因。南川升麻只分布在中国四川省金佛山地区,仅１个居群,个体总数６０００￣８０００株,其中开花植株约占１９％左右;花序圆锥状,花期８月中至１０月初,１１月中下旬果实成熟。南川升麻雌雄异熟,表现为大约花谢７ｄ后柱头才发育成熟;自然条件下可正常受精,但频率低,结籽率平均仅为５．８％￣７．０％,可授期内人工异株授粉,结籽率可提高到２８．０％;胚乳核型,种子     

西瓜种质资源主要植物学性状的遗传多样性及相关性分析

以我国西瓜、甜瓜种质资源中期库内1200份西瓜种质为材料,对果实重量、果肉颜色、中心糖、种子千粒重等12项主要植物学性状进行遗传多样性和相关性分析。多样性分析结果表明:我国西瓜资源12项植物学性状多样性指数平均值为1.70,种子千粒重多样性指数最大为2.37,果实形状多样性指数最小为1.02,其中果皮底色、果皮覆纹颜色、果肉颜色、果实重量、果实中心糖、种子千粒重性状数据分布较为分散。数量性状变异系数平均值为31.8,变异幅度均比其平均值大1～3倍。相关性分析结果表明:果实形状和果形指数、果肉颜色和果实中心糖、果肉颜色和种子千粒重、果皮厚度和硬度4对性状相关性极显著。种子千粒重和果实中心糖、果实重量和果皮厚度、果实重量和果皮硬度、覆纹颜色和形状4对性状相关性显著。     

Studies on the latent infection of Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. on Citrus sinensis (Li.) Osbeck fruit

The latent infection caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae on Citrus sinensis fruit was investigated. Isolations from washings from mature green fruit surfaces showed the occurrence of B. theobromae, Rhizopus stolonifer and Trichoderma sp. The histological studies on fruit tissues revealed some structural and physiological changes between ripe and unripe fruits while investigations on the host-parasite relations could not detect any propagule of B. theobromae at the early stage of infection. The effects of rind extracts obtained at 60°, 80° and 100°C from mature green, half ripe and full ripe fruits when cooled were tested on the growth of three fruit moulds. Extracts from healthy mature green fruit rind obtained at 80°C showed significant inhibition of growth of B. theobromae while R. stolonifer and C. paradoxa could not grow in this medium.     

龙眼果实防腐保鲜技术研究

近几年来,我们探讨了不同的贮藏温度、化学防腐剂、气体组分、包装容器及包装方法对不同品种龙眼果实的防腐保鲜效果。结果表明:龙眼品种间的耐贮性有很大差异,按耐贮性排列:泉州本>乌龙岭>普明庵>福眼>赤壳>水涨;最佳的保鲜贮藏温度为3～4℃;仲丁胺、仲丁胺+赤霉素、多菌灵、甲基托布津、苯甲酸、特克多、FISB-1和FISB-2等不同化学防腐剂对泉州本的防腐效果,以FISB-1和FISB-2防腐效果最佳,贮藏40天,好果率分别为95.0％和95.2％,其他防腐剂处理的好果率为80.7％～86.5％;气调贮藏,CO_2为4％～6％,O_2为6％～8％的气体组分可延长贮藏寿命,降低龙眼果实自身损耗;包装容器以塑料周转箱套薄膜袋气调贮藏效果最佳。     

中华猕猴桃若干经济性状的统计相关研究

本文运用相关系数及聚类分析方法对湖北中华猕猴桃四十二个株系或品系的十五个经济性状之间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)果实重量和大小与果实品质无显著相关;2)果肉颜色,果实风味及可溶性固形物含量之间显著相关;3)果实形状与果实被毛状况及果顶凸起程度显著相关,而与果重和果实品质无显著相关。文中讨论了这种统计学相关性在中华猕猴桃育种中的实践意义,可为目前中华猕猴桃育种工作提供参考。     

Hormonal and Nutritional Changes in the Flavedo Regulating Rind Color Development in Sweet Orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.]

The objective of this research was to determine the changes in the levels of endogenous gibberellins GA₁ and GA₄, abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene during fruit coloring of on-tree fruits of sweet orange. The time course of carbohydrates and nitrogen content in the flavedo prior to fruit color break and during peel ripening were also studied. To identify nutritional and hormonal changes in the fruit, 45?days before fruit color break the peduncles of 15?C30 fruits per tree of ??Washington?? navel, ??Navelate,?? and ??Valencia Delta Seedless?? sweet orange, located in single-fruited shoots, were girdled to intercept phloem transport. A set of 15?C30 fruits per tree remained intact on the peduncle for control. Girdling significantly delayed fruit coloration for more than 2?months; the delay paralleled higher GA₁ and GA₄ concentrations in the flavedo and retarded the rise of ABA concentration prior to color break. Girdling also reduced carbohydrate concentrations and increased N concentrations in the flavedo compared to control fruits; no ethylene production was detected. Therefore, in sweet orange, fruit changes color by reducing active gibberellin concentrations in the flavedo, which are involved in regulating sugars and ABA accumulation and in reducing N fraction concentration as rind color develops. This was demonstrated in vivo without removing the fruit from the tree. Comparable results were obtained with experiments carried out over four consecutive years in two countries (Spain and Uruguay).