中国伞形科变豆菜亚科的果实解剖特征及其系统学意义

对中国伞形科变豆菜亚科 (Saniculoideae) 2属 (变豆菜属SaniculaL .和刺芹属EryngiumL .) 13种植物的果实形态结构进行了比较解剖学观察 ,从果实横切面形状及其合生面宽度、外果皮和中果皮外突所呈皮刺和鳞片或瘤状体的形态及皮刺中木化厚壁细胞组织的分布、外果皮细胞形状及其角质层厚度、中果皮细胞层数和结晶体类型及分布、色素块沉积、伴生分泌管和油管的大小及分布等方面对上述各属种进行了观察和分析 ,归纳出各属的果实解剖特征 ,探讨了属间演化水平 ,认为刺芹属果实较变豆菜属果实演化程度高。结合已有的研究结果 ,讨论了该亚科与伞形科天胡荽亚科 (Hydrocotyloideae)间的区别及其演化关系。     

伞形科棱子芹属部分种类果实结构的比较解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对伞形科(Apiaceae)棱子芹属(PleurospermumHoffm.)的宝兴棱子芹〔P.benthamii(Wall.ex DC.)Clarke〕和松潘棱子芹(P.franchetianumHemsl.)、西藏棱子芹(P.hookeriClarke var.thomsoniiClarke)和太白棱子芹(P.giraldiiDiels)、康定棱子芹(P.prattiiWolff)和瘤果棱子芹(P.wrightianumde Boiss.)的果实横切面的解剖结构特征进行了详细观察和比较分析。结果表明:6种植物虽然在外部形态上两两相似,但彼此间的果实解剖结构特征却存在一定的差异。共同特征是果棱均比较发达,且外果皮与中果皮分离,常形成空腔,每个果棱有1个明显的维管束,中果皮高度退化,果壁均很薄,棱槽和合生面均有油管,其中合生面油管数为棱槽油管数的2倍;差异主要表现在果实横切面外形、果体的压扁程度、果棱的发达程度、外果皮拱起程度及角质层的有无和厚度、维管束大小和着生位置、棱槽油管数以及合生面与侧棱的关系等方面。根据观察结果认为康定棱子芹与瘤果棱子芹不宜合并,建议将西藏棱子芹与太白棱子芹予以合并。     

珠穆朗玛地区伞形科植物的分类学研究

Five species new for Chinese flora have been shown on the basis of the gatherings from northern slopes of Qomolangma Feng (Everest Mt. ). They belong to the genera Physospermopsis, Pleurospermum, Pimpinella, and Schulzia. A new genus, Oreocomopsis and its new species, O. xizangensis, have been described. Critical comments on these and some other South Xizang Umbelliferae are presented.     

中国天胡荽、变豆菜两亚科花粉形态的观察

本文报道了天胡荽亚科和变豆菜亚科的5属30种和2变种的花粉形态。研究表明,这两亚科有 6种花粉类型,两亚科的花粉类型不相同但各自有相对的一致性,说明它们是两个自然类群;花粉形态的证据还说明了马蹄芹属归于天胡妥亚科的正确性等。     

23种伞形科植物果实形态及其分类学意义

该实验采用徒手切片法对伞形科17属23种植物的果实进行了外部形态和解剖特征的观察,结果表明:伞形科果实有背腹压扁、两侧压扁和不压扁3种类型;侧棱有宽、有窄;油管的分布有棱槽单油管型和棱槽多油管型;花柱基多数为圆锥状,少数种的花柱基为扁平垫状;萼齿明显或不明显。通过进一步对属间和属内果实解剖特征的比较得出:(1)果实表面被钩刺或刚毛及果棱特征在属间差异明显,在属内表现出一致性,可作为伞形科属间分类的依据。(2)果实横切面的形状、胚乳腹面的凹凸以及萼齿的形态特征在属内种间的分类研究中有重要的意义。基于果实形态特征,编制了17属23种植物的分种检索表。     

伞形科囊瓣芹属的表型分析

选取伞形科(Apiaceae)囊瓣芹属(Pternopetalum Franchet)32个分类群的60个形态学性状,利用DELTA系统的UPGMA算法进行了聚类分析。结果表明属下形成以五匹青(P.vulgare(Dunn)Hand.-Mazz.)和东亚囊瓣(P.tanakae(Franchet&Sav.)Hand.-Mazz.)为代表的两个主要表征群。两个主要表征群的分类结构和各自所包含的类群基本相应于前人研究中本属两个组的属下处理。根据全面相似性分析的结果和部分形态学特征的评估,确认了属下6个种的复合群:即五匹青、囊瓣芹(P.davidii Franchet)、散血芹(P.botrychioides(Dunn)Hand.-Mazz.)、洱源囊瓣芹(P.molle(Franchet)Hand.-Mazz.)、澜沧囊瓣芹(P.de-lavayi(Franchet)Hand.-Mazz.)和东亚囊瓣芹复合群。根据形态学特征在表型树上的分布分析表明:伞形花序的着生位置、花柱的形态、花柱基的形状和萼齿的大小等生殖特征可能是属下早期分化的关键性性状。属下主要变异类型(种的复合群和典型狭域特有种)对不同海拔区域和小生境的依赖,以及不显著的形态学分化表明:对横断山区较高的异质性生境的生态适应是囊瓣芹属类群多样化过程后期的一个重要特征。     

柳叶芹属(伞形科)系统分类学研究

柳叶芹与当归属和山芹属在花形态、果实结构和花粉特征等方面有较大差异,将本种作为单种属柳叶芹属来处理是合适的。     

A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl16 and rpoC1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae

The higher level relationships within Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae are controversial, with no widely acceptable modern classification available. Comparative sequencing of the intron in chloroplast ribosomal protein gene rpl16 was carried out in order to examine evolutionary relationships among 119 species (99 genera) of subfamily Apioideae and 28 species from Apiaceae subfamilies Saniculoideae and Hydrocotyloideae, and putatively allied families Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae. Phylogenetic analyses of these intron sequences alone, or in conjunction with plastid rpoC1 intron sequences for a subset of the taxa, using maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods, reveal a pattern of relationships within Apioideae consistent with previously published chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS based phylogenies. Based on consensus of relationship, seven major lineages within the subfamily are recognized at the tribal level. These are referred to as tribes Heteromorpheae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Bupleureae Spreng. (1820), Oenantheae Dumort. (1827), Pleurospermeae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., Smyrnieae Spreng. (1820), Aciphylleae M. F. Watson & S. R. Downie Trib. Nov., and Scandiceae Spreng. (1820). Scandiceae comprises subtribes Daucinae Dumort. (1827), Scandicinae Tausch (1834), and Torilidinae Dumort. (1827). Rpl16 intron sequences provide valuable characters for inferring high-level relationships within Apiaceae but, like the rpoC1 intron, are insufficient to resolve relationships among closely related taxa.     

Phylogenetic placement of DethawiaMeum,and Rivasmartinezia (Apioideae,Apiaceae): Evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences

The flora of Western Europe is rich in endemic species of Apiaceae, many of which have been poorly investigated and whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. To investigate relationships among three endemic European genera (Dethawia, Meum, and Rivasmartinezia gen. nov.) and to ascertain their higher-level phylogenetic placements within the subfamily Apioideae, we examined nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences and the plastid trnL-trnF region. Phylogenies estimated using parsimony and Bayesian inference reveal that (1) the historically known “Conioselinum chinense” Clade (Conioselinum chinense; C. scopulorum; Ligusticum canadense; L. porteri; Meum athamanticum; Mutellina purpurea; and Trochiscanthes nodiflora) comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group (100% BS); (2) the genera Dethawia and Meum comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group also included in the “Conioselinum chinense” Clade; and finally (3) a new genus (Rivasmartinezia) with one species (R. vazquezii) from the Northwestern of the Iberian Peninsula, and placed in the basal position in the “Conioselinum chinense” Clade, is described for the family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae.     

Pollen Morphology of Hydrocotyloideae and Saniculoideae (Apiaceae) in China

Pollen grains of 30 species and 2 varieties from China, belonging to 5 genera (out of 36 species in 5 genera) of Hydrocotyloideae and Saniculoideae, were examined with light microscope and scanning electron microscope. 1.Six types of the pollen shape are recognized in Hydrocotyloideae and Saniculoideae from China, and their evolutionary trend is from rhomboidal→subspheroidal→ellipsoidal→subrectangular→superrectangular to equatorially-constricted. 2.Pollen grains of Hydrocotyloideae are mostly ellipsoidal with P / E ratio 1.07-1.6, the polar axis 22.5-46μm long, the equatorial axis 13.75-27.5μm long, and with the size index 21.1-31.8.They are angulapeturate in the great majority, and the exine sculpture is recticulate under SEM. Those of Saniculoideae are mostly superrectangular or rectangular, with P/E ratio 1.3-2.1, the polar axis 35-65μm long, the equatorial axis 17.5-42.5μm long, and with the size index 28.2-49.7. They are planaperturate in the great majority and the exine sculpture is striate-reticulate or cerebro-reticulate under SEM. Therefore, the latter might be more advanced than the former. 3.Pollen grains of Dickinsia Franch., endemic to China, are ellipsoidal,with P/E ratio 1.5,the polar axis 31.25-37.5μm long, the equatorial axis 20-25μm, and with the size index 27.81. They are angulaperturate, and the exine sculpture is cerebroid-reticulate under SEM. The genus is greatly similar to the members of Hydrocotyloideae in pollen morphology, which supports the treatment of the genus asa member of Hydrocotyloideae by Handel-Mazzetti (1933).     

A phylogeny of Apiaceae tribe Scandiceae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences

The evolutionary relationships among members of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) tribe Scandiceae and representatives of all major lineages of Apioideae (including putatively allied Caucalideae) identified in earlier molecular studies were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. In all, 134 accessions representing 18 genera commonly treated in Scandiceae were analyzed. Phylogenies estimated using maximum parsimony and distance methods were generally similar and suggest that: (1) Scandiceae form a well-supported clade, consisting of the genera Anthriscus, Athamanta (in part), Balansaea, Chaerophyllum, Conopodium, Geocaryum, Kozlovia, Krasnovia, Myrrhis, Myrrhoides, Neoconopodium, Osmorhiza, Scandix, Sphallerocarpus, and Tinguarra; (2) Athamanta is polyphyletic, with A. della-cellae allied with Daucus and A. macedonica placed close to Pimpinella; and (3) Rhabdosciadium and Grammosciadium find affinity with the Aegopodium group of umbellifers, whereas the placement of the monotypic Molopospermum cannot be inferred because of its high sequence divergence. The genus Bubon has been restored with two new combinations, B. macedonicum subsp. albanicum and B. macedonicum subsp. arachnoideum. Scandiceae arise within paraphyletic Caucalideae, the latter comprising two major lineages whose relationships to Scandiceae are not clear. Therefore, a broad treatment of Scandiceae is proposed, with subtribes Scandicinae, Daucinae, and Torilidinae (the latter two representing the Daucus and Torilis subgroups, respectively, of recent molecular systematic investigations).     

Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Five Apiaceae Taxa and Some of Their Main Constituents Against Culex quinquefasciatus

Apiaceae are aromatic herbs producing essential oils which are used on an industrial scale for various purposes. Notably, Apiaceae essential oils may replace synthetic insecticides keeping most of their efficacy and avoiding environmental pollution and human poisoning. In the present work, we explored the insecticidal potential of the essential oils from five Apiaceae taxa, namely Sison amomum, Echinophora spinosa, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum, and Trachyspemum ammi, as well as their major constituents (sabinene, p‐cymene, terpinolene, myristicin, and thymol), against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. For the purpose, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their composition was achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their acute toxicity on third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus was determined. The two most active essential oils were those from T. ammi fruits and E. spinosa roots, showing LC₅₀ below 20 μl/l and LD₉₀ below 50 μl/l. These oils were dominated by the monoterpene phenol thymol and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, respectively, which showed the strongest larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ of 15.1 and 16.3 μl/l, respectively) among the pure compounds tested. These results showed that Apiaceae may be useful as source of larvicidal compounds to be used for the development of cheap, effective and eco‐friendly insecticidal formulations.     

Molecular systematics of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and plastid RPO C1 intron sequences

Evolutionary relationships among representatives of Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) subfamily Apioideae have been inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS 1 and ITS 2) and plastid rpoC1 intron sequences. High levels of nucleotide sequence variation preclude the use of the ITS region for examining relationships across subfamilial boundaries in Apiaceae, whereas the rpoC1 intron is more suitably conserved for family-wide phylogenetic study but is too conserved for examining relationships among closely related taxa. In total, 126 ITS sequences from subfamily Apioideae and 100 rpoC1 intron sequences from Apiaceae (all three subfamilies) and outgroups Araliaceae and Pittosporaceae were examined. Phylogenies estimated using parsimony, neighbor-joining, and maximum likelihood methods reveal that: (1) Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae is monophyletic and is sister group to Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae; (2) Apiaceae subfamily Hydrocotyloideae is not monophyletic, with some members strongly allied to Araliaceae and others to Apioideae + Saniculoideae; and (3) Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae comprises several well-supported subclades, but none of these coincide with previously recognized tribal divisions based largely on morphological and anatomical characters of the fruit. Four major clades in Apioideae are provisionally recognized and provide the framework for future lower level phylogenetic analyses. A putative secondary structure model of the Daucus carota (carrot) rpoC1 group II intron is presented. Of its six major structural domains, domains II and III are the most, and domains V and VI the least, variable.     

Major lineages within Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: a comparison of chloroplast restriction site and DNA sequence data

Traditional sources of taxonomic characters in the large and taxonomically complex subfamily Apioideae (Apiaceae) have been confounding and no classification system of the subfamily has been widely accepted. A restriction site analysis of the chloroplast genome from 78 representatives of Apioideae and related groups provided a data matrix of 990 variable characters (750 of which were potentially parsimony-informative). A comparison of these data to that of three recent DNA sequencing studies of Apioideae (based on ITS, rpoCl intron, and matK sequences) shows that the restriction site analysis provides 2.6–3.6 times more variable characters for a comparable group of taxa. Moreover, levels of divergence appear to be well suited to studies at the subfamilial and tribal levels of Apiaceae. Cladistic and phenetic analyses of the restriction site data yielded trees that are visually congruent to those derived from the other recent molecular studies. On the basis of these comparisons, six lineages and one paraphyletic grade are provisionally recognized as informal groups. These groups can serve as the starting point for future, more intensive studies of the subfamily.     

a molecular phylogeny of apiaceae subfamily Apioideae: evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences

Phylogenetic relationships among 40 New World and Old World members of Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, representing seven of the eight tribes and eight of the ten subtribes commonly recognized in the subfamily, were inferred from nucleotide sequence variation in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of 18-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA. Although the sequences are alignable, with only 11% of sites excluded from the analyses because of alignment ambiguity, divergence values in pairwise comparisons of unambiguous positions among all taxa were high and ranged from 0.5 to 33.2% of nucleotides in ITS 1 and from 0 to 33.2% of nucleotides in ITS 2. Average sequence divergence across both spacer regions was 18.4% of nucleotides. Phylogenies derived from ITS sequences estimated using neighbor-joining analysis of substitution rates, and maximum likelihood and parsimony methods give trees of essentially similar topology and indicate that: (1) there is little support for any existing system of classification of the subfamily that is based largely on morphological and anatomical features of the mericarp; (2) there is a major phylogenetic division within the subfamily, with one clade comprising the genus Smyrnium and those taxa belonging to Drude's tribes Dauceae, Scandiceae, and Laserpitieae and the other clade comprising all other examined taxa; and (3) the genera Arracacia, Coaxana, Coulterophytum, Enantiophylla, Myrrhidendron, Prionosciadium, and Rhodosciadium, all endemic to Mexico and Central America, comprise a clade but their relationships to other New World taxa are equivocal. A phylogeny derived from parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA rpoC1 intron sequences is consistent with, but considerably less resolved than, relationships derived from these ITS regions. This study affirms that ITS sequences are useful for phylogenetic inference among closely related members of Apioideae but, owing to high rates of nucleotide substitution, are less useful in resolving relationships among the more ancestral nodes of the phylogeny.